Chapter 1 Piezoelectric Actuators for Functionally Graded Plates-Nonlinear Vibration Analysis

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new generation of composite materials wherein the material properties vary continuously to yield a predetermined composition profile. These materials have been introduced to benefit from the ideal performance of its constitu‐ ents, e.g., high heat/corrosion resistance of ceramics on one side, and large mechanical strength and toughness of metals on the other side. FGMs have no interfaces and are hence advantageous over conventional laminated composites. FGMs also permit tailoring of mate‐ rial composition to optimize a desired characteristic such as minimizing the maximum de‐ flection for a given load and boundary conditions, or maximizing the first frequency of free vibration, or minimizing the maximum principal tensile stress. As a result, FGMs have gained potential applications in a wide variety of engineering components or systems, in‐ cluding armor plating, heat engine components and human implants. FGMs are now devel‐ oped for general use as structural components and especially to operate in environments with extremely high temperatures. Low thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal ex‐ pansion and core ductility have enabled the FGM materials to withstand higher temperature gradients for a given heat flux. Structures made of FGMs are often susceptible to failure from large deflections, or excessive stresses that are induced by large temperature gradients and/or mechanical loads. It is therefore of prime importance to account for the geometrically nonlinear deformation as well as the thermal environment effect to ensure more accurate and reliable structural analysis and design.


Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new generation of composite materials wherein the material properties vary continuously to yield a predetermined composition profile.These materials have been introduced to benefit from the ideal performance of its constituents, e.g., high heat/corrosion resistance of ceramics on one side, and large mechanical strength and toughness of metals on the other side.FGMs have no interfaces and are hence advantageous over conventional laminated composites.FGMs also permit tailoring of material composition to optimize a desired characteristic such as minimizing the maximum deflection for a given load and boundary conditions, or maximizing the first frequency of free vibration, or minimizing the maximum principal tensile stress.As a result, FGMs have gained potential applications in a wide variety of engineering components or systems, including armor plating, heat engine components and human implants.FGMs are now developed for general use as structural components and especially to operate in environments with extremely high temperatures.Low thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion and core ductility have enabled the FGM materials to withstand higher temperature gradients for a given heat flux.Structures made of FGMs are often susceptible to failure from large deflections, or excessive stresses that are induced by large temperature gradients and/or mechanical loads.It is therefore of prime importance to account for the geometrically nonlinear deformation as well as the thermal environment effect to ensure more accurate and reliable structural analysis and design.
The concept of developing smart structures has been extensively used for active control of flexible structures during the past decade [1][2][3].In this regard, the use of axisymmetric piezoelectric actuators in the form of a disc or ring to produce motion in a circular or annular substrate plate is common in a wide range of applications including micro-pumps and mi-cro-valves [4,5], devices for generating and detecting sound [6] and implantable medical devices [7].They may also be useful in other applications such as microwave micro-switches where it is important to control distortion due to intrinsic stresses [8].Also in recent years, with the increasing use of smart material in vibration control of plate structures, the mechanical response of FGM plates with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers has attracted some researchers' attention.Since this area is relatively new, published literature on the free and forced vibration of FGM plates is limited and most are focused on the cases of the linear problem.Among those, a 3-D solution for rectangular FG plates coupled with a piezoelectric actuator layer was proposed by Reddy and Cheng [9] using transfer matrix and asymptotic expansion techniques.Wang and Noda [10] analyzed a smart FG composite structure composed of a layer of metal, a layer of piezoelectric and an FG layer in between, while He et al. [11] developed a finite element model for studying the shape and vibration control of FG plates integrated with piezoelectric sensors and actuators.Yang et al. [12] investigated the nonlinear thermo-electro-mechanical bending response of FG rectangular plates that are covered with monolithic piezoelectric actuator layers on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate.More recently, Huang and Shen [13] investigated the dynamics of an FG plate coupled with two monolithic piezoelectric layers at its top and bottom surfaces undergoing nonlinear vibrations in thermal environments.In addition, finite element piezothermoelasticity analysis and the active control of FGM plates with integrated piezoelectric sensors and actuators was studied by Liew et al. [14] and the temperature response of FGMs using a nonlinear finite element method was studied by Zhai et al. [15].All the aforementioned studies focused on the rectangular-shaped plate structures.To the authors' best knowledge, no researches dealing with the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the circular functionally graded plate integrated with the piezoelectric layers have been reported in the literature except the author's recent works in presenting an analytical solution for the free axisymmetric linear vibration of piezoelectric coupled circular and annular FGM plates [16][17][18][19][20] and investigating the applied control voltage effect on piezoelectrically actuated nonlinear FG circular plate [21] in which the thermal environment effects are not taken in to account.
Consequently, a non-linear dynamics and vibration analysis is conducted on pre-stressed piezo-actuated FG circular plates in thermal environment.Nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived based on Kirchhoff's-Love hypothesis with von-Karman type geometrical large nonlinear deformations.Dynamic equations and boundary conditions including thermal, elastic and piezoelectric couplings are formulated and solutions are derived.An exact series expansion method combined with perturbation approach is used to model the non-linear thermo-electro-mechanical vibration behavior of the structure.Numerical results for FG plates with various mixture of ceramic and metal are presented in dimensionless forms.A parametric study is also undertaken to highlight the effects of the thermal environment, applied actuator voltage and material composition of FG core plate on the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the composite structure.The new features of the effect of thermal environment and applied actuator voltage on free vibration of FG plates and some meaningful results in this chapter are helpful for the application and the design of nuclear reactors, space planes and chemical plants, in which functionally graded plates act as basic elements.

Functionally graded materials (FGM)
Nowadays, not only can FGM easily be produced but one can control even the variation of the FG constituents in a specific way.For example in an FG material made of ceramic and metal mixture, we have: in which V c and V m are the volume fraction of the ceramic and metallic part, respectively.Based on the power law distribution [22], the variation of V c vs. thickness coordinate (z) with its origin placed at the middle of thickness, can be expressed as: in which h f is the FG core plate thickness and n is the FGM volume fraction index (see Figure 1).Note that the variation of both constituents (ceramics and metal) is linear when n=1.
We assume that the inhomogeneous material properties, such as the modulus of elasticity E, densityρ, thermal expansion coefficient α and the thermal conductivity κ change within the thickness direction z based on Voigt's rule over the whole range of the volume fraction [23] while Poisson's ratio υ is assumed to be constant in the thickness direction [24] as: where subscripts m and c refer to the metal and ceramic constituents, respectively.After substituting Vc from Eq. ( 2) into Eqs.(3), material properties of the FGM plate are determined in the power law form-the same as those proposed by Reddy and Praveen [22]: )

Thermal environment
Assume a piezo-laminated FGM plate is subjected to a thermal environment and the temperature variation occurs in the thickness direction and 1D temperature field is assumed to be constant in the r-θ plane of the plate.In such a case, the temperature distribution along the thickness can be obtained by solving a steady-state heat transfer equation where κ p and κ f are the thermal conductivity of piezoelectric layers and FG plate, respectively.Eq. ( 5) is solved by imposing the boundary conditions as Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications and the continuity conditions The solution of Eq.( 5) with the aforementioned conditions can be expressed as polynomial series: ( ) ( )

T T T z T z h h h
and ( ) where constants T 1 , T 2 and A j can be found in Appendix A.

Nonlinear piezo-thermo-electric coupled FG circular plate system
It is assumed that an FGM circular plate is sandwiched between two thin piezoelectric layers which are sensitive in both circumferential and radial directions as shown in Figure 1 and the structure is in thermal environment; also, the piezoelectric layers are much thinner than the FGM plate, i.e., h p << h f .An initial large deformation exceeding the linear range is imposed on the circular plate and a von-Karman type nonlinear deformation is adopted in the analysis.The von-Karman type nonlinearity assumes that the transverse nonlinear deflection w is much more prominent than the other two inplane deflections.

Nonlinear strain-displacement relations
Based on the Kirchhoff-Love assumptions, the strain components at distance z from the middle plane are given by , , where the z-axis is assumed positive outward.Hereε ¯rr ,ε ¯θθ , ε ¯rθ are the engineering strain components in the median surface, andk rr ,k θθ , k rθ are the curvatures which can be expressed in terms of the displacement components.The relations between the middle plane strains and the displacement components according to the von-Karman type nonlinear deformation and Sander's assumptions [25] are defined as: u u u w w r r r r r q qq q q q e e q q e q q ¶ ¶ ae Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications whereu r ,u θ ,w represent the corresponding components of the displacement of a point on the middle plate surface.Substituting Eqs. ( 14) and (15) into Eqs.(13), the following expressions for the strain components are obtained For a circular plate with axisymmetric oscillations, the strain expressions are simplified to e e e g g g ¶ ¶

Force and moment resultants
The stress components in the FG core plate in terms of strains based on the generalized Hooke's Law using the plate theory approximation of σ z ≈ 0in the constitutive equations are defined as [26]; where E(z), ν(z) and α(z) are Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and coefficient of thermal expansion of the FGM material, respectively, as expressed in Eq.( 4), where ΔT = T (z) − T 0 is temperature rise from the stress-free reference temperature (T 0 ) which is assumed to exist at a temperature of T 0 = 0 and T (z) is presented in Eqs. ( 10)- (12).
The moments and membrane forces include both mechanical and electric components as , , , where the superscripts m, e, and t, respectively, denote the mechanical, electric, and temperature components.Mechanical forces and moments of the thin circular plate made of functionally graded material can be expressed as ) Substituting Eqs. ( 13) and ( 18), (19) into Eqs.( 22)- (23) gives the following constitutive relations for mechanical forces and moments of FG plate : k nk Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications in which the coefficients of D 1 and D 2 in the above equations are related to the plate stiffness and are given by It is assumed that the piezoelectric layers are sensitive in both radial and circumferential directions and the piezoelectric permeability constants e 31 =e 32 .Hence, the electric membrane forces and bending moments are induced by the converse piezoelectric effect on the piezoelectric actuators, and these forces vary linearly across the plate thickness as [27]; , , in which V z t and V z b are the control voltages applied to the top and bottom piezoelectric layers, respectively.

System electromechanical equations
Axisymmetric free oscillation equations of the piezoelectric coupled circular FG plate in thermal environment can be derived from the generic piezoelectric shell equations using four system parameters: two Lame parameters, A 1 =1, A 2 =r, where r is the radial distance measured from the center, and two radii, R 1 =∞, R 2 =∞ [28,29] as Note that only the normal radial strain keeps the quadratic nonlinear term.Substituting all force/moment components and strain-displacement equations into the radial and transverse equations ( 31), ( 32) yields and boundary conditions at the center of the plate with axisymmetric oscillations are defined as ( ) ( ) : : Boundary conditions for the simply supported (immovable) circumference are defined as: Plate circumference (r=a): ( ) It is further assumed that the control potentials on the top and bottom piezoelectric actuators are of equal magnitudes and opposite signs, i.e., V z t = − V z b = V ^and the plate is subjected Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications to a uniform temperature excitation of T(z).Accordingly, the electric and temperature induced forces and moments can be defined as: Using these force and moment expressions, one can further simplify the open-loop plate equations and boundary conditions:

Simplification and Normalization
Solutions of the transverse displacement w and radial force N r m of the above open-loop plate equations and boundary conditions can be expressed as a summation of a static component and a dynamic component as where w s (r)and N r s m (r, t) are the static solutions, w d (r, t)and N r d m (r, t) are the dynamic solutions, and the subscripts s and d, respectively, denote the static and dynamic solutions.Accordingly, the solution procedure can be divided into two parts.The first part deals with the nonlinear static solutions, and the second part deals with the dynamic solutions.In addition, normalized dimensionless quantities are adopted in the static and dynamic analyses.These dimensionless quantities are defined by known geometrical and material parameters [30]: • transverse deflection:w ¯s = 3 ( 1 − ν 2 ) • slope: X s (y) = y dw ¯s dy • dynamic deflection:w ¯d = 3 ( 1 − ν 2 ) Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications Substituting these normalized dimensionless quantities into the open-loop plate equations and boundary conditions of axisymmetric plate oscillations and separating the static parts from the dynamic parts gives the static equations and dynamic equations with their associated boundary conditions: (1) Static Equations and Boundary Conditions ( ) Boundary conditions at center y = 0: Boundary conditions on circumference y = 1: ( ) (2) Dynamic Equations and Boundary Conditions Boundary conditions at center x = 0: Boundary conditions on circumference x = 1:

Static Solutions
For the nonlinear static equations and boundary conditions of the boundary value problem derived above, static solutions of slopes X s (y)and forces Y s m (y)can be represented in (exact) series expansion forms [30]: Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications where A i and B i are constant coefficients.Substituting the series solutions, Eqs.(53a&b), into static equations, Eqs. ( 45) & (46), and grouping coefficients of y i one can obtain the recurrence equations for coefficients A i and B i : ( ) ( ) 2,3, 4,... ( ) A i and B i can be determined from the nonlinear algebraic equations Eqs.(55a,b) using the Newton-Raphson iteration method [31].Define ( ) ( ) Knowing the slope, one can determine the static deflections w ¯sand w s of the nonlinear circular plate subject to voltage and temperature excitations.

Dynamic Solutions
It is assumed that the FG circular plate is oscillating in the vicinity of the nonlinearly deformed static equilibrium position.FG index, voltage and temperature effects to the natural frequencies and amplitude/frequency relations are investigated in this section.First, linearized eigenvalue equations are solved using the exact series solutions.Then nonlinear ampli-tude and frequency relations of nonlinear large amplitude free vibrations are investigated using the Galerkin method and the perturbation method.

Eigenvalue Equations
Neglect the nonlinear terms in the normalized dynamic equations, and then assume following harmonic solutions of displacement and dynamic force ( , ) ( ) sin( ) Again, assume the eigenfunctions take the series expansion forms: where a i andb i , are constants determined by eigenvalue equations and boundary conditions.
The series solutions R d (x) andS d (x)satisfy the boundary conditions at x = 0, Eqs.(62a,b).Assume a i andb i , be represented by the linear combinations of independent constantsa 0 , a 1 and b 0 .
where f ij and g ij are to be determined.Substituting the series expressions of modes R d (x)and forces S d (x) into the dynamic equations, one can derive a set of recurrence equations of a i andb i .Then, using expressions of a i and b i of Eqs.(65a, b), one can further determine the co- ,g 01 = 0, g 02 = 0, g 03 = 1; Piezoelectric Materials and Devices-Practice and Applications where h ij are defined by These h ik coefficients are functions of eigenvaluesλ, and accordingly, the determinant of the coefficient matrix leads to a nonlinear characteristic equation.Using the Newton-Raphson iteration method [31], one can calculate eigenvalues and furthermore natural frequencies and mode shape functions of the nonlinear FG circular plate.

Nonlinear Large Amplitude Free Vibrations
In this section, the perturbation method is used to investigate the nonlinear large amplitude effect to natural frequencies of the piezoelectric laminated FG circular plate.Assume an approximate solution of the nonlinear response w ¯d (x, t) be a product of a spatial function w ¯d * (x) and a temporal function f (t); * ( , ) ( ) ( ) where w ¯d * (x) is a test function satisfying the boundary conditions: Substituting Eq. ( 68) into the dynamic equation Eq. ( 49) and using the Galerkin method, one can derive a nonlinear equation for f (τ) where τ = ωtand μ 1 and μ 2 are the nonlinear coefficient functions, ω is defined by ( )

. c c c w = +
(71) c 1 ,c 2 and c 3 defined by integrals: where c 4 and c 5 are defined by integrals: The linear and nonlinear force components are written as The kernel function , Since the mode shape functions of the linear free vibrations were determined previously, it is convenient to select the mode shape functions as the trial functions, * ( ) ( ), and the frequency can be selected as the natural frequencies determined previously.Using the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky perturbation method [32] and solving the nonlinear dynamic equation Eq. ( 70), one can obtain the amplitude-frequency relation as where ωis the (nonlinear vibration) frequency; ω n is the natural frequency; a ^is the dimensionless vibration amplitude; and μ 1 and μ 2 are the nonlinear coefficient functions.Note that the ratio is unity, i.e., p = ω / ω n = 1 , if the system is linear.Once the coefficients μ 1 and μ 2 are calculated, one can further evaluate the amplitude and frequency relations of the nonlinear circular plate subjected to temperature excitations and control voltages.

Results and Discussions
Temperature effects of nonlinear static deformations, control voltages, and linear and nonlinear free vibrations of a simply supported piezoelectric laminated functionally graded circular plate are investigated in this section.

Comparison studies
To ensure the accuracy of the present analysis, an illustrative example is solved.The relevant material properties are listed in Table 1.Since there are no appropriate comparison results available for the problems being analyzed in this chapter, we decided to verify the validity of the obtained results by comparing with those of the FEM results.Our FEM model for piezo-FG plate consists of a 3D 8-noded solid element with number of total nodes 26950, number of total elements 24276, 4 DOF per node (3 translation, temperature) in the host plate element and 6 DOF per node (3 translation, temperature, voltage and magnetic properties) in the piezoelectric element.The finite element model has been programmed by the authors, while the standard bilinear interpolations have been employed in finite element approximations.
Table 2 compares the present results of normalized dimensionless central deflections dimensionless center deflections at various normalized temperatures (T * = (a 2 N t / 4D 2 )) in which a nonlinear deflection-voltage relationship can be observed.As seen from Table 2 the maximum estimated difference of the proposed solution with finite element method is about 0.079%, and a close correlation between these results validates the proposed method of solution.
In general, a higher temperature induces higher deflections of the plate, and the deflection at each temperature is attenuated when the control voltage increases and the effect of imposed voltage on the center deflection is nonlinear and this effect is predominant in lesser voltage amounts.This effect can also be seen in the case of considering the temperature environment effect.For example, when T * = 0.2by increasing the imposed voltage from 0.6 to 1.2 (100%) the normalized dimensionless center deflections increases about 46.8%, while it increases about 34.5% when the imposed voltage increases from 1.2 to 2.4 (100%).In the case of T * = 0.5by increasing the imposed voltage from 0.6 to 1.2 (100%) the normalized dimensionless center deflection increases about 36.5% while it increases about 28.7% when the imposed voltage increases from 1.2 to 2.4 (100%).
Material Property

Parametric studies
Having validated the foregoing formulations, we began to study the large amplitude vibration behavior of FG laminated circular plate subjected to thermo-electro-mechanical loading.
The results for laminated plates with isotropic substrate layers (that is, the substrate is purely metallic or purely ceramic) and with graded substrate layers (various n) are given in both tabular and graphical forms.
To investigate the effect of the applied actuator voltage on the non-linear thermo-electromechanical vibration, the nonlinear normalized center deflection of various graded plates under various applied normalized voltages is tabulated in Table 3.For instance, Figs. 3 and 4. depict the normalized temperature and voltage effects on the center deflection of two graded plates (n=0.5 n=10).It shows that increasing the normalized temperature makes the center deflection increase in various voltages, but this effect is predominant at higher voltages.Figures 5~6 depict the effect of FGM index on the non-linear thermo-electro-mechanical behavior (center deflection) of FGM plates with different normalized applied voltages in logarithmic scale.It is also obvious from these figures that, by increasing the material gradients, the normalized center deflection would be increased in various temperature fields, and it is also demonstrated that larger thermal gradients will lead to greater deflections.This trend can be seen in various material gradients, which means that the non-linear deflection can be controlled by applying the appropriate voltage in the piezoelectric actuator layers.We examine in this section the effect of control voltages and thermal environment on the vibration characteristics of the piezoelectric laminated circular FG plate for various FGM in-dexes.To this end, Table 4  It is seen that the imposed thermal environment has a significant effect on the first natural frequency of the structure, and by increasing the imposed temperature, the first natural frequency decreases in a nonlinear manner.However, this thermal tendency of decreasing the natural frequency can be compensated and corrected with the control voltages V, as shown in Fig. 7. ~ 8.
Frequency variations of large amplitude oscillations with temperature and applied voltage changes are also investigated and plotted in Figure 6.There are two sets of curves in this figure .The first set has no control voltages, and the second set has control voltages.It is observed that the control voltages actually reduce the nonlinear frequency and amplitude ratios, i.e.,P → 1. Accordingly, the nonlinear frequency and amplitude ratios can be actively controlled and the nonlinear effects reduced, i.e., the ratio is approaching to 1-the linear case.Other studies of the second natural frequency also suggest that the second natural frequency exhibits very much similar phenomena of the first natural frequency.

Summary and Conclusions
A piezoelectric bounded circular FG plate subjected to temperature changes and control voltages is investigated based on classical plate theory, including the effects of the thermal gradient, piezothermoelasticity and von Karman type geometric nonlinearity.Nonlinear coupled open-loop plate equations in radial and transverse oscillations were derived first, and then the equations were simplified to an axisymmetric oscillation case.An exact solution technique based on series-type solutions is used to obtain piezothermoelastic solutions for nonlinear static deformations and natural frequencies of the FG circular plate subjected to temperature and voltage excitations.Voltage controlled natural frequencies of the first mode at various temperatures are studied.It is observed that a higher temperature induces higher deflections of the plate, and the deflection at each temperature is attenuated when the control voltage increases, but this effect is predominant in higher voltages.Also by increasing the FGM gradient index the normalized center deflection will increase in a nonlinear manner in various temperature fields.It is seen that the imposed thermal environment has a significant effect on the natural frequency of the structure, and by increasing the imposed temperature, the natural frequency decreases in a nonlinear manner for various FGM indexes; this effect is predominant at higher temperatures.Both the nonlinear static deflections and natural frequencies are influenced by the temperatures and control voltages geometric and the static control voltages can be used to compensate nonlinear deflections.Appendix A: + ( κ cm κ m ) 2 − ( κ cm κ m ) 3 + ( κ cm κ m ) 4 − ( κ cm κ m ) 5

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.FG circular plate with two piezoelectric actuators.
54b) It is observed that only A 1 and B 1 are independent constants, and the others are dependent.As long as A 1 and B 1 are determined by the boundary conditions, other coefficients A i and B i can be calculated from the recurrence equations.Accordingly, static series solutions are completed.The series solutions of Y s m (y)and X s (y)satisfy the boundary conditions at y = 0, Eqs.(47a,b).Substituting the assumed series solutionsY s m (y)and X s (y) into the boundary conditions at y = 1, Eqs. (48a,b), yields ) A ¯1and B ¯1are, respectively, the iteration values of A 1 and B 1 ; Δ 1 and Δ 2 are the correction factors of A 1 and B 1 at each iteration.The partial derivatives∂ α / ∂ A 1 ,∂ α / ∂ B 1 ,∂ β / ∂ A 1 and ∂ β / ∂ B 1 , can be determined from the definitions of α(A 1 , B 1 )andβ(A 1 , B 1 ).These iterations are repeated until they reach their prescribed limits, say | α | , | β | , | Δ 1 | and | Δ 2 | are smaller than 10 -4 .Accordingly, a set of A 1 and B 1 are determined for a set of given control voltages V and temperaturesT ^.Using the recurrence equations, one can determine all other A i 's and B i 's, and further the nonlinear static solutions of slope X s (y) and static forceY s m (y).
which N r d *l (x)and N r d *n (x) are the linear and nonlinear force components.The nonlinear coefficient functions μ 1 and μ 1 are defined by ( )

Figure 3 .Figure 4 .
Figure 3. Normalized Temperature effects to the center deflection for various values of Voltages (n=0.5)
Figure 2. Effect of applied voltage to the normalized center deflection for various normalized temperatures T * = (a 2 N t / 4D 2 ) (Metal plate)

Table 2 .
Values of the normalized dimensionless center deflections with respect to the normalized dimensionless piezoelectric voltages for various normalized temperatures computed by two methods (present series solution and FEM) (v=0.3, n=1000)

Table 3 .
FGM index and normalized voltage effects to the nonlinear center deflection

Table 4 .
FGM index and normalized temperature effects to the first natural frequency for various normalized voltages.
as well as the Figures 4.1~4.3show the nonlinear relationships between the first natural frequenciesω i a 2 I 1 / D 2 , versus the normalized temperature in vari- ous normalized control voltagesV .These free vibrations are assumed to be in the vicinity of the nonlinearly deformed static equilibrium position.Also, the effect of normalized temperature on the first natural frequency of the FG circular plate for various FGM indexes under various normalized control voltage is investigated and tabulated in Table4, while the voltage-dependent first natural frequency changes are plotted in Figures 7~9 for various temperatures.It is seen that the imposed voltage has a significant effect on the first natural frequency of the structure, and by increasing the imposed voltage, the first natural frequency increases in a nonlinear manner.For instance, for the FGM plate with n=10 by increasing the imposed voltage from 0 to 0.2 the first natural frequency increases about 4.84%, while by increasing the voltage from 0.2 to 0.3 the first natural frequency increases about 15.12%.