A Review of Afrotropical Ancylorhynchus Berthold, 1827 (Diptera: Asilidae: Stenopogoninae)

ABSTRACT The Afrotropical representatives of Ancylorhynchus Berthold, 1827 are reviewed. Two species-groups (reynaudii & nomadus) incorporating 29 species are recognised. New combination: Dasypogon humeralis Wiedemann, 1821 is transferred to Pegesimallus Loew, 1858 (Dasypogoninae) resulting in the new combination Pegesimallus humeralis (Wiedemann, 1821). New name: Ancylorhynchus variegatus (Bigot, 1879), a junior homonym of Dasypogon variabilis Wiedemann, 1817 (junior synonym of Ancylorhynchus glaucius (Rossi, 1790)), is provided with the new name Ancylorhynchus variabilis. Previously described species considered valid within Ancylorhynchus: cruciger (Loew, 1858); elbaiensis Efflatoun, 1937; fulvicollis (Bigot, 1879); funebris Bromley, 1936; hylaeiformis Speiser, 1910; insignis Bromley, 1936; magnificus Bromley, 1936; nomadus (Wiedemann, 1828); nyukinus Speiser, 1910; oldroydi Lindner, 1961; pretoriensis Bromley, 1936; prunus Oldroyd, 1974; reynaudii (Macquart, 1838); susurrus (Karsch, 1879); tricolor (Loew, 1863); unifasciatus (Loew, 1858). New synonyms: Ancylorrhynchus crux Bezzi, 1908 = cruciger; Ancylorrhynchus zonalis Bromley, 1936 = fulvicollis; Pegesimallus tapulus (Walker, 1849) = P. humeralis; Ancylorrhynchus striatus Oldroyd, 1970 = hylaeiformis; Xiphocerus quadrimaculatus Loew, 1858 = reynaudii; Xyphocerus maculatus Bigot, 1879 & Ancylorrhynchus braunsi Bromley, 1936 = tricolor; Ancylorrhynchus munroi Bromley, 1936 = unifasciatus. New species: dilobion (South Africa); doryphorus (Tanzania); feijeni (Mozambique, South Africa); gessi (Namibia); greatheadi (Eritrea); phelpsi (Zimbabwe); similis (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana); simpsoni (Nigeria); snowi (Gambia); sokokensis (Kenya); whiteheadi (South Africa); zophos (South Africa). Keys and illustrations are provided as identification aids while maps and tables accompany comments relating to distribution, phenology and biology.


INTRODUCTION
Ancylorhynchus Berthold, 1827 is an immediately recognisable and attractive genus and all are characterised by the possession of a distinctive recurved proboscis. The genus is widely distributed with representatives being found in four zoogeographical regions. While the majority of the more than 40 described species is Afrotropical, Oldroyd (1980) recording 25 valid names in the Afrotropical Catalogue, others are known from the Palaearctic (Lehr (1988) catalogued 13 species), the Australasian and Oceanian regions (Daniels (1989) catalogued four species) and the Oriental Region (Oldroyd (1975) catalogued three species).
tropical Ancylorhynchus fauna prior to the commencement of this study. These are the 25 species recognised by Oldroyd (1980), together with the two synonyms listed for crux, and the enigmatic fortipes (see discussion of this name under fulvicollis below).
culty experienced in locating and accessing type material. While the types of many were traced and studied, one (elbaiensis) proved impossible to borrow while the repositories of three others could not be ascertained (nomadus, reynaudii and tricolor). Unfortunately, these represent some of the oldest known species and would have been particularly useful in sorting out various taxonomic issues. I am reluctant to accept that these three types should be considered lost as it remains possible that they could have been mislaid or that they may be housed in collections I have not consulted. In the absence of these types I have been obliged to make taxonomic decisions that may eventually prove incorrect. However, should the missing holotypes never be found, my decisions would stabilise the taxonomy-although it would probably become necessary for neotypes to be designated. Another frustration experienced related to poor communication and the lack of experienced personnel at some institutions. It had been my intention to study as many specimens as possible, but I failed to do this as some institutions did not respond appropriately to my requests for assistance. Despite these limitations I managed to study a total of 485 specimens and to discover a dozen new species.

Specimens
Material cited in this study is housed in the institutions listed below. Abbreviations usually follow Arnett and Samuelson (1986). The curators that kindly assisted me are named in brackets following the name of the institution concerned.

Label data
In recognition of the value of detailed lists of material examined (Dikow et al. 2009), a standard format has been employed when recording label information. All important label data are reproduced as they appear on labels (except that upper case words may be transposed into upper and lower case). For multiple labels each label is demarcated by the use of single inverted commas while each line of data is separated by a spaced slash (i.e. / ). Data that appear on the reverse side of a label are preceded by a '~' symbol. In some instances the colour of a label is provided in square brackets. Square brackets are also used when useful additional information, or comment, not found on labels, is provided. In this regard, coordinates are usually given when these, or a quarter-degree grid reference, do not appear on a label. Coordinates provided are usually for the populated place or geographic feature mentioned immediately before the added note (no attempt is made to estimate coordinates for collecting sites recorded as being a certain distance from a populated place). The use of question marks usually indicates unknown or questionable information. All specimens are arranged in geographical order according to latitude and within alphabetically ordered countries.

Descriptive passages
A brief generic diagnosis is provided. If a fuller description is required, that of Hull (1962) may be consulted. Species descriptions, although brief, are usually based on type ful in the separation of species. As there is considerable variation in coloration, setal number and size, information relating to these characters should be interpreted with general, it is composed of one or two basal 'segments' followed by a sensory 'seta-like' element. In Ancylorhynchus there are two different conditions, a state where there is a single basal 'segment' tipped with a pit enclosing the sensory element, and a state where the 'segment' is missing and the pit-enclosed sensory structure is located at the distal tip of the postpedicel (see discussion at end of the paper). Perhaps the most important diagnostic features relate to the shapes of male genital structures. In order to fully view and study the male genitalia, these need to be excised, softened through maceration in KOH and extruded. However, once familiar with features useful in differentiating species it is possible, in most instances, to see these in well preserved dry-mounted specimens.
Final illustrations were prepared from pencil drawings and do not usually depict setae unless these are considered of possible diagnostic value.

Distribution
The Afrotropical Region may be conveniently split up into six subregions. Ancylorhynchus is known from four of these subregions (Table 1) and these subregions are used when discussing species distribution. Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique (S of Zambezi), Namibia, South  Occiput blackish, uniformly silver and gold pruinose strongly gold pruinose adjacent to eye margins), orange setose. Palpus orange, orange and dark red-brown setose (few dark setae terminally), terminal palpomere swollen. Proboscis orange and red-brown, red-brown setose. Thorax and dark red-brown (laterally) setose. Mesonotum orange, except for blackish medial dc weakly developed posterior to transverse suture (some may have been rubbed off), 3 npl, 2 spal, 3 pal disc sparsely yellow setose, hind margin with c. 6 orange weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura extensively black (dorsal part of kepst orangebrown), entirely silver-grey pruinose, setae weak dark brown except for yellow setose ktg. Anatg and mes pnot orange scutellum. Legs: cx orange to brownish black, silver pruinose, white to yellowish setose; tro orange (tro2 with row of short black setae ventrally, Fig. 2); fem, tib and tar uniformly orange, yellow setose except for few dark red-brown setae ventrally on fem1 and some tarsomeres, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig.  31): 10.4×4.3 mm. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly Fig. 2. Ancylorhynchus cruciger Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/African-Invertebrates on 06 Sep 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use bare), distal and posterior parts brown (from about r-m and posterior of Cup), other parts yellowish. Veins orange and dark brown (correlating with brown and yellow areas of membrane). Haltere dark red-brown. Abdomen: Predominantly blackish with small orange to orange-brown patches dorsally, blackish with orange posterior margins and large silver pruinose areas posterolaterally; T5-7 dark red-brown to black, uniformly silver-grey pruinose; T8-9 orange-brown. Sternites uniformly blackish, silver-grey pruinose, white setose. Terminalia (Nelspruit with tightly coiled tubes. There being a fair degree of variation in the morphology of this species (see below) it is believed that the following redescription of the crux holotype provides useful additional information. Holotype crux (Condition: Fair; both antennae broken off beyond pedicels; right palp with terminal palpomere missing; left mesothoracic leg broken off beyond trochanter. Some green verdigris associated with the pin is evident): Head pedicel orange, yellow setose (strongly ventrally), postpedicel missing. Segmental ratios: 1:0.3:-. Face black, extensively strong gold pruinose (except lateral parts of epistomal margin and small area below antennal sockets), mystax shiny yellow occupying entire yellow setose. Occiput black, strongly silver and silver-gold pruinose, orange setose except for few black setae mostly ventrally situated. Palpus with basal palpomere red-brown, apical palpomere orange-brown, black setose, swollen, apex with terminal sensory element. Proboscis dark red-brown, black setose. Thorax yellow setose. Mesonotum orange with black cross (broad medial band extending from anterior to posterior margins and transverse band at midlength that almost reaches lateral (yellow when present -some missing and represented only by their sockets): dc not evident, 2-3 npl, 2-3 spal, 3 pal pruinose, disc sparsely dark red-brown setose, hind margin with c. 4 yellow macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely dark red-brown to black, entirely silveranepst (black), kepst (black) and ktg (yellow). Anatg and mes pnot black. Legs: cx black, silver pruinose (cx3 strongly so), white setose; tro red-brown (tro2 with row of short black setae ventrally); fem, tib and tar uniformly orange, yellow setose (except for black setae ventrally on fem1), claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings: 10.8×4.3 mm. Veins orange and brown. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare) giving wings a brownish colour, distal cells darker brown (from about level of r-m crossvein), proximal cells yellowish, posterior cells somewhat transparent. Haltere orange-brown. Abdomen: Black with yellow patches dorsally, strongly gold (yellow parts) and silver (black parts) pruinose, pale yellow and white setose. T1 black, T2-7 black with extensive yellow areas posteriorly, T8 orange. Sternites entirely black, silver pruinose, white setose. Terminalia: Epigynium orange, acanthophorites well developed.

Aed
Note: Komatipoort goncx with a posteroventral indentation which appears to be an aberration. Variation: A fairly variable species with a wide distribution. Some of the more obvious variations are as follows. Mystax is usually limited to ventral half of face but may extend into dorsal half; mystax is usually shiny bright yellow but may also be pale yellow or even white (e.g. some specimens from Namibia and Swaziland) or even brownish (e.g. some specimens from Somalia). While the blackish mesonotal cross-shaped marking is fairly uniformly shaped some specimens may have more extensive markings while others may almost lack a cross (a Mozambique female). While the majority of specimens have yellowish wings with a brownish distal end (e.g. those from the eastern parts of Southern Africa, Fig. 32) there is considerable variation involving a darkening of the proximal and posterior parts of the wing, leaving the yellowish colour limited to the anterocentral parts of the wing (e.g. specimens from Northern Cape of South Africa and Somalia). Femora usually uniform orange, but may have red-brown parts dorsally (e.g. a Swaziland specimen). Abdomen commonly extensively yellowish and strongly gold pruinose, but may also be extensively black and weakly pruinose ( Fig. 148) with a few records north of the equator. Adults have been collected from October-June (Table 2). The biology is poorly known, but the limited label data available suggest that this is a woodland, savanna, scrubland species that can also survive in semi-arid habitats. Two prey records (both for BMNH males) are known to me, i.e. Diptera (Tachinidae) and Hemiptera (Cicadellidae). Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to both hylaeiformis and sokokensis. It is necessary to compare male genital structure to adequately differentiate these species.
Variation: A remarkably consistent species, the extent of dark red-brown coloration of fem3 is, however, somewhat variable. / Klaver-Clanw.' ~ 'Mus., Expd., / Oct. 1950' (SAMC). Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from South Africa (Table 1). Adults have been collected in October and November (Table 2). The biology is unknown, but the two known localities are located in the Fynbos biome of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group with close similarities to gessi, variabilis and whiteheadi.

Description:
Male (based on holotype. Condition: Good; left antenna broken off beyond pedicel; generally slightly dirty).
Head: Dark red-brown, silver pruinose, white to pale yellow and dark red-brown setose. Antenna (Fig. 5): Dark red-brown. Scape ventrally strongly pale yellow setose, dorsally weakly pale yellow and dark red-brown setose. Pedicel poorly setose pale yellowish and red-brown. Postpedicel tipped with obliquely situated pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element (terminal stylus 'segment' absent). Segmental ratios: 1:0.3:6.3. Face dark red-Occiput dark red-brown, uniformly silver pruinose, white setose. Palpus red-brown, red-brown setose, terminal palpomere with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis red-brown, pale yellow setose. Thorax to pale yellow setose. Prothorax orange anteriorly dark red-brown porteriorly, silver pruinose, white to pale yellow setose. Mesonotum predominantly blackish (median band from anterior margin, but falling short of posterior margin, plus pair of longitudinal lateral bands straddling transverse suture) except for orange areas involving postpronotal lobes (and adjacent areas), lateral margins and areas including postalar lobes and intervening macrosetae (pale yellow when present): dc transverse suture, c. 3 npl, 1 spal, 2 pal. Scutellum orange posteriorly, dark red-brown c. 8 pale yellow weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura mostly dark red-brown to black except for orange ktg, entirely silver pruinose, setae white to anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg orange, mes pnot blackish, not contrasting with scutellum. Legs: cx dark red-brown to blackish, strongly silver pruinose, white setose; tro dark red-brown. Apruinose (tro2 with row of short black setae ventrally); fem, tib and tar orange (terminal tarsomeres dark red-brown), extensively pale yellowish setose (fem1&2, distal ends of tibiae and tarsi with some black setae), claws dark red-brown with paler proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 34): 9.3×3.6 mm. Veins orange. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), cells mostly transparent and without obvious darkly stained areas. Haltere orange. Abdomen pruinose, pale yellow-white setose. T1 dark red-brown, strongly silver pruinose; T2-4 dark red-brown with brown-orange posterior margins, moderately silver pruinose; T5 and beyond dissected with terminalia. Sternites similar to tergites but lacking orange coloration. Genitalia : Epand Lobes closely abut proximally, each being relatively straight with tapering distal tips. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc closely associated for much of their length. Goncx process well-developed, broadly rounded and bearing some moderately strong setae; inner lobe moderately developed, distal end more or less straight, strongly sclerotised and only weakly medially directed. Gonst hardly, if at all compressed, straight and dorsally directed. Hypd fairly weakly developed, broad proximally, about twice as broad as long in ventral view, tapering rapidly to truncate posterior margin. Aed sub-triangular Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from the type locality in East Africa (Tanzania) ( Table 1) and collected in either August or September ( known of this species are males; they both originate from Gebel Elba (South Eastern and 30.iv.1928'. He mentions a 'type' and a 'cotype' -I have seen photographs of both specimens and believe that one lacking a left wing must be considered the holotype judging from the description of its abdomen (e.g. T5 with anterior half black). The crux' and that it 'differs from it by the relative lengths of the third antennal segment, the colour of the wings and by the colour and markings of the abdomen'. A. crux, now a synonym of cruciger, is a widespread, fairly variable species and until direct comparisons are that provide the most convincing evidence for the distinctiveness of elbaiensis.
Despite efforts to borrow the type specimens for study, this proved impossible. Fortunately, I made contact with Dr Haitham Badrawy Mosa, a lecturer of entomology at the Ain Shams University in Cairo, who kindly sent me a series of digital photographs of both type specimens now housed in the collection of the ESEC. These specimens appear views) are accurate depictions. Although it might be possible to redescribe the species well-prepared description.
Genitalia although fairly short epand, not projecting far beyond proct. The hypd is particularly well developed, tapering rapidly to a large, triangular, mediodistal, setose lobe that projects beyond all other genital structures. This lobe has a 'narrow apex divided into two minute pointed processes'. These characteristics clearly indicate that elbaiensis represents a species that is distinctive amongst the Aftotropical Ancylorhynchus fauna.

Ancylorrhynchus / elbaiensis
Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from the type locality in Egypt/Sudan (Table 1). Gebel Elba (= Mount Elba), is a 1435 m high mountain that is found in the Hala'ib Triangle, an area under the administration of Egypt. However, the Sudanese government disputes the boundary between the two countries and the mountain is located in the disputed area. The mountain is known to be a biodiversity hotspot, and although Elba is in a region that gets only c. 50 mm of rain annually, the mountain itself receives c. 400 mm due to orographic rainfall. Specimens were collected in March -April ( Table  2). The biology is unknown. Remarks: While Egypt is considered part of the Palaearctic Region, which means that elbaiensis should fall outside the scope of this review, the Sudan falls within the Afrotropical region, and so I believe it is appropriate to include this species in this review even though I have not been able to adequately study the types. Having studied seen any material that agrees well with the types of elbaiensis. This may indicate that this is truly a Palaearctic species and that its closest relatives are not to be found in the Afrotropics. Similar species: A fairly distinctive member of the nomadus species-group.
Figs 6, 36, 75-77, 150 Etymology: Named for Dr Hans Feijen who made important collections of Diptera in Mozambique and who collected the holotype specimen.

Description:
Male (based on holotype. Condition: Excellent; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel).
Female. Similar to male, slightly larger (wing 9.1×3.6 mm), abdomen more extensively blackish except for posterior margin of T6 and entire T7-9 which are orange.
Variation: A species exhibiting remarkably little variation. The holotype has a slightly more brown-stained wing membrane when compared to the paratypes. (NMSA).

(BMNH).
cruciger by Harold Oldroyd, the species cruciger. The condition of two of the paratypes is generally poor.
Distribution, phenology and biology: Recorded from Southern Africa (Mozambique and South Africa) (Table 1, Fig. 150). Adults have been collected in October as well as from February-April (Table 2). The biology is unknown, but label data suggest that this is a savanna species.
Thorax silver-grey pruinose, brown-orange setose. Mesonotum black except for brown-orange when present): dc weakly developed postsuture, 3 npl, 2 spal, 2 pal. Scutellum dark sparsely pale yellow setose, hind margin with c. 4 pale yellow to orange macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely black, entirely silver-grey pruinose, setae anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot black. Legs: cx black, silver pruinose, white setose; tro red-brown; fem, tib and tar uniformly brown-orange, white to pale yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 37): 8.1×c. 2.7 (twisted) mm. Veins brown. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare). Wing fairly uniformly yellow-brown, posterior cells less so and somewhat transparent. Haltere red-brown. Abdomen pruinose, white and pale yellow setose. T1 black, T2-7 blackish, orange-brown posteriorly (most extensive on T3). Sternites appear similar to tergites (but largely obscured from sight). Genitalia (Figs 78-80): Epand pering lobes that jut out to a level exceeding all other genital structures. Lobes relatively wide apart except at proximal end where they abut medially, each lobe relatively straight Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly as a fairly slender, distally narrowly developed, distal end sclerotised, medially directed. Gonst hardly laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd well developed, somewhat wider than long, tapering rapidly to broad truncate, slightly curved distal end. Aed triangular in ventral Holotype zonalis (Condition: Excellent; a little green verdigris is associated with entry and exit holes of pin.): Head: Dark red-brown to black, silver pruinose, pale yellow, orange and red-brown setose. Antenna: Scape and pedicel orange, orange setose, postpedicel orange proximally becoming orange-brown distally, terminal stylus 'segment' present, red-brown, tipped with pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element. Segmental ratios: 1:0.4:3.8:0.2. Face dark red-brown, strongly silver pruinose except for lateral parts of epistomal margin and small mediodorsal area adjacent to antennal sockets, mystax shiny white (few yellow and red-brown setae laterally) occupying ventral ½ of face. Frons and vertex blackish, setose. Occiput dark red-brown, uniformly silver pruinose, dorsal setae pale yellow to orange ventral setae red-brown. Palpus red-brown, red-brown setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis red-brown, red-brown setose. Thorax red-brown and pale yellow setose. Mesonotum orange except for broad blackish dorsomedial band that extends from anterior to posterior margins and is broadest just (orange when present): few orange dc posterior to transverse suture, 2 npl, 1 spal, 2 pal silver pruinose, disc asetose, hind margin with 5 orange macrosetae accompanied by 2 minor setae. Pleura entirely dark red-brown to black, entirely silver-grey pruinose, anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot dark red-brown, contrasting with orange posterior region of scutellum. Legs: cx dark red-brown, strongly silver pruinose, white setose; tro predominantly orange (small red-brown area); fem, tib and tar orange except for proximal half of fem1 which is pale red-brown, orange and yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings: 7.8×3.0 mm. Veins mostly orange anteriorly brown posteriorly. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), pale brown, proximal cells semi-transparent. Haltere pale orange with brownish base. Abdomen grey and strong silver pruinose, white, pale yellow and dark red-brown setose. T1 blackish, weakly pruinose, white setose (long laterally); T2 dark red-brown with large yellow patches posterolaterally, strongly silver pruinose (a transverse band at midlength), white setose; T3-4 dark red-brown with small yellow posterolateral patches, weakly pruinose, dark red-brown setose; T5-terminalia dissected for genital study. Sternites similar to tergites but yellow parts along posterior margins. Genitalia: Epand jut out to a level exceeding all other genital structures. Lobes fairly wide apart except at proximal end where they abut medially, lobes relatively straight and lying parallel to Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly as a fairly slender, distally narrowly rounded lobe; dorsal end sclerotised, medially directed. Gonst hardly laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd well developed, somewhat wider than long, tapering fairly rapidly to broad, slightly curved, medially shallowly indented distal end. Aed triangular Female. Similar to male although the mystax is usually pale yellow to orange and never dark red-brown to black. Allotype zonalis: Similar to male but yellow and orange areas more extensive. T4-5 fairly strongly silver pruinose, T6-8 apruinose. Variation: A fairly uniform species. Mystacal coloration varies from pale yellow (e.g. zonalis holotype) to black. Males usually have darker mystacal setae than females. Leg coloration may also vary somewhat. While the legs are usually uniformly orange, some individuals may have brown legs or femora that are darker than the tibiae. A. zonalis are clearly very similar to those here assigned to fulvicollis. While I provide the following redescription of the zonalis material from the northern parts of the presently accepted distribution of fulvicollis that my synonymy of zonalis Ancylorhynchus fortipes fortipes in association with Ancylorhynchus when he recorded material as representing what he called 'fortipes Walker'. His labelled specimens from the Eastern Cape (East London & Port St John) and KwaZulu-Natal (New Hanover) are to be found in NMSA (my study shows these to represent fulvicollis and so the material is listed above). The only fortipes described by Walker was Laphria fortipes Walker, 1857 (p. 128) from 'Port Natal' (= Durban, KwaZulu-Natal). Walker's (1857) paper included the descriptions of four South African species, all from Port Natal, which were part of the W.W. Saunders collection, by type specimens in the BMNH (Asilus -now a Dysclytus, and Trupanea venerabilis -now a Promachus/Bactria). One species, Dasypogon aequalis, is listed in the Afrotropical catalogue as an unplaced species of Dasypogoninae (presumably because the type was not available to be checked). The type material of Walker's forth species, Laphria fortipes, could not be traced by Erica McAlister (BMNH) in a recent and extensive search of the BMNH's holdings. There is, however, an old specimen from Ancylorhynchus insignis, but actually representing fulvicollis -and listed above) that carries the following note 'This is not the type of / Laphria fortipes Walk. / Said by Speiser (note in Kertész) / to be an Ancylorrhynchus / H.O. 16.1.68'. This note, written by Oldroyd, provides no evidence for the assertion, and so, in the absence of any other alternative, it must remain possible that this specimen is in fact Walker's holotype. If this is so, the name fortipes would indeed be associated with Ancylorhynchus as indicated by Bromley, and would mean that the name fortipes Walker, 1857 would take precedence over fulvicollis Bigot, 1879. However, the fact that Walker placed his fortipes in Laphria, rather than in say Dasypogon, and the fact that he failed to mention the distinctive proboscis, must prompt caution in making the assumption that this specimen is Walkers type of Laphria fortipes. For the present I have decided to support Oldroyd's belief that the BMNH specimen is not Walker's type. This means that, like the type of aequalis, Walker's fortipes type must be considered lost. Distribution, phenology and biology: Widely distributed endemic South African species (Table 1, Fig. 151). Adults have been collected from September-June (no records for May) ( Table 2). The biology is poorly known, but label data suggest that this species inhabits woodland, savanna and grassland. Two prey records are known to me, a male (NMSA) pinned with Hymenoptera (Vespidae) and a female (AMGS) pinned with Hemiptera (Scutelleridae). It is remarkable that the male pinned with its vespid prey bears a strong resemblance to the prey item. It is about the same size and its coloration strongly resembles the prey item. This appears to be a convincing case of mimicry (see discussion below). Allotype zonalis has a small hemipteran (Miridae) clutched between its legs; this may not, however, be a prey item. Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group with close similarities to reynaudii.
Veins yellow-orange. Membrane entirely microtrichose giving wing a uniformly brown colour. Haltere orange-brown with brown-yellow knob. Abdomen: Predominantly dark red-brown with orange areas, silver pruinose, brownorange-yellow setose. T1 dark red-brown, slightly orange-brown laterally, T2-4 dark red-brown with small orange patches posterolaterally (these areas strongly silver pruinose), T5-8 progressively more orange with silver pruinose hind margins. Sternites fairly uniformly red-brown, silver pruinose, orange and red-brown setose. Genitalia (Figs 81-83): Epand proximally and may be weakly fused, each being fairly straight with slight undulations, distal tips slightly inwardly directed. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc weakly demarcated and possibly fused proximally. Goncx well developed, fairly broad in lateral appearing as slight setose bump; inner lobe well developed, distal end sclerotised, slightly medially directed (not overlapping opposing lobe). Gonst weakly laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, relatively short, broadly rounded protuberances. Aed (somewhat hidden in undissected genitalia) fairly Female. Unknown. Variation: Newly listed material is assigned to this species with some hesitation and primarily on the grounds of male genital similarity. The holotype has a well developed mesonotal marking (being a broad dark red-brown medial band that is wider at the level of the transverse suture) while the other three specimens have a narrow medial mesonotal band that is only slightly darker than the mesonotum and not obviously wider at the level of the transverse suture. Although the holotype is somewhat smaller (wing length the type locality is only slightly larger (wing 7.3 mm). Until more material becomes Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from Mozambique (Table 1). Adults have been collected with some certainty in December-January, while one specimen is labelled April -July thus providing inadequate and suspect information ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but the two known localities are dominated by the Savanna biome. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to greatheadi and susurrus.
Figs 9, 39, 84 -86 Etymology: Named for Dr Fred Gess (AMGS), who, together with his wife Sarah, collected many interesting Afrotropical Asilidae, including the holotype and a paratype of this new species.
Female (topotypic female paratype): Similar to male. Head more yellowish setose and gold pruinose. Antennae orange except for dark red-brown stylus. Orange parts of marking that fails to reach posterior margin). Pleura partly orange (posterior part of anepst and entire ktg). Legs almost entirely orange (except for dark red-brown cx and Variation: A species displaying little individual variation of note. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from Namibia (Table 1). Adults have been collected only in March ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but localities are dominated by the Savanna biome. Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group with close similarities to whiteheadi.
setose. Palpus red-brown, white setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis dark red-brown, pale yellow setose. Thorax silver-grey pruinose, white setose. Mesonotum red-brown with lateral parts brownsetae (white when present): dc c. 2 npl, 1 spal, 1 pal white setose, hind margin with c. 4 white weakly developed macrosetae accompanied anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot red-brown, not contras-ting with scutellum. Legs: Entirely red-brown, white to pale yellow setose, cx silver pruinose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 40, paratype): 5.6×2.2 mm. Veins brown-yellow. Membrane entirely microtrichose, transparent (lacking staining). Haltere yellow with red-brown base. Abdomen white setose. T1 red-brown; T2 red-brown with large yellow posterolateral areas that coalesce medially; T3-4 red-brown with small yellow areas posterolaterally; T5-7 redbrown with narrow posterior margins; terminalia red-brown. Sternites similar to tergites but yellow areas cover entire posterior margins. Genitalia (Figs 87-89 paratype): Epand slender lobes that just out beyond all other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, each being relatively straight with slightly inwardly curved distal tips. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer poorly-developed appearing as a slight bump bearing a few longish setae; inner lobe well developed, distal end pointed, sclerotised and medially directed. Gonst somewhat compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd well developed, a little Aed not visible in ventral view. Female: There is a fair degree of sexual dimorphism. Females are generally more orange in colour (e.g. the head, including face, palps and antennae are orange; the mesonotum is orange with a central dark marking; the legs are entirely orange). Females are generally Variation: There is very little variation. One male from Waddi Damas is somewhat paler than other males but this may be a consequence of being teneral. 29.iv.1961 / D.J. Greathead' (BMNH).
Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from the type series collected in East Africa (Eritrea) ( Table 1). Adults have been collected in September as well as in March and April ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but vegetation maps suggest that the environments occupied are dominated by Acacia savanna and desert scrubland. Greathead (1967) provides further details on habitats, where the specimens were collected. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to funebris and susurrus.
Ancylorhynchus humeralis (Wiedemann, 1821)  (= Cape of Good Hope), there being no indication that he studied a female. I consider the male specimen as having holotype status. These specimens, which appear not to have been studied since the description of the species, prove to be representatives of the genus Pegesimallus Loew, 1858 (subfamily Dasypogoninae). This genus was reviewed by Londt (1980) and the type specimens key out perfectly to P. tapulus (Walker, 1849), the male genitalia matching those illustrated for the species. P. tapulus, with a distribution that includes the Western Cape Province of South Africa and the western parts of the Eastern Cape Province, was also described from 'C.B.S.' (= Cape of Good Hope). Wiedemann's (1821) humeralis clearly has precedence over Walker's (1849) tapulus and so the latter name falls as a synonym of humeralis. Two taxonomic actions therefore need to be taken: (1) Dasypogon humeralis Wiedemann, 1821 is transferred to Pegesimallus Loew, 1858, resulting in the new combination Pegesimallus humeralis (Wiedemann, 1821); and (2) Pegesimallus tapulus (Walker, 1849) is synonymised with P. humeralis becoming a new junior synonym of the latter.
Pegesimallus and Ancylorhynchus belong to totally different subfamilies and it is surprising that nobody has detected this over the many years that these taxa have been in existence. The keys to Afrotropical Ancylorhynchus species produced by Oldroyd (1970Oldroyd ( , 1974 were obviously based on published descriptions rather than any personal experience of the taxa.

Redescription:
Male (based on holotype hylaeiformis. Condition: Excellent; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel; mesonotum cracked in region of pin.).
Female (based on holotype striatus. Condition: Fair; both antennae broken off beyond pedicel; right metathoracic tarsus missing terminal four segments; abdomen reattached with glue partly obscures scutellum. Useful details displayed by the paratype are provided in square brackets).
Head: Dark red-brown to black and orange, silver-gold pruinose, pale yellow, orange and dark red-brown setose. Antenna: Scape and pedicel orange, pale yellow setose, [postpedicel orange proximally becoming brown-orange distally, tipped with obliquely situated pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element, terminal stylus 'segment' absent.
Segmental ratios: 1:0.3:4.5. Face black, strongly silver-gold pruinose except on lateral parts of epistomal margin and dorsomedial spot adjacent to antennal sockets, mystax uniformly silver-gold pruinose, orange setose except for few pale yellow setae dorsally. Palpus orange, dark red-brown setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex projecting with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis red-brown, pale yellow setose. Thorax: Black with orange areas dorsally, silver-gold pruinose, pale yellow and orange setose. Prothorax orange anteriorly with orange setae, dark red-brown posteriorly with blackish (masked by pruinescence) central area extending from anterior to posterior margin (widest at level of transverse suture, but not extending to orange margin, silverpresent): dc not evident, 4 npl, 1-2 spal, 3 pal. Scutellum orange with dark red-brown anterior and lateral margins, silver-gold pruinose, disc sparsely pale yellow setose, [hind margin with c. 6 pale yellow macrosetae accompanied by minor setae]. Pleura entirely dark red-brown to black, entirely silver-gold pruinose, setae white to pale anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot black, contrasting with mainly orange scutellum. Legs: cx dark red-brown, silver pruinose, white and pale yellow setose; tro red-brown (tro2 with row of short black setae ventrally); fem orange with dark red-brown longitudinal stripe anterodorsally, tib and tar uniformly orange, entirely yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings: 9.6×3.6 [11.2×4.3] mm. Veins orange and brown. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), distal cells brown especially adjacent to veins (from just beyond level of r-m), proximal cells pale yellow, semi-transparent. Haltere yellow with brown-yellow base. Abdomen: Predominantly dark red-brown to blackish with brown-orange parts, silverdark red-brown with narrow orange-brown posterior margins, strongly silver-gold pruinose; T7-8 and terminalia orange, largely apruinose. Sternites similar to tergites in Variation: The species shows some variation in abdominal coloration. Most specimens have fairly uniformly dark red-brown to black abdomens except for the BMNH male from Kilindini where the dominant colour is orange.  Fig. 149). Adults have been collected in December-January and May-June (Table 2) which might suggest a bivoltine species. The biology is unknown, but localities suggest that the species inhabits grassland and savanna, although one record may suggest an association with subtropical or temperate forest vegetation. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to cruciger and sokokensis.

Redescription:
Male (based on holotype. Condition: Good; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel; right wing with small hole centrally.).
Head: Dark red-brown, silver and reddish pruinose, white, orange and brown-orange setose. Antenna (Fig. 12): Scape and pedicel orange, orange setose, postpedicel orange proximally becoming slightly orange-brown distally, terminal stylus 'segment' present, red-brown, tipped with pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element.  Fig. 150) being found in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces. Adults have been collected from November-March (no records for January) ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but localities suggest that the species inhabits savanna and dry fynbos biomes. Similar species: A fairly distinctive member of the reynaudii species-group, but with some similarities to unifasciatus.

Redescription:
Female (based on holotype. Condition: Excellent; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel; terminal 4 tarsomeres of right prothoracic leg missing).

Male. Genitalia
Epand stout lobes that project posteriorly beyond levels achieved by other genital structures.
Lobes closely abut proximally, lie parallel with each other, distal parts being relatively straight. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc not appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly and terminating in rounded lobe; dorsal well developed, distal end strongly sclerotised, medially directed. Gonst hardly laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, suboval in shape with pair, broad, fairly widely separated distal protuberances. Aed fairly stout Note hypd with slightly more convoluted posterior margin.
Variation: Perhaps the most variable of Ancylorhynchus species. Females are on average larger than males: male wing length 10.0-12.5 mm (mean of 6, 11.6 mm), female wing length 10.0-14.2 mm (mean of 12, 12.3 mm). In coloration the species is also highly variable. For example, wing colour (in both sexes) varies from being mainly yellow with a dark red-brown tip to entirely blackish. The abdomen varies from being almost entirely orange to entirely blackish. The legs range from being orange through to dark red-brown. Male genital structure, however, appears to be reasonably consistent. It is of interest that of the 32 specimens listed below only 9 (29 %) are male, the vast majority (22,  Distribution, phenology and biology: Fairly widely distributed in Southern, Central and East Africa (Table 1) south of the equator (Fig. 148). Adults have been collected from September-May (Table 2). The biology is poorly known, but label data suggest that this is a woodland species. A single prey record in AMGS involves a female pinned with a small hemipteran (Membracidae). Wiedemann's holotype appears to be lost. Despite an extensive search it could not be traced. In his description Wiedemann (1828) states 'Im Lendener Museum', however the meaning of this is not known to me. The specimen is not in Leiden nor is it in London, although Walker (1854) lists a female in British Museum. Although gives locality information as '[No locality]; Nigeria' indicating that he had seen material from Nigeria. There are two specimens from Nigeria in the BMNH (which probably provided the information used in the catalogue), and there is also a specimen in ZSMC nomadus by Engel. I have decided that the species represented by these three specimens is therefore a reasonable candidate to bear Wiedemann's name, and so here redescribe the species on the basis of this material. Should the holotype not be found the single male listed below is the most appropriate neotype. It should also be noted that during this study I found two other West African species that also agree well with the description provided by Wiedemann. These species are described as new species under the names similis and simpsoni.

Redescription:
Male terminal 2 tarsomeres of right prothoracic leg missing; left prothoracic tarsus broken off and glued to supporting card).
Haltere orange-brown with pale yellow knob. Abdomen: Predominantly brown-orange with blackish areas, silver pruinose, entirely white setose. T1 uniform dark red-brown, strongly pruinose; T2 dark red-brown with orange-brown parts posterolaterally, strongly silver pruinose except for black spot mediolaterally; T3-5 brown-orange, somewhat red-brown dorsomedially, weakly pruinose; terminalia dark red-brown (excised). Sternites similar to tergites but orange areas more extensive. Genitalia (Figs 99-101): Epand Lobes closely abut proximally, each being fairly straight and lying parallel to each other. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc closely associated and may be partly fused together proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly beyond level reached by epand well beyond level reached by epand; inner lobe well developed, distal end sclerotised, medially directed. Gonst hardly compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, suboval in shape, posterior margin projecting posteriorly as a slightly medially indented ridge. Aed broadly triangular in ventral view, with tiny Female. Similar to male.
iii.1911', 'Sammlung / F. Hermann', 'Ancylorrh. / nomada / Wd', 'nomada Wied.', 'Ancylorrhynchus / nomada Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from three West African (Nigerian) records (Table 1). Adults have been collected in March, April and July ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but localities suggest that this is a savanna species. Remarks: Van Der Wulp (1870: 209) had the following to say 'Dasypogon Nomada en Histrio zijn beiden nog door typische exemplaren in het museum vertegenwoordigd en behooren, wegens de lange dunne sprieten en de overige kenteekens, tot het geslacht Scylaticus Löw.' Long, slender antennae are hardly grounds for transferring nomada to Scylaticus, however, Wulp (1870) was correct in removing the species from Dasypogon into a genus that is certainly similar to Ancylorhynchus. Kertész (1909) listed Nomada under Scylaticus Loew (citing Walker 1854 and Schiner 1866) and in response to the comment made by Wulp (1870). It is also of interest that Indian specimens in BMNH from Bahir (Banhar Province) look very like the dark species in West Africa (nomadus, similis, simpsoni) which suggests that Wiedemann's nomadus may not even be an Afrotropical species! Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to simpsoni.
are entirely orange as is the scutellum. It is slightly smaller (wing 7.7×3.0 mm).

Male.
Similar to, but generally darker than female, the mesonotum being almost entirely black except for postpronotal and postalar lobes.
has slightly differently shaped hypand considered to be acceptable variation.

Note: In describing nyukinus
Meru-Niederung, das eine am 24. November, das andere im Januar am Flusse Ngare na nyuki gevangen.' While not stating that these are types this must be inferred from the label on one of the specimens. I therefore accept the specimen which has the word 'Type!' on its label as the holotype, and the other as a paratype. Distribution, phenology and biology: Fairly widely distributed in East Africa (Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania) (Table 1) being collected both south and north of the equator (Fig.  149). The species has been collected in November-January, March and May-July ( Table 2). The biology is largely unknown, but label data suggest that this is a species inhabiting woodland and savanna biomes.  (Figs 105-107, Bagamoyo): Epand Lobes closely abut proximally, each having slight curved appearance in dorsal view, distal parts fairly slender, inwardly curved. Proct (weakly sclerotised) simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe tapering to longish slender distal region that projects posteriorly to beyond level reached by epand end sclerotised, strongly medially directed (overlapping opposing lobe). Gonst laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly (somewhat hidden from view in undissected genitalia). Hypd moderately developed, tapering rapidly to truncate distal end; distal end with pair of diverging, rounded protuberances each with group of setae. Aed (largely hidden in undissected genitalia) with lateral extremities distally and tiny Variation: A fairly consistent species demonstrating a degree of sexual dimorphism. Females have somewhat orange antennae. The mesonotum is orange with a cross-shaped marking which varies in extent. The legs are orange. The wing is mainly yellowish with a dark red-brown tip. Abdominal coloration is variable, tergites being dark red-brown with orange hind margins or extensively orange. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known from Central (Zambia) and East Africa (Tanzania) ( Table 1). The species has been collected in December, February, April and June ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but label data suggest that this is a species inhabiting woodland and savanna biomes. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to prunus.
Ancylorhynchus phelpsi sp. n. Figs 17,47,[108][109][110] Etymology: Named for Dr R.F. Phelps whose collecting activities in Zimbabwe have provided interesting material including the type specimens of this species. Description: Male (based on holotype. Condition: Excellent; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel; mesonotum depressed and slightly cracked in region where pin was inserted; abdomen slightly greasy.).
Variation: A fairly consistent species.

Redescription:
Female (based on holotype. Condition: Excellent.). Head: Dark red-brown to black, silver pruinose, pale yellow and red-brown setose. Antenna (Fig. 18): Scape and pedicel brown-orange, pale yellow setose, postpedicel orange proximally becoming brown-orange distally, terminal stylus 'segment' present, tipped with pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element. Segmental ratios: 1:0.4:3.0:0.3. Face black, silver pruinose except for lateral parts of epistomal margin, mystax shiny yellow setose (no macrosetae). Occiput black, uniformly silver pruinose, pale yellow setose. Palpus dark red-brown, mixed red-brown and pale yellow setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex projecting with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis dark red-brown, pale yellow setose. Thorax: Dark red-brown to black with orange areas dorsally, silver and dull gold pruinose, pale yellow and yellow setose. Prothorax dark red-brown (laterally and medially) and orange, silver pruinose, pale yellow setose. Mesonotum orange except for broad blackish medial band from anterior margin to midway between transverse suture and macrosetae (yellow when present): dc c. 3-4 npl, 1-2 spal, 4-5 pal. Scutellum orange with central dark red-brown area, silver pruinose, disc sparsely pale yellow setose, hind margin with c. 8 yellow moderately developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely dark red-brown to black, anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot largely black (small parts of anatg orange-brown). Legs: cx dark red-brown, silver pruinose, white setose; tro red-brown and orange; fem, tib and tar uniformly orange, entirely pale yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 48): 8.1×3.2 mm. Veins orange-brown. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), pale brownish, transparent. Haltere orange-brown. Abdomen: Blackish with orange to orange-brown patches, silver pruinose, white setose. T1 black, silver pruinose laterally; T2-3 dark red-brown to blackish, orange posterolaterally, narrow red-brown medial stripe, strongly silver pruinose posterolaterally; T4 similar to T2-3 but weakly pruinose posterolaterally; T5 dark red-brown posteriorly, uniformly moderately silver pruinose anteriorly; T6-terminalia orange-brown, T6 weakly pruinose anteriorly other parts apruinose. Sternites (largely hidden from view by overlapping tergites) appear similar to tergites. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from the type locality in Southern Africa (South Africa) ( Table 1). The species has been collected only in December ( Table  2). The biology is unknown. Pretoria is located in a area dominated by grassland and savanna biomes. Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group. Despite efforts to associate males with the unique holotype this proved impossible and so a better understanding of this species must await the discovery of new material from the type locality. Oldroyd, 1974 Figs 19, 49, 111-113 , 1 spal, 3-4 pal. Scutellum entirely dark red-brown, disc sparsely black and white setose, hind margin with c. 6 black moderately developed macrosetae accompanied by minor white setae. Pleura entirely dark red-brown, setae white and dark anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot dark red-brown. Legs: cx dark red-brown, white setose; tro dark red-brown (tro2 with row of short black setae ventrally); fem, tib and tar uniformly dark red-brown to black, entirely white to pale yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with slightly paler proximal parts. Wings (Fig.  49, allotype): 10.3×4.3 mm. Veins dark red-brown. Membrane entirely microtrichose, red-brown. Haltere orange with dark brown stalk. Abdomen: Uniform dark red-brown to blackish, pale yellow to white setose. Genitalia (Figs 111-113): Epand that project just beyond other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, each with slightly curved appearance in dorsal view, distal parts inwardly curved. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer completely absent; inner lobe well developed, visible in lateral view, distal end well sclerotised, fairly pointed, medially directed. Gonst somewhat laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly (partly hidden from view in undissected genitalia). Hypd moderately developed, tapering fairly rapidly to broad truncate, slightly bulbous Aed fairly elongate (somewhat hidden in undissected genitalia) with narrowly rounded distal tip. Variation: Female similar to male, greasy except for a few tiny areas that show silver pruinescence. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from the type locality in Southern Africa (Mozambique) ( Table 1). The species has been collected only in February ( Table  2). The biology is unknown, although the locality suggests that this is a forest inhabiting species. While this may not necessarily be true as most species in the genus are not associated with forest undergrowth, but may be found in more open places adjacent to forests, the fact that the species is very darkly coloured (frequently a characteristic associated with forest insects) may support the suggestion that it does indeed actually inhabit forests. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to oldroydi.

Ancylorhynchus prunus
Ancylorhynchus reynaudii (Macquart, 1838) Figs 20, 50, 114 -116, 152  Reynaud. Muséum.', meaning that the specimen was collected by Reynaud in The Cape (= south-western parts of South Africa) and is housed at MNHN. However, Dr Christophe Daugeron (pers. comm.) reports that there is merely a label in the drawer that originally housed the specimen and so it must now be considered lost. Macquart's illustration certainly suggests a species of Ancylorhynchus. My studies have led me to believe that Xiphocerus quadrimaculatus Loew, 1858 is identical to reynaudii and so a redescription of the species may be based on the extant holotype male of quadrimaculatus (below). It is intriguing that Loew (1863)
pruinose, dark red-brown setose. Palpus dark red-brown, dark red-brown setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex slightly projecting with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis dark red-brown, dark red-brown setose. Thorax dark red-brown setose. Mesonotum dark red-brown to black except for orange postred-brown setose. Mesonotal macrosetae (dark red-brown when present): dc to area posterior to transverse suture, c. 2 npl, 1 spal, 2 pal. Scutellum dark red-brown hind margin with c. 4 macrosetae (missing) accompanied by few minor setae. Pleura mainly to anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot blackish. Legs: cx dark red-brown to black, silver pruinose, white setose; tro red-brown; fem1&2 dark red-brown proximally, orange distally; fem3, tib and tar uniformly orange, entirely yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 50): 6.7×2.8 mm. Veins brownorange. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), pale brown, proximal cells partly transparent. Haltere brown-yellow with brown stalk. Abdomen pruinose, dark red-brown and white setose. T1 dark red-brown, whitish setose; T2 dark red-brown with yellowish posterior margin, silver pruinose submarginal band almost complete, white setose; T3-5 dark red-brown with yellow posterior margin, no obvious silver pruinose areas, dark red-brown setose; T6-end removed, macerated and illustrated. Sternites similar to tergites (largely hidden from view by overlapping tergites). Genitalia (Figs 114-116): Epand that project posteriorly to a level beyond other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, straight, somewhat converging distally, distal parts slightly inwards curved. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, proximately level achieved by tapered tip; inner lobe well developed, distal end strongly sclerotised, somewhat medially directed. Gonst hardly compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, tapering beyond half length rapidly to broadly rounded medial setose protuberance (setae typically strong, directed vertically). Aed Variation: A fairly variable species. The mesonotum may be more extensively orange (especially in females). The legs vary with respect to the amount of dark red-brown coloration. Wing colour varies from yellowish through to pale brown (a female from Kagga Kamma has fairly dark brownish wings). Abdominal coloration varies from being almost entirely dark red-brown to blackish to very extensively orange posteriorly. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from South Africa (Table 1), where it has been collected along the west coast of the Western Cape and Northern Cape provinces and along the south coast of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces (Fig. 152). The species has been collected from October through to March (no February records) ( Table 2). The biology is largely unknown, although locality data and personal experience suggest that this is a species inhabiting Fynbos as well as Savanna biomes where it may be found resting on sandy surfaces. Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group with similarities to fulvicollis, tricolor and zophos.

1945-39' (BMNH).
Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana) ( Table 1). The species has been collected in April and June (Table 2). The biology is largely unknown, but I collected two females in 'savanna woodland'. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group, with close similarities to nyukinus.
Genitalia (Figs 120-122): Epand that jut out beyond all other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, each being slightly curved such that distal tips are inwardly directed. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly to fairly broadly-rounded tip and with characteristic indented posteroventral Gonst compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd relatively weakly developed, about twice as wide as long Aed sub-triangular, Note: Another male (ZSMC), also collected at Zungeru, has been assigned to nomadus. That specimen, Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from the type locality in northern Nigeria, West Africa (Table 1). The species has only been collected in November ( Table  2). The biology is unknown, but the type locality is situated in the savanna biome. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to nomadus.
Ancylorhynchus in an analysis of Gambian Asilidae (Londt 2010: 346). I have also seen a pair of female specimens from Niger that may belong to this species, although they do not closely resemble the holotype and are not considered paratypes. The position of these specimens, listed below, will only be adequately ascertained when males from Niger becomes available: Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from West Africa (Gambia, ?Niger) ( Table 1). The holotype was collected in May (Table 2), those from Niger being collected in October. The biology is unknown, although the type locality was 'scrub / beside river'. Similar species: A fairly distinctive member of the nomadus species-group without close similarities to other species. Figs 24,54,[126][127][128] Etymology: Named after the type locality, Kenya's Sokoke Forest. Description:

Ancylorhynchus sokokensis sp. n.
Male (based on holotype. Condition: Excellent (appears mounted from alcohol).). Head tose. Antenna (Fig. 24, paratype): orange-brown, scape and pedicel orange setose (1 dark red-brown setae), postpedicel tipped with obliquely situated pit-enclosed spinelike sensory element (terminal stylus 'segment' absent). Segmental ratios: 1:0.3:5.6. red-brown, black setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis dark red-brown, black setose. Thorax pruinose, pale yellow setose dorsally, black laterally. Mesonotum orange with black pattern (median band stretching from anterior to posterior margins, widening at level yellow setose. Mesonotal macrosetae (usually orange when present): dc to region posterior to transverse suture, 3-4 npl, 1 spal, 3 pal. Scutellum orange with hind margin with c. 10 pale yellow, longish weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely black, entirely silver-grey pruinose, setae white and anepst, kepst and ktg (setae white). Anatg and mes pnot dark red-brown to black, contrasting with mainly orange scutellum. Legs: cx black, silver pruinose, white setose; tro orange (tro2 with few short black setae ventrally); fem, tib and tar orange, tar5 a little darker, white to pale yellow setose (some black setae on tar), claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 54): 7.4×3.1 mm. Veins mostly dark red-brown. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), pale yellow-brown stained (tip somewhat darker commencing at level of r-m), cells cup and a1+2 transparent. Haltere yellow with orange base. Abdomen silver-grey pruinose, white and black setose. T1 dark red-brown to black, silver pruinose; T2 dark red-brown to blackish with large orange areas posterolaterally. Strongly silver pruinescence corresponds with orange areas; T3-4 dark red-brown to black with narrow posterolateral margins, silver pruinose (especially in regions with orange colour; T5-terminalia dissected and clear for drawing. Sternites similar to tergites but lacking orange areas. Genitalia (Figs 126-128): Epand jut out beyond all other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, each being relatively straight with inwardly curved distal ends. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc closely associated proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe tapering posteriorly distal end pointed, well sclerotised and medially directed. Gonst compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, twice as broad as long, Aed Female. Similar to male but head and prothorax more extensively orange setose. Thorax more extensively orange including parts of pleura (dorsal part of ktps, posterior half of ktg anatergite). Tip of wing more obviously dark stained. Abdomen far more exten-Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from East Africa (Kenya) ( Table  1). The types were collected in May (Table 2). The biology is unknown. Although the type locality is a forest the specimens may have been collected in vegetation adjacent to the forest. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to cruciger and hylaeiformis.
Genitalia (Figs 129-131): Epand project beyond all other genital structures. Lobes abut proximally, each lying parallel to each other, distal end slightly inwardly curved. Proct simple, weakly sclerotised, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, broad in lateral view, process absent, lobe somewhat raised as a dorsal ridge where process commonly occurs; inner lobe well developed, distal end sclerotised, medially directed as acutely pointed structures. Gonst laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly (largely hidden from view in undissected genitalia). Hypd moderately developed, tapering fairly rapidly at midlength to broad, somewhat truncate distal end; distal end with pair of fairly closely associated, rounded setose protuberances. Aed broad with subapical lateral processes and tiny medial tip. Variation: There are only two known specimens, both males. The Banana male is almost identical to the holotype, although slightly smaller (wing 8.2×3.5 mm). Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from Central Africa (Angola, DR Congo) (Table 1). Specimens have been collected in May and August ( Table 2). The biology is unknown, but both known localities are located in areas dominated by tropical grassland and savanna. Similar species: A member of the nomadus species-group with close similarities to funebris and greatheadi.
Ancylorhynchus tricolor (Loew, 1863) Figs 26, 56, 132-134, 152 Xiphocerus tricolor: Despite an extensive search I have not been able to locate the type specimen(s) of Xiphocerus tricolor Loew, 1863. As reported under reynaudii, Loew (1863 apparently 'synonymised' reynaudii with tricolor, an action that does not make taxonomic sense as reynaudii takes precedence over tricolor. Kertész (1909), inexplicably, responded by placing reynaudii as a subspecies of tricolor, an arrangement maintained by Hull (1960). Oldroyd (1974) hesitatingly followed suite when he listed reynaudii in the synonymy of tricolor, but placed '(? reynaudii Macquart)' after the name tricolor in Oldroyd (1974) acknowledged having used  key in the construction of his own. However, Bromley inexplicably excluded both reynaudii and tricolor from his key! This fact suggests that these two species were not known to Bromley -perhaps because the types of both species were unavailable even at that time.
The following redescriptions of taxa now considered synonymous with tricolor serve to characterise the species.
Female (based on holotype maculatus. Condition: Fair; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel; right wing missing (an incorrect wing has been attached with glue, but is clearly different from intact right wing); left halter missing; abdomen has been glued in place after having been broken off at base.).
Male (based on holotype braunsi. Condition: Good; left antenna broken off beyond pedicel; hind margins of wings slightly broken.).

Redescription:
Male (based on holotype unifasciatus. Condition: Good; left antenna broken off beyond pedicel; right wing with small anterior part missing.).
anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot black, not contrasting with scutellum. Legs: cx black, strongly silver pruinose, white setose; tro dark red-brown; fem orange with fem1) or dark red-brown dorsal band (fem2&3), tib and tar uniformly orange, legs entirely whitish setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings: 6.1×2.4 mm. Veins orange to pale brown. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), largely colourless and transparent. Haltere yellow with yellow-brown extremities. Abdomen: Predominantly blackish with fairly narrow orange or orange-brown areas, silver pruinose, whitish setose. T1 uniformly blackish, strongly silver pruinose laterally; T2-3 blackish with narrow yellow-brown posterior margins and large areas of strong silver pruinescence laterally (completely absent medially); T4-8 similar to T3 but lacking large areas of strong silver pruinescence. Sternites blackish with orange posterior margins and long whitish setae. Terminalia: Agrees well with holotype of unifasciatus.
Variation: The above redescription of the A. munroi holotype illustrates the degree of from Soutpan with a white mystax. The mystax of females varies from pale yellow to orange. Males frequently have dark red-brown legs, but some have light brown to orange tibiae (and perhaps the distal ends of femora may be orange). Female legs are mostly fairly uniform orange, but a few may have the proximal parts of femora brownish. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from South Africa (Table 1), where it is fairly widely distributed (Fig. 152). Specimens have been collected from November-April (no March records) ( Table 2). The biology is largely unknown, although most of the recorded localities fall within the Savanna biome. Similar species: A fairly distinctive member of the reynaudii species-group without close similarities to other species.
It should be noted that the name variegatus has been used for two different species which currently reside in Ancylorhynchus. Dasypogon variegatus Wiedemann, 1817, a Palaearctic species now considered a junior synonym of type species Ancylorhynchus glaucius (Rossi, 1790) was described before the Afrotropical species Xyphocerus variegatus Bigot, 1879. Although both species were at one time considered valid within Xyphocerus (see Schiner 1867: 368) both were listed by Kertész (1909) under Ancylorrhyncus; Wiedemann's 1817 species as a synonym of glaucius and Bigot's 1879 species as a valid name in its own right. While all subsequent authors have accepted Bigot's name it is necessary to provide this taxon with a new name in order to stabilise the taxonomy (it being possible that a much needed review of Palaearctic Ancylorhynchus could see the resurrection of Wiedemann's earlier name). The similar, but different name, variabilis, is here established as a new name for Bigot's variegatus.

Redescription:
Male (based on holotype. Condition: Good; both antennae completely missing; right metathoracic leg has been reattached to specimen with glue, but is complete).
Head: Dark red-brown to black, silver pruinose, white setose. Antenna (Fig. 28): Missing. Face black, strongly silver pruinose except laterally on epistomal margin, mystax shiny red-brown. Palpus dark red-brown, white setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis dark red-brown, white setose. Thorax pruinose (weak on orange parts), white setose. Prothorax entirely black and apruinose, white setose. Mesonotum dark red-brown to black anterior of transverse suture, posterior of suture black area tapers to point just short of hind margin, postalar lobes and long white setose. Mesonotal macrosetae (pale yellow when present): dc to parts posterior to transverse suture, c. 3 npl, 1 spal, 2 pal. Scutellum dark red-brown setose, hind margin with 3 pale yellow weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by to anepst, kepst and ktg). Anatg black, silver pruinose laterally, mes pnot red-brown, weakly pruinose. Legs: cx dark red-brown, strongly silver pruinose, white setose; tro red-brown; fem dark red-brown with narrowly orange distal tips, tib orange except for dark red-brown distal ends, tar more major setae pale yellowish, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 58): 8.1×3.2 mm. Veins yellow anteriorly, brown posteriorly. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), distal cells brown (from with pale brown stalk. Abdomen: Predominantly dark red-brown to blackish with orange patches, silver pruinose, whitish. T1 entirely dark red-brown, fairly strongly silver pruinose; T2 dark redbrown with extensive orange areas posterolaterally (almost meet medially), weakly silver pruinose; T3 similar to T2 but orange areas not as extensive; T4 entirely dark red-brown, weakly silver pruinose; T5 similar to T3; T6 and terminalia removed for study of genitalia. Sternites similar to tergites but orange along posterior margins of all sternites. Genitalia (Figs 138-140): Epand lobes, extending posteriorly beyond level achieved by other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, lie parallel with each and are hardly if at all inwardly curved distally. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly to narrowly rounded distal end; dorsal medially directed. Gonst laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, wider than long, tapering fairly rapidly to pair of relatively poorly sclerotised, somewhat membranous, slightly diverging, setose protuberances (setae shiny and readily seen in dry material, and at least partly obscure underlying structures). Aed largely hidden in undissected genitalia. Variation: The holotype lacks antennae; another specimen was measured and demonstrated the following segmental ratios 1:0.4:4.7:0.2 (the species having a small, but clearly differentiated stylus 'segment'). This species shows little variation. Males have dark red-brown to black antennae while females have extensively orange antennae. The legs of males are mostly dark red-brown but some individuals have the distal parts of femora and tibiae orange. Females usually have entirely orange legs (except for the terminal tarsomere which is always dark red-brown), but a few individuals have red-brown coloration proximally on the femora. The extent of orange coloration of the mesonotum varies somewhat. Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from Southern Africa (Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa) (Table 1), where it is fairly widely distributed (Fig. 151). Specimens have been collected from January-March ( yellow weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely black, anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot dark red-brown. Legs: cx black, strongly silver pruinose, white setose; tro shiny dark red-brown; fem1&2 orange with small proximally situated red-brown marks anteroventrally fem3 mainly dark red-brown with orange distal and proximal ends, tib and tar dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings (Fig. 59): 8.1×3.4 mm. Veins orange anteriorly brown posteriorly. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells transparent. Haltere yellow with brown distal and proximal ends. Abdomen setose. T1 blackish, weakly pruinose; T2 blackish anteriorly. Orange posteriorly (with tiny yellowish parts along posterior margin), silver pruinescence only evident anteriorly; T3-4 blackish with orange areas posterolaterally (small on T4), little evidence of pruinescence; T5 blackish anteriorly orange posteriorly, little evidence of pruinescence; T6-terminalia dissected. Sternites similar to tergites but orange parts more extensive. Genitalia (Figs 141-143): Epand straight lobes that project beyond other genital structures. Lobes closely abut proximally, becoming fairly widely separated (in dorsal view). Proct simple, weakly sclerotised, dorsally situated cerc closely associated but probably not fused. Goncx large, well developed, outer lobe broad, covered with strong setae, projecting posteriorly to rounded distal end sclerotised and medially directed (slightly overlapping opposing lobe). Gonst laterally compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly (largely hidden from view in undissected genitalia). Hypd well developed, almost as long as broad, tapering fairly group of strong setae medially. Aed hidden in undissected genitalia.
Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from South Africa ( Table 1). The unique holotype was collected in November ( Table 2). The biology is unknown. The type locality falls within the Succulent Karoo biome. Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group with close similarities to fulvicollis, reynaudii and tricolor.
Ancylorhynchus sp. I have studied a single female from the northern parts of Somalia that does not appear to belong to any of the species known from East Africa. Until male material from the same region is available this specimen cannot be adequately assigned. Label data are [19]57 / J. Roffey' (BMNH).
Key to Afrotropical Ancylorhynchus species In order to successfully key specimens using this key it is necessary to have an intact male in good condition. All characters relate to male specimens and it may prove necessary to remove and macerate terminalia. Females may differ from males and can detailed descriptions where available. Unfortunately, two of the 29 reviewed species could not be accommodated in this key. Firstly, pretoriensis , which belongs to the reynaudii species-group, known only from a unique female holotype and, secondly, elbaiensis which belongs to the nomadus species-group, is excluded as I have not been able to study the only known type specimens. 1 Antenna with well-developed stylus 'segment' (e.g. Fig. 20

Taxonomy
Some 12 scientists have contributed to our taxonomic knowledge of this interesting and attractive genus by describing Afrotropical species. The main contributors were Bromley (8 species), Loew (4), Bigot & Oldroyd (3 each), and Speiser (2), while single species Lindner, Macquart, Wiedemann). In my experience, this kind of scenario often leads to a lengthy revisionary process and this has certainly been true in the case of Ancylorhynchus. Of the 27 species described by the authors listed above, no fewer than nine (33 %) are now listed as synonyms. Only  attempted to provide an overview of the Afrotropical species, but left out a number of species that were not available or familiar to him. Oldroyd (1974) also attempted to provide a means by which the Southern African and decided to use Bromley's incomplete coverage and key to construct his own key, which is consequently not particularly useful. The fact that Wiedemann's Dasypogon humeralis, described in 1821 and incorporated into Ancylorhynchus over a hundred years ago, has only now been shown to belong to a totally different genus clearly illustrates the state of affairs at the commencement of my study. I now accept 29 valid Afrotropical species, including elbaiensis which should probably be treated as a Palaearctic species, and 12 newly described species. As mentioned elsewhere, this study was hampered by the unavailability of a few key holotype specimens which has meant that certain of my taxonomic decisions may ultimately prove problematic. This being accepted, I am still of the opinion that this review paves the way toward providing a means for the accurate Ancylorhynchus.
character, the situation is probably not as simple as here portrayed. For example, Wulp (1870) transferred nomadus to Scylaticus because it had similarly long and slender antennae (see discussion under nomadus), an action accepted by Kertész (1909). Although the grounds for Wulp's action appear trivial, he may have been onto something because species of Ancylorhynchus and Scylaticus do have much in common and are now known to be sister species within the Stenopogoninae (Dikow 2009a ning Scylaticus I stated 'Proboscis straight or rarely slightly arched' (Londt 1992: 100), and I used this feature in my key to separate two species (albofasciatus Engel, 1932& camptus Londt, 1992 from others-also using the terms 'bow-shaped' and 'gently downcurved' when describing the proboscis of these species. While the proboscis of Ancylorhynchus is clearly distinctive, the condition found in a few species of Scylaticus may well represent an intermediate character state that should perhaps be given greater attention in any future cladistical assessment of relationships between these taxa. It should also be noted that species of Scylaticus also exhibit the two different forms of antennae that are discussed below for Ancylorhynchus, and so this may also prove of Ancylorhynchus (see Oldroyd 1974: 30). Group 1 (reynaudii group): Antenna with a small, but distinctive terminal stylus. The pedicel is relatively long, while the postpedicel is relatively short. The mystax is not U-shaped in anterior view. The mesothoracic trochanter does not possess a ventral row of curved spine-like setae (may possess a few pale, slightly curved, fairly elongate setae). Species in this group are: dilobion, fulvicollis, gessi, insignis, reynaudii, tricolor, unifasciatus, variabilis, whiteheadi and zophos. Group 2 (nomadus group): Antenna lacks a terminal stylus, and ends in an obliquely positioned pit. The pedicel is relatively short, while the postpedicel is relatively long. The mystax is commonly U-shaped in anterior view. The mesothoracic trochanter possess a ventral row of curved (usually black) spine-like setae. Species in this group are: cruciger, doryphorus, feijeni, funebris, greatheadi, hylaeiformis, , nomadus, nyukinus, oldroydi, phelpsi, prunus, similis, simpsoni, snowi, sokokensis and susurrus. Although I would not presently be prepared to consider these groups to be subgenera, it is useful to the reynaudii nomadus species-group are fairly widely distributed (although not particularly so within Southern

Distribution, phenology and biology
Ancylorhynchus is a widely distributed genus in the afrotropics, being found in West, East, Central and Southern Africa (Table 1, Fig. 147). As yet the genus has not been recorded from the southern parts of the Arabian peninsula or from the Atlantic and Indian ocean islands (except for Zanzibar). While the majority of recorded localities are in Southern Africa this is certainly a consequence of biased sampling. It is my impression that population numbers are never high and this is borne out by the generally small series that are usually collected at any one locality. While there are two samples of 12 specimens recorded, at least one of these was a series collected in a Malaise trap over a number of days. Not unexpectedly, most of the species are active in the adult phase during the warmer (and usually wetter) months of the year and many appear to have quite extended 'seasons' or periods of adult activity (Table 2). Almost nothing is known about the biology of species in this genus. Most appear to inhabit biomes such as Grassland and Savanna while a few are known from the Fynbos of South Africa, cruciger 2, fulvicollis 2, (Cicadellidae, Membracidae, Scutelleridae), the others being a hymenopteran (Vespidae) and a dipteran (Tachinidae). Oldroyd (1970: 271) believed that the unusual shape of the proboscis found in Ancylorhynchus 'must be related to some peculiarity of diet, but as far as I know no-one has attempted to speculate what it might feed upon. Some observations on this proboscis will be the subject of a separate small paper.' This 'separate small paper' does not appear to have been published, but Oldroyd (1974: 28-30) did devote a padissected specimen. Oldroyd, who had obviously not seen any prey items associated with this genus, was nonetheless convinced that the unusually shaped proboscis was entirely functional. He suggested that 'the proboscis has every appearance of being a specialized organ for feeding upon some unusual kind of prey' and that 'the prey must  2 The phenology of Afrotropical Ancylorhynchus species.

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
2 4 8 11 12 10 9 13 11(12) 6 (7) 6 (7) that there is nothing unusual about the choice of prey and indeed the genus probably has catholic tastes. It is of interest that many Ancylorhynchus species appear to resemble Hymenoptera (e.g. Vespidae) in physical appearance. Of note in this regard is the fact that of the 48 specimens recorded as having been collected in Malaise traps, only 17 (35 %) were female. In my experience Malaise traps are generally not very effective in collecting therefore, that males of Ancylorhynchus as well as bodily appearance and hence are more effectively trapped.