Revision of Afrotropical Delia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), with Descriptions of six New Species

ABSTRACT The Afrotropical Delia is revised to include 20 species. Six new species are described: madagascariensis, ismayi, pseudoventralis, tibila, endorsina and cameroonica. Three new synonymies are established: Chortophila linearis Adams, 1905 = Hylemyia bracata Rondani, 1866; Hylemyia dispar Bezzi, 1908 = Hylemyia bracata Rondani, 1866; and Hylemyia capensis Malloch, 1924 = Hylemyia urbana Malloch, 1924. Hylemyia arambourgi Séguy, 1938 is resurrected from synonymy. The Delia bracata section is expanded to include a new subsection, the ventralis subsection.


INTRODUCTION
The genus Delia contains approximately 300-340 species world-wide (excluding Neotropical species). At present about 170 species are recorded from the Palaearctic Region, and 162 species from the Nearctic Region, 44 of which are Holarctic. Griffiths (1991aGriffiths ( , b, 1992Griffiths ( , 1993 described 49 new species in his recent revision of the Nearctic species, nearly a third of the present Nearctic total, and similar intensive revisions in other parts of the world are expected to produce many more, especially in the Middle East, mountainous regions of Central Asia, Nepal, and Mongolia. The first species of Delia to be described from the Afrotropical Region was under the name Chortophila linearis Adams (1905), which is synonymized with the widespread D. bracata (Rondani, 1866) in this revision. Hylemyia dispar Bezzi (1908) was described from Eritrea; this is also synonymized with bracata. Both these species were misidentified or unknown to previous authors, and their type material has not been examined until now. Stein (1913 described four species, Séguy (1938) one species, Malloch (1924a, b) two species, and Emden (1941b) two species.
My comments on Anthomyia (Ackland 2001: 2) regarding examination of the male genitalia, and the difficulty of identifying females applies equally to Delia species.
The Afrotropical species belong to three of the nine sections of Delia as proposed by Griffiths (1991a). Only one of these, namely the bracata section, does not occur in the Nearctic Region. This section is nevertheless well represented in the Afrotropical Region, and now includes 11 species, divided into two subsections, the bracata subsection (comprising the original bracata section) and the ventralis subsection. The other two sections (the coarctata and the albula sections) comprise only seven species, leaving two unplaced species which are only known from females.
Delia species are not easy to characterize: the Afrotropical species are generally grey dusted, rather drab, slender and inconspicuous flies, without any striking features. Some species have males with longer setae on some of the abdominal sternites and hind femora. Female identification is more difficult, depending on the examination and comparison of small differences of leg and thorax chaetotaxy. Ovipositor structure is also fairly uniform in the Afrotropical species, without any modifications of the cerci.
The Delia-group of genera are characterized by the structure of the hypandrium which is developed posteriorly into a pedestal-like extension that articulates with the pregonite (Griffiths 1991a: 957). The following genera (possessing this constitutive autapomorphy) are included in this grouping: Delia, Leucophora, Eustalomyia, Hyporites, Engyneura, Heterostylodes, Phorbia, Subhylemyia and Hydrophoria. Only Delia and Leucophora (Ackland 1995) have so far been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. Three species of Eustalomyia have been listed in the Afrotropical Catalogue (Pont & Ackland 1980: 717), but according to Michelsen (1988: 276) they belong to Lasiomma.
The larvae of Afrotropical Delia species are mainly phytophagous, and have been found in various cereal crops and grasses, including Cynodon, Secale, Hordeum, Setaria, Pennisetum, Chloris, Sorghum, and  Morphological terminology is based mainly on that of McAlpine (1981) with the following exceptions: I retain the term 'humeri' for the 'postpronotal lobes' of McAlpine; the postpronotal (humeral) setae are of little value in Anthomyiidae, but the two or three setae on the region posterior to the postpronotal lobe are significant. These setae (which are not given a specific name by McAlpine) would need to be called 'the post postpronatal setae', if the term postpronotal lobe is to be used. To avoid confusion, I have retained 'humeri' and 'posthumeral setae' in this paper. Other terms I have used are 'parafrontals' for 'fronto-orbital plates', and 'squama' for 'calypter'. Label data on holotypes are quoted as they appear; a single slash (/) indicates the end of a line of data. Supplementary information is given in square brackets. The citation of 'other material examined' was standardized for dates of collection and other data, and may not be exactly as found on the specimen labels. In the synonymy citations for each species misidentifications are enclosed in quotation marks.
Localities in South Africa are listed under current provincial names. The former Cape Province now comprises Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and Northern Cape. The former Transvaal Province includes Limpopo, North West, Mpumalanga and Gauteng. The former Natal province is now known as KwaZulu-Natal, and the Orange Free State as Free State.
Dissected specimens have their genitalia mounted in glycerol in a plastic tube on a staging pin. Drawings were made using a camera lucida.

PHYLOGENY OF AFROTROPICAL DELIA
The Delia bracata section Hennig (1974a: 696) suggested that three species of Delia form a closely related group: bracata, arambourgi, and flavibasis. In these species the acrophallic sclerite is reduced to a flat plate lying between the paraphalli, the tips of which reach well past the acrophallus; the sclerotized dorsal prolongation of the distiphallus is short, and ends more or less above the bases of the paraphalli. The membranous extension of the distiphallus is also short, and ends before the tips of the paraphalli. This type of distiphallus is also found in other Afrotropical Delia species, and I therefore expand Hennig's concept of the bracata section to include a further six species, which are divided into two subsections, the bracata subsection and the ventralis subsection.
The monophyly of the bracata section is based on the following apomorphies: (1) Distiphallus with the short sclerotized dorsal prolongation, ending before or above the bases of the paraphalli. (2) Distal membrane of distiphallus also does not reach the tips of the paraphalli.
The possession of a discrete acrophallic plate may also be an apomorphic character for the bracata section, but is secondarily lost in the ventralis subsection. The Delia bracata subsection Diagnostic characters of this subsection are: sclerotized acrophallus plate (lying between the paraphallic processes) retained and prealar seta absent.
I include two further species, urbana and madagascariensis sp. n., in addition to the three species reported by Hennig (bracata, arambourgi and flavibasis).

The Delia ventralis subsection
There are six Afrotropical Delia species that appear to form a monophyletic group based on the following diagnostic combination of characters: (1) Sclerotised acrophallic plate absent (possibly secondarily lost). Gonopore situated in the membrane between dorsal prolongation and paraphalli, the prolongation ending before tip of paraphalli.
(2) Surstylus in posterior view wider in basal 3/4, but strongly tapering in distal third (less so in steiniella and ismayi), with a median clustered group of setulae on the inner margin (except in ismayi).
(3) Cercal plate short and wide, with a more or less rounded apex without long setae.
I include the following six species in the Delia ventralis subsection: ventralis, steiniella, pseudoventralis sp. n. and ismayi sp. n. in the ventralis species group, and kigeziana and tibila sp. n. as species solae.
The ventralis subsection agrees in some respects with the elongata section. A sclerotized acrophallus is also absent in this section, and the sternite V lacks spinules, but the gonopore is situated on the membrane at the end of the long dorsal prolongation above the tip of the paraphalli. The ventralis subsection is largely confined to the Afrotropical Region, though some species in the bracata subsection are found in southern and eastern regions of the Palaearctic Region, and in one case, in Australia.
I include four species in the ventralis species group within the ventralis subsection, namely ventralis, steiniella, pseudoventralis and ismayi. They form a monophyletic group based upon the structure of sternite III. Sternite III in all these species is clothed with long setae and setulae on its posterior margin; these setae are isolated on a narrow sclerotized section of the sternite, separated from the larger anterior part by a weakly sclerotized seam (except possibly in D. ismayi); in addition tergites III and IV are short and posteriorly excavated, separated from each other and from tergites II and V by wide areas of flexible intersegmental cuticle; this enables the abdomen to be flexed upwards, consequently stretching the sternites, so that sternite III then lies in a horizontal position ( Fig. 71) with the posterior setae projecting downwards at right angles to the abdomen. Conversely, when the abdomen is flexed downwards, the sternites contract and the narrow posterior section of sternite III, bearing the setae, is forced into a vertical position, and the setae then lie adpressed against sternite IV (Fig. 70). The setae in this condition are often difficult to see in dried material.
This mechanism is an apomorphy of the ventralis species group, and allows the fly to move the sternal setae quite rapidly up and down, perhaps an adaptation associated with pheromone dispersal during courtship, as already proposed by Hennig (1974a: 695). The same analogous situation is found in some species of the Delia cardui subsection, with long setae on sternite III (Holarctic species) where the tergites are shortened but the sternites do not have the weakened seam allowing folding of sternite III. I found no trace of a weakly sclerotized seam posteriorly to the setae in these species, but generally, sternite III is relatively shorter, and the abdomen can accommodate downward flexation without the need for the 'hinging' structure in the ventralis species group.
All the species in the radicum section (including the cardui subsection) have a sclerotized laterally compressed acrophallus, which is absent in the ventralis subsection. I conclude from this that the long setae on sternite III, together with the reduction in the length of the tergites with enlarged intersegmental membrane in some of the species in the cardui subsection, and in the ventralis species group in the ventralis subsection is a homoplasy. This has probably evolved independently, to provide a means of pheromone dispersal. Larvae of species in the Delia cardui subsection feed on Caryophyllaceae, whereas the only record of foodplant for the ventralis subsection is that of steiniella, bred from wheat in Ethiopia (Dr M. K. Billah, pers. comm.). The remaining two species of this subsection are kigeziana (Emden) and tibila sp. n. The former species has only short setulae on sternites III and IV, but very long lateral setae on the processes of sternite V. The almost identical cercal plate and surstyli imply however that it belongs to the ventralis section. On the other hand D. tibila has long lateral setae on sternite IV. These species are designated as species solae in the ventralis subsection.

The Delia coarctata section
Paraphalli are present on the aedeagus in two small subsections of the coarctata section of Delia (Griffiths 1991b(Griffiths : 1141, namely the mutans (Huckett) subsection and the bisetosa (Stein) subsection. I refer two Afrotropical Delia species to the coarctata section, namely andersoni and endorsina sp. n. as they both possess denticules on the distiphallus. D. andersoni has these denticules apically, and the paraphalli are reduced to small ventral sclerotized stumps in the basal half of distiphallus. The denticles are subapical in endorsina, and reach back as far as the base of the paraphalli. The latter are well developed, slender, reaching well beyond the most distal denticles. The paraphalli in andersoni may be secondarily reduced.
There are some differences between these two species and those placed by Griffiths (1991bGriffiths ( : 1145 in his mutans subsection (arenicola Griffiths, nubilalis (Huckett), mutans, and carri Griffiths), all Nearctic species. I therefore include them in the andersoni species group within the mutans subsection of the coarctata section. Synapomorphies for this species group are: cercal plate apically with only very short setae, and surstyli in lateral view with a median extension or flap on the posterior margin. The inner margins of processes of sternite V are raised and project downwards in lateral view.
The Delia albula section The Delia hirticrura subsection Griffiths (1993Griffiths ( : 1473 included in his D. hirticrura subsection the Palaearctic species hirticrura (Rondani) and the Nearctic species glabritheca (Huckett) as species sola, and a further nine solely Nearctic species, which he grouped in the lupini (Coquillett) species group. The characteristics that he proposed for this subsection include: (1) Cercal plate up to twice as long as wide, with an angulate tip, and rather long lateral and apical setae. (2) Surstyli tapering or attenuate distally, with only very short setulae or microtrichia at their tips. (3) Hind femur with an interrupted row of pv.
In spite of the rather unsatisfactory characterisation of this subsection (not including any autapomorphous characters) which Griffiths himself noted, the Afrotropical species D. bisciliata has many similarities with both hirticrura and glabritheca. The male of D. bisciliata has a long and narrow cercal plate, with a very acute tip, and fairly straight surstyli that taper to a narrow apex which is slightly upturned (as in glabritheca). However the processes of sternite V have no spatulate setae, which are present in glabritheca, but absent in hirticrura. The extensively setulose hind tibia of glabritheca, including numerous p/pv, is also present in bisciliata, but to a lesser extent in hirticrura. D. bisciliata is therefore included in the hirticrura subsection as a species sola.
The Delia platura subsection There are four Afrotropical Delia species which belong to this subsection. As accepted by Griffiths (1993Griffiths ( : 1508 this subsection may not be monophyletic. Two of the species, platura and florilega were included by Griffiths in species groups bearing the same names. They are both very common and widely distributed pests on cultivated crops. The florilega species group have a fringe of dorsal setulae on mid tarsomere 1, and a single spine on each process of sternite V. The platura species group have an elongateovoid shaped cercal plate which is broadest beyond middle. The two remaining Afrotropical Delia species, metatarsata and cameroonica sp. n. belong to the Delia platura subsection. The shape of the cercal plate in both species is similar to the cercal plate in the species of the platura species group, but the absence of a pv fringe on the hind tibia in the male implies that they belong elsewhere. There are two species sola that Griffiths did not include in any species group in the platura subsection, flavogrisea (Ringdahl) and alaskana (Huckett).
The genitalia and sternite V of alaskana figured by Griffiths (1993Griffiths ( : figs 1694Griffiths ( , 1701Griffiths ( and 1702 are similar to metatarsata (long, straight surstyli in lateral view, that are slightly upturned, and processes of sternite V with two rather small blunt spinules). The tarsi are unmodified in alaskana (also a light grey dusted species), whereas in both metatarsata and cameroonica the mid tarsomere 1 bears a fringe of dorsal setulae.
I therefore include metatarsata and cameroonica sp. n. in a new metatarsata species group in the D. platura subsection. It is possible that some couplets in this key will not lead to the correct species. Some species in the ventralis subsection were only available in small numbers of specimens collected in the 1930s, and were not in good condition. This made the use of small setal characters difficult, and possibly unreliable. Future collections of larger samples could indicate the variability of some of the characters used, and lead to a more accurate key to females. [The unknown ^of madagascariensis will probably key out at couplet 3, and may be separated from urbana and bracata by having only 2 ad and 2 pd on hind tibia. D. virgithorax (Stein), which is only known from the female, will also run down to this couplet, and can be distinguished from urbana and bracata by means of the grey dusted scutum with three distinct brownish vittae.] 4(1) Large crossvein strongly oblique and sinuate; mouth margin rather strongly produced; 3 posthumeral setae. Supplementary key to the Delia bracata subsection This subsection contains some of the more widespread and abundant Delia species in the Afrotropical Region, including species of economic importance. A more detailed key to this group is thus provided.
Key to males 1 Arista relatively long haired, length of longest hairs (in proximal half) up to 5× diameter of aristal base (Fig. 29). Abdomen long and narrow, with almost parallel lateral margins. Vein C ventrally with row of setulae. Postpedicel almost 2.5 times as long as wide. Mid tibia with a small av. Terminalia: surstylus (Fig. 6) (Stein) has been described from both sexes, I have not been able to find any specimens that might be referable to this species, and the original type material is reportedly lost. From the description, modesta might run down to madagascariensis.
Key to females 1 Mid tibia without an av; fore tibia generally with 2 pv. Parafacials adjacent to lunule with orange-brown sheen-stripe, depending on angle of vision. The female of D. madagascariensis sp. n. is unknown. It will probably key out at couplet 3, and differ from urbana and bracata by having the hind tibia with only 2 ad and 2 pd. It may be a synonym of the unrecognized modesta. As the male of madagascariensis is only known from Madagascar, and modesta has been described from Kenya, I prefer to treat these as distinct species until more material is available, especially males of modesta from the type locality. There are no generic synonyms of Delia applicable to the Afrotropical fauna; for a full list of synonyms and references, see Griffiths (1991a: 953).

Description:
Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face varying from blackish to orange in ground colour, with greyish to whitish dusting; parafacial at level of aristal base with shifting blackish to orange sheen-stripe, which viewed from above is whitish grey dusted; occiput dark grey. Antennae dark brownish black, basal segments sometimes obscurely lightened orange. Palpi brown, sometimes paler basally; prementum of proboscis brownish with grey dust. Thorax dark in ground colour, with fairly dense brownish grey dusting, traces of vittae only visible presuturally when viewed from behind; scutum with major setae arising from brown spots; scutellum entirely grey dusted. Abdomen densely greenish grey dusted when viewed from behind, with distinct wide brown median vitta (about as wide as depth of hind femur), which does not extend across anterior margins of tergites. Prehypopygial tergites grey dusted. Wing membrane pale orange brownish tinged in basal half; veins orange; squamae concolorous with wing base, fringe pale yellow. Legs brown to orange-brown, knees sometimes paler orange. Head: Eyes narrowly separated posteriorly (by 1.25× diameter of anterior ocellus). Frontal stripe distinct throughout (at narrowest part by less than diameter of anterior ocellus); parafacials medially equal to width of postpedicel; peristomal margin not projecting, face almost flat, distance between vibrissal setae equal to distance between them and nearest eye margin. Gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.28-0.30× eye height; genal setae uniserial anteriorly; 4 pairs of frontal setae; 1 pair of fine interfrontal setulae at middle of frons; postpedicel not reaching peristomal margin (by almost its width); arista ( Fig. 30) pubescent, longest hairs slightly longer to twice basal aristal diameter. Proboscis short and slender, with short prementum (not as long as palpi and as wide as fore tibia). Upper occipital setulae short and fine, without setulae below row. Thorax: Presutural acr fine and hair-like (not differentiated from accessory setulae), irregularly biserial, acr:dc ratio 10:3:10, no hairs between rows; 2 posthumeral setae; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar seta completely absent; scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; 2 unequal proepisternals, 1 long proepimeral with ventral hair; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior nearly as long as upper (anterior seta often with 1-2 fine hairs below).
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short but not weak, as long as diameter of C, stronger spines before distal break nearly as long as small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein almost straight, last section of M 1+2 1.6-1.7× length of preceding section. Lower squama about as long as upper. Wing length 4.25-5 mm.
Legs: Mid femur with 3 unequal v or pv in proximal half; hind femur ( Fig. 25) with 5-6 av in distal half (longer than depth of femur, without curling tips), about 8-12 short fine pv on whole length; fore tibia with a short fine pointed pv apical, 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia with 1-2 short av in distal half, 0-1 ad, 1 pd, 2 pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 1-2 short pv. Pulvilli of fore legs slightly longer than tarsomere 5. Abdomen: About 1.8-1.9 times as long as greatest width (at basal margin of sternite III), dorsoventrally compressed; sternite III nearly as wide as sternite IV (Fig. 3) (each about 1.4 times longer than wide); sternite V processes (Fig. 5) not longer than base, with a few short fine setulose hairs on inner margins, lateral setae not longer than processes. Surstyli ( Fig. 1) 1.5× length of cercal plate, in caudal view apical half narrower and slightly elbowed, inner margins sinuate, clothed with fine hairs, in lateral view ( Fig. 2) straight or slightly curved upwards. Cercal plate 2.3 times longer than wide, narrowly heart-shaped, apex rounded, bearing a few short setae; in lateral view apex is hidden by surstyli, not projecting between them. Pregonite with 2 setae; postgonite triangular without setae. Aedeagus with distal section (Fig. 4) 1.4 times as long as aedeagal apodeme, divided in slightly less than half (0.42×) into pair of free paraphallic processes. Acrophallus ( Fig. 5) sclerotized, forming plate between bases of paraphallic processes. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view 3 times as long as wide anteriorly, excavated dorsally. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.27× length of aedeagal apodeme, expanded at one end.

Female.
Colour: Head dark in ground colour, but often with traces of translucent orange on genae and parafacials; frontal stripe varying from entirely orange to dark brown in posterior half; head densely dusted light olive-grey, more bronzy on parafrontals; parafacials, at level of antennal base, without shifting darker sheen-stripe. Thorax rather densely olive-grey dusted, sometimes with trace of brownish median vitta along acr, dc arising from brown spots; prementum dusted, palpi orange to brown. Abdomen dusted grey, without or with only a trace of median vitta. Wing membrane tinged pale orangebrown, veins orange. Legs brown, knees, coxae and tibiae paler orange, femora darker, dusted, not shining.
Head: Eyes widely separated (by 1.4-1.6× their transverse width); frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals as wide as each parafrontal, which is widened anteriorly to slightly more than width of postpedicel; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.3× eye height; 1 short supravibrissal, 2 subvibrissals, 2-3 upcurved uniserial genal setae, and 2 stronger ventral postgenals. Parafrontal setae differentiated into 3 pairs of orbitals (all more or less lateroclinate), and 2 pairs of inclinate frontals; crossed interfrontal setae strong, placed at apex of frontal triangle. Proboscis relatively small and thin (as in male) prementum as long as palpi.
Wing: Vein C with marginal spinules short but not fine (equal in length to diameter of C), pair before distal break equal to length of small crossvein; large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 is 1.6× length of preceding section. Wing length 4.5-5 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 1-2 short v medially; hind femur with 3-4 av in distal 2/3, 1-2 apical pv; fore tibia with 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia with 1 small av in distal half, 1 long ad and 1 shorter pd, 1-2 pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 3 ad, 3 pd (distal one longest), 0 pv. Abdomen: Postabdomen when fully extended as long as length of preabdomen. Tergites VI and VII sclerotized along posterior margins which bear single row of setulae, which are of different lengths, longest about half length of tergite; discs of tergites weakly sclerotized medially; tergite VIII with posterior margin as tergite VII, but sclerotisation forming two long narrow spurs; 6th and 7th spiracles both situated on segment VI (6th more or less medially at edge of tergite VI, 7th within posteroventral corners of tergite VI); sternites VI and VII long and narrow, bearing 4-5 short setulae on each posterior margin; sternite VIII ( Fig. 44) represented by pair of short sclerites which are sclerotized mainly on posterior margin, each bearing two setulae, anteriorly becoming membranous; tergite X with transverse posterior margin, bearing numerous setulae posteriorly (one pair rather long); sternite X entirely pilose (as well as setulose); cerci rather short (slightly shorter than sternite X), projecting beyond sternite X by about half their length; 3 spermathecae of about equal size (about 0.04×0.03 mm), each with sclerotized stalk (0.01 mm long), leading to spermathecal duct; surface of spermathecae weakly ridged and with a few black dots, visible under high magnification. The lectotype is in acceptable condition, with all legs present, setae on thorax badly rubbed, mid tibia on each side with a small av, right arista broken off near base, left arista with the longest hairs less than twice as long as basal aristal diameter. Abdomen dissected, and mounted in glycerol in a plastic tube.
Bezzi described dispar from an unknown number of specimens from three stations, 200, 291 and 299. There is no doubt that this is one of the original syntypes. The lectotype is a specimen of D. bracata; surstyli identical to those figured by Hennig (1974a: 748, text-fig. 628, holotype of bracata). Of the two remaining syntypes, the male is badly abraded. The only remaining right arista shows only very short aristal hairs, but may be damaged; only the right tibia is present and is folded against the femur, and the presence of an av seta cannot be established. This male carries identical labels to the lectotype, and is almost certainly also D. bracata. The female syntype (?) is in poor condition, antennae and all legs other than right mid and hind legs are missing. The mid tibia has an av seta, and is presumably the same species as the lectotype. It carries only a diamond-shaped label, with the number '289'. This station number is not given in Bezzi's original description, creating doubt whether it really is a syntype, and I have not labelled it a 'paralectotype'. Emden (1941b: 265) was the first to use the name 'dispar' for a species of Delia with long aristal hairs (as a subspecies of flavibasis). As Hennig indicated (1974b: 792) should Emden not have used the name dispar correctly, the next available name, arambourgi Séguy, 1938, should be used.
Types of Chortophila linearis Adams: these are in the KUNHM. Malloch (1924b: 265) examined some "paratypes" of linearis, and synonymized linearis with flavibasis Stein. Delia bracata (Rondani) was unknown to Malloch. Through the support of the staff at KUNHM (Zack Falin, Collection Manager & Jennifer Thomas, Assistant Collection Manager) I was able to examine the syntypes of linearis. There were in total 167 syntypes, the majority of them belonging to Delia bracata. They all carry a red label, with either 'Type' or 'Cotype' printed thereon. I regard all these as syntypes of equal status, especially as most of the specimens with a 'type' label are in poor condition. I designate a male as lectotype of Chortophila linearis which bears the following labels: In good condition, all legs present, both wings slightly torn on costa. Abdomen with genitalia dissected and mounted in glycerol in a plastic tube on staging pin. The genitalia of this lectotype agree with the figures of bracata given in this paper.
Discussion: The combination Delia linearis (Stein 1898, described in Hylemyia) is in use for a widespread Holarctic species. Consequently the ICZN rules against secondary homonymy imply that Adams' (1905) name linearis (described in Chortophila) cannot be used in Delia. My present designation of a lectotype makes Adams' name a junior synonym of D. bracata (Rondani), so proposal of a replacement name is unnecessary. Schnabl and Dziedzicki (1911: 101, figs 199, 200, 751) were the first to misidentify D. bracata, their drawings of the male hypopygium of "Chortophila flavibasis" clearly belonging to bracata, as pointed out by Hennig (1974a: 746). In his key to Afrotropical species of Hylemyia (Emden 1941b: 265) the species keyed out as "flavibasis" refers to bracata (1-2 minute av present on mid tibia). Emden (1948: 166) lists flavibasis from the Yemen, but these records are partly flavibasis and partly bracata. It should be noted that both species often occur together, for example J. Ismay collected both species at the same time in Harare, Zimbabwe in 1997. Hennig (1974a: 747, text-figs 628-630) figured the genitalia of the holotype of bracata, which is in the MZUF, so there is no doubt about its identity. According to Hennig (loc. cit.) he examined a male of flavitibia (Karl) in 1953, which was described from one male and two females; material in the Entomological Institute, Bologna. This specimen was later destroyed in a post office van fire. Hennig was uncertain if the male was the specimen described by Karl, as there were many other examples of this species in the museum. The location of the types of albigena (Villeneuve) described from one male and two females from Syria (Anti Lebanon, Mezzé) is unknown, and Hennig has considered the types as destroyed (Hennig 1974a: 681).
In 1967 and 1968 I incorrectly used the name "flavibasis" for bracata, and "arambourgi" for flavibasis. Life history: There appear to be no definite breeding records for D. bracata (Hennig 1974a: 750). Adults have been caught on lucerne and Cynodon sp. Distribution: D. bracata has been recorded in the Afrotropical Region from Yemen, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. In the Palaearctic Region it is widespread from the Canary Islands, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Greece, Cyprus, Tunisia, Israel, Syria, Iran to as far east as Nepal and India (Hennig 1974a: 750).
Delia arambourgi (Séguy, 1938)  Aristal hairing as in _; prealar seta absent; mid tibia with a small av; parafacial adjacent to lunule without darker sheen-stripe; abdomen with distinct median vitta. Description: Male. Colour: Frontal stripe orange anteriorly, black posteriorly, parafrontalia blackish above, becoming orange in ground colour at level of lunule, genae range to dark brown, with greyish to whitish dusting; parafacial orange with darker reflections medially; occiput greyish brown, darker above. Antennae brownish black, basal segments sometimes obscurely lightened orange. Palpi brown, sometimes paler basally; prementum of proboscis dark brown with thin grey dust. Thorax mainly dark in ground colour, with fairly dense brownish grey dusting, pleura with slightly translucent orange-brown patches, slightly shining, with traces of darker brown vittae, median one continued onto scutellum. Abdomen viewed from above orange-brown, slightly shining, densely greenish grey dusted when viewed from behind, with distinct brown median vitta consisting of blackish triangular marks which are wider anteriorly, not quite reaching posterior margins. Hypopygium and sternite V orange-brown. Prehypopygial tergites grey dusted. Wing membrane faintly greyish tinged; veins pale brown; squamae pale but with an orange border, fringe pale. Legs pale brown to orange-brown, knees and tibia sometimes paler orange; femora slightly shining. Head: Eyes very narrowly separated posteriorly (by diameter of anterior ocellus), frontal stripe almost linear but distinct throughout; parafacials medially widening to almost width of postpedicel; peristomal margin not projecting, face almost flat, distance between vibrissal setae slightly more than distance between them and nearest eye margin; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.25× eye height; 4 pairs of parafrontal setae on anterior half of frons; 1 pair of very short and fine interfrontal setulae on upper half of frons; genal setae uniserial anteriorly. Postpedicel not reaching peristomal margin (by almost its width); arista (Fig. 29) short plumose, maximum total width of hairing as wide as postpedicel. Proboscis short and slender, with short prementum (not as long as palpi and as wide as fore tibia). Upper occipital setulae short and fine, without setulae below row. Thorax: Presutural acr fine and hair-like (not differentiated from accessory setulae), irregularly biserial, acr:dc ratio 10:4:10, no hairs between rows; 2 posthumeral setae; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar seta completely absent; scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior nearly as long as upper.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short, not longer than diameter of C, stronger spines before distal break nearly as long as small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein almost straight, last section of M 1+2 2.1-2.2× length of preceding section. Lower squama smaller in area than upper. Wing length 5.0-5.5 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 3-4 long pv in proximal half, median ones shorter; hind femur ( Fig. 24) with about 6 av in distal 3/4 (longer than depth of femur, without curling tips), some shorter fine ventral hairs, and an almost complete row of long fine pv on whole length, longest almost twice as long as depth of femur; fore tibia with a short fine pointed apical pv, 1 short ad, 1 pv; mid tibia generally with a minute av in distal half (occasionally missing or broken off), 1 pd, 2 pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 2 ad, 3 pd, no pv.
Pulvilli of forelegs as long as tarsomere 5.
Abdomen: About twice as long as wide (at basal margin of sternite III), dorsoventrally compressed; sternite III ( Fig. 8) about 1.7 times longer than greatest width, sternite IV is 1.4 times longer than greatest width, both these sternites tapering slightly towards anterior margins, and with rather long erect setae which project ventrally (Fig. 9); sternite V processes (Fig. 8) about as long as base, a few fine hairs on inner margins, lateral setae as long as processes. Surstyli (Fig. 6) twice as long as cercal plate, in caudal view more or less parallel sided, and of equal width except for slightly tapering apical fifth; clothed with fine hairs, in lateral view (Fig. 7) more or less straight. Cercal plate about 1.3 times longer than wide, heart-shaped, with narrowly rounded apex, in lateral view apex is hidden by surstyli. Pregonite with 2 setae; postgonite triangular without setae. Aedeagus with distal section (Fig. 10) 1.78 times longer than aedeagal apodeme, divided in distal half (0.45×) into pair of free paraphallic processes. Acrophallus (Fig. 11) sclerotized, forming plate between bases of paraphallic processes. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view about 2.14 times as wide anteriorly, excavated on dorsal surface. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.36 times as long as aedeagal apodeme, expanded at one end.

Female.
Colour: Head mainly dark in ground colour, dusted greyish white, occasionally patches of orange ground colour on posterior part of gena, anterior half of frontal stripe; frontal triangle and inner margins of parafrontals brassy brown dusted; parafacials adjacent to lunule without shifting sheen-stripe; anterior part of gena suffused with blackish brown dust, from low angle in front whole of head matt dark brown, contrasting with paler dusted lower occiput. Prementum brown, thinly dusted with slight shine. Thorax dark in ground colour, with grey and brown dusting; scutum, viewed from behind with traces of three broad darker vittae, especially presuturally. Wing pale brownish tinged, base not darker. Legs dark brown, tibiae and knees sometimes lightened orange. Abdomen olive-grey dusted, with distinct median vitta which widens on anterior margins of tergites. Head: Eyes widely separated (by 1.5-1.6× their transverse width); frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals twice as wide as each parafrontal; parafrontalia widening anteriorly to width of postpedicel; parafrontal setae differentiated into 2-3 pairs inclinate frontals and 3 pairs of orbital setae, anterior one proclinate; crossed interfrontal setae strong, placed at apex of frontal triangle; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.38-0.40× eye height; genal setae uniserial. Arista ( Fig. 29) with total width of hairing almost equal to width of postpedicel. Proboscis relatively short, prementum shorter than palpi. Thorax: acr short and fine (hardly differentiated from accessory setulae), biserial; acr:dc ratio 10:4:10; 1+1 posthumerals; katepisternals 1+1. Prealar seta absent.
Wing: Vein C with marginal spinules about 1.5× vein width, pair before distal costal break about 1.8× length of small cross vein; large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 is 1.4-1.5× length of preceding section. Wing length 5 mm. Legs: All setae longer and stronger than in male. Mid femur without ventral setae (or sometimes 1-2 fine av present in proximal half); hind femur with 4-5 short av in distal 2/3; fore tibia with strong ad just below middle, and an equally strong pv at almost same level; mid tibia with a small av in distal half (generally more distinct than in male, but occasionally missing or broken off), 1 very long ad, a shorter pd at same level, and 2-3 short pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 0 pv. Abdomen: Tergites with short hind marginal setae, which are only slightly differentiated from discal setulae and hairs. Postabdomen (Fig. 45) similar to D. bracata, differing as follows: when fully extended 1.3× length of preabdomen; sternite 8 bearing 3 setae on each posterior margin; cerci rather longer, each bearing 1-2 longer setae.  (Bezzi, 1908) was an earlier name, and synonymized arambourgi with it. Emden (1941b: 265) was the first to use the name "dispar" for a species of Delia with long aristal hairs (as a subspecies of flavibasis (Stein) Discussion: Bezzi (1908: 116) described Hylemyia dispar from Ethiopia based on "many specimens, all badly preserved, which appears very common in the area." He mentioned that the arista was short pilose ("brevissime pilosa") which suggests that it was not the species Emden (1941a: 214) recorded as D. dispar from Ethiopia (pilose arista), as a subspecies of flavibasis; most of these specimens are in the BMNH, and I have examined them. Emden (1941b: 265) in his key (couplet 3) characterized flavibasis dispar as "arista is wide, including plumosity, as the third antennal joint." In the same key it should be noted that "flavibasis Stein" refers to bracata Rondani, and "arambourgi Séguy" refers to flavibasis Stein. Hennig (1974b: 791) synonymized D. arambourgi with dispar after examining the type series in MNHN. The species named as "arambourgi Séguy" in Bullock (1965)  Diagnosis: _ Arista with hairs not, or only slightly longer than aristal diameter at base; parafrontals adjacent to lunule with darker shifting sheen-stripe; prealar seta absent; fore tibia with 1 ad and 1 pd; mid tibia without av; cercal plate in lateral view (Fig. 13) rounded and keel-like, produced between surstyli. Prealar seta absent; fore tibia with 2 pv; mid tibia without av; parafacials adjacent to lunule with darker shifting sheen-stripe. Male. Colour: Head dark in ground colour, frontal stripe matt black (orange in teneral specimens) when viewed from above, whitish grey from in front, parafrontals and parafacials from whitish to grey dusted depending on angle of view, parafrontals adjacent to lunule with shifting darker patch when viewed from side, parafacials below are lighter dusted; palpi and antennae dark brown, mentum dusted. Thorax dark in ground colour with dense grey dust, scutum almost bluish grey dusted just behind head, posteriorly from 2nd presutural dc to scutellum with darker and lighter grey and brown dust, indistinctly and irregularly striped, pleura and postnotum lighter grey. Wing membrane light brownish tinged in basal half; squamae slightly paler than wing base. Legs brown dusted, knees and tibiae obscurely orange-brown. Scutellum as scutum, with faint brown dust on disc. Abdomen brown with shifting green-grey dust, darker brown median vitta which is as wide as width of femur; cercal plate and surstyli brown. Head: Frontal stripe almost touching above, separated by less than diameter of anterior ocellus, parafrontals linear here, widening adjacent to lunule to about 0.8× width of postpedicel; gena below lowest point of eye margin as wide as postpedicel; genal setae uniserial; lower margin of head in profile slightly curved; peristomal margin in lateral view not projecting; 4 pairs of frontal setae which are fine and short; cruciate interfrontal setulae very fine and hair-like. Antennae short, 2 times as long as wide, not quite reaching peristomal margin; arista pubescent, hairs generally not longer than diameter at base. Mentum short, about 0.8× length of palpi. Thorax: Presutural acr very short, hardly longer or stronger than scutal hairs, which are few in number, biserial, the rows separated from each other by 2× distance between acr and dc rows; notopleural depression bare apart from 2 strong setae; prealar seta absent; 1-2 unequal proepisternals and 1 long proepimeral with 2 associated hairs; scutellum bare on disc. Katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior seta about 0.8× length of upper, long hair present below anterior seta. Wing: Stronger spines before distal break hardly as long as small crossvein, anterior spinules shorter than width of vein C, which is bare ventrally; lower squama shorter than upper. Wing length 4.5 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 1-2 longer v at base; hind femur ( Fig. 23) with 3-4 av in distal half, median ones shorter, only 1-2 pv at apex; fore tibia with a very short pointed preapical pv, 1 longer preapical d, 0-1 ad, 1 pd; mid tibia av absent, 1 ad, 1 pd, 2 pv, all short; hind tibia with 2 av, 5 ad, 3 pd, lowest one longest, no pv. Pulvilli about as long as claws.
Abdomen: Slightly longer than thorax, in dorsal view with side margins slightly convex, tergite III is 2.4 times as wide as long, dorsoventrally compressed. Sternites III and IV from slightly narrower to as wide as sternite V, sternite IV (Fig. 14) not quite twice as long as wide, discal and lateral setae not very long. Surstyli (Fig. 12) narrowed basally when viewed caudally and becoming wider towards middle, in profile ( Fig. 13) always curving slightly, i.e. convex on dorsal (posterior) surface. Cercal plate 1.5-2 times as long as wide, in profile always produced between surstyli, keel-like. Aedeagus ( Fig.  15) with distal section 1.75 times as long as aedeagal apodeme, divided in about distal half into pair of free paraphallic processes. Acrophallus (Fig. 16) sclerotized, forming plate between bases of paraphallic processes. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view widely expanded anteriorly, twice as long as greatest width. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.44× length of aedeagal apodeme.

Female.
Differs from female of D. bracata as follows: Colour: Parafacials at level of antennal base with distinct orange to black shifting sheenstripe, which when viewed from above disappears. Abdomen with distinct median vitta (as opposed to male).
Head: Interfrontalia at level of anterior orbitals slightly wider than each parafrontal (0.3×); 2 pairs of inclinate frontal setae are shorter than those of bracata. Discussion: In Emden's key (1941b: 265) the species keyed out as "flavibasis Stein" is bracata. No records are given in this paper. In Emden's paper on S.W. Arabia (1948: 166) some of the records for flavibasis are correctly named; the records for "arambourgi" are partly bracata and partly flavibasis. In Emden's paper on the Ruwenzori Expedition (1951: 357) the records for "arambourgi" refer to flavibasis. Not all of the material listed by Emden in these papers could be found in the BMNH. Those that I could find are listed under material examined for each species. Life history: Hennig (1974b: 807-808) states that the larvae of flavibasis live in various species of corn crops, Secale cereale L. (rye) in Morocco (Séguy 1934); Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) in Morocco (Séguy 1936); Setaria italica (L.) (millet) in Israel (Ackland 1968). The paper by Bullock (1965) on the control and life history of "arambourgi" almost certainly refers to D. flavibasis, as he used Emden's (1941b)  Other definite host plant records based on labels of specimens examined during this revision are: barley (Ethiopia and Kenya), millet (Nigeria), guinea corn (Nigeria), and stems of rapoko, Eleuscine coracana L. in Zimbabwe. Distribution: D. flavibasis is widely distributed in the Afrotropical Region, from Nigeria in the west to Yemen in the east to South Africa; also Madagascar. It has been recorded in the southern areas of the Palaearctic region from Egypt, Morocco, Israel, Canary Isles, Spain (Hennig 1974b: 808). The records of "flavibasis" from Nepal and India (Ackland 1967: 119) refer to bracata.
Delia urbana (Malloch, 1924) Figs 17-22, 27, 28 Hylemyia urbana Malloch, 1924a: 139;Harrison 1953 Head: Eyes narrowly separated posteriorly (by width of anterior ocellus); parafrontalia linear at this point, separated by very narrow frontal stripe which is hardly half width of anterior ocellus, widening anteriorly to slightly more than width of postpedicel; parafacial medially equal to width of postpedicel; peristomal margin not projecting, face almost flat, distance between vibrissal setae slightly more than distance between them and nearest eye margin; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.25-0.30× eye height; 4 pairs of parafrontal setae on anterior half of frons; 1 pair of fine interfrontal setulae, slightly closer to upper frontal setae than to anterior ocellus; genal setae uniserial; postpedicel 1.6 times as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin; arista slightly thickened at base, with very short pubescence. Proboscis rather short and slender, with short prementum (slightly shorter than palpi), about as wide as fore tibia. Upper occipital setulae fine and short, without setulae below row. Thorax: Presutural acr absent (or represented by very fine hairs which are not longer or stronger than scutal accessory hairs), rows close together, acr:dc ratio 10:2:10; dc generally arising from small dark spots; 2 posthumeral setae; notopleural depression bare apart from 2 strong setae; prealar seta absent; scutellum with dorsal surface largely bare, dorsal preapicals short and fine, lower surface with a few fine pale hairs; 2 proepisternals without associated hairs, only 1 rather weak proepimeral without associated hairs; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2 (lower p only slightly shorter than upper). Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short (not longer than diameter of C), stronger seta before distal break as long as small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 2.0-2.3× length of preceding section. Lower squama narrow, smaller in area than upper. Wing length about 4 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 3-4 long pv in proximal half; hind femur ( Fig. 27) with 9-10 long erect av in distal half to 3/4, longest of them (medial) at least 2.5× height of femur, with their tips curled (bent or curved towards apex of femur), and numerous fine long pv; a and ad on hind femur are also long and numerous; fore tibia with 1 short fine ad and 2 pv, and a short pointed apical pv; mid tibia with 1 very short av, and 1 equally short ad, and 1 slightly longer pd; hind tibia with 2-3 av, 3-4 ad, 3 pd, without pv. Pulvilli somewhat enlarged (those of fore legs almost as long as tarsomere 5).
Abdomen: About 1.75 times as long as greatest width (at basal margin of tergite III), dorsoventrally compressed; sternite III ( Fig. 19) nearly as wide as sternite IV (South Africa) to narrower than this (Australia), with long marginal and discal setae (Fig. 20). Sternite V processes (Fig. 19) without setae on inner margins, lateral setae not quite as long as processes. Surstyli in caudal view (Fig. 17) expanded medially, about twice as long as cercal plate; dorsal surface covered in fine erect hairs; in lateral view (Fig. 18) more or less straight (slightly sinuate). Cercal plate 1.6 times as long as wide, with narrowly rounded apex. Pregonite with 2 distal setae; postgonite with minute setula. Distal section of aedeagus (Fig. 21) rather short, 1.5× length of aedeagal apodeme, divided in distal half into pair of free paraphallic processes, and small weakly sclerotized plate-like acrophallus (Fig. 22), level with base of paraphalli. Aedeagal apodeme 2.25 times as long as wide in dorsal view, excavated on dorsal surface. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.42× length of aedeagal apodeme. Female.
Colour: Dark in ground colour with shifting brown and grey dusting; frontal stripe dark brown posteriorly, orange-brown on anterior half. Viewed from front at a low angle frontal triangle is light brownish grey dusted with dark brown velvety round patch between anterior ocellus and cruciate interfrontals, and similar patch surrounding ocellar tubercle; parafrontals brassy brown dusted when viewed from above, which becomes darker brown from in front; parafacials brassy dusted; genae with darker shifting brown patch behind vibrissal area; occiput grey to brownish dusted; prementum dark brown, thinly dusted, semi-shining in parts; palpi dark brown. Thorax dark in ground colour, with shifting brownish olive to grey dusting; scutum with traces of shifting vittae and semi-shining areas, viewed from behind darker medially, two wide lateral vittae which are very indistinct, lateral declivities lighter grey dusted; pleura with weakly shining brown patches, especially on anepisternite and katepisternum. Wing membrane weakly brownish tinged, hardly darker basally; squamae white with whitish fringe. Legs dark brown, weakly dusted and semi-shining. Abdomen dark in ground colour, viewed from above tergites with many shining patches, especially medially and laterally. Viewed from behind distinct shining black median vitta becomes visible, anterior margin of tergite III and posterior half of tergite IV darker, otherwise greenish grey dusted.
Head: Eyes separated by 1.45-1.50× their transverse width; frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals twice as wide as each parafrontal which widen anteriorly to slightly more than width of postpedicel; parafacial at narrowest part slightly less than width of postpedicel. Frontal setae differentiated into 3 pairs of lateroclinate orbitals, and 2 pairs of inclinate frontals (all in line); crossed interfrontals strong, placed just above middle of interfrontalia; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.33× eye height; 4-5 anterior genal setae immediately posterior to subvibrissal setae biserial and upwardly directed; upper occipital setae with scattered row of setulae below. Prementum and proboscis as in male. Thorax: 2-3 presutural acr, one pair longer than rest (half length of 1st presutural dc); notopleural depression bare, apart from two strong setae. Prealar seta short and fine, but distinct (0.3-0.5× length of posterior npl); scutellum with only 2-4 short hairs on disc; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; 2 proepisternal setae, one long, one short; one strong proepimeral seta with 2-3 associated hairs; katepisternals 1+1 (posterior seta with short hair below it).
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules strong and rather long, those on section between costal breaks about 2.5× costal diameter, pair of stronger spines before distal break nearly 1.5× length of small crossvein; large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 1.7-1.8× preceding section; lower squama smaller in area then upper. Wing length 4.75 mm. Legs: Mid femur with a short av in proximal half, 2-3 short pv in proximal half; hind femur ( Fig. 28) with 4-5 av in proximal half, which are slightly longer than greatest height of femur, only 2-3 short preapical pv; fore tibia with a strong ad (just below middle), a strong pv, more or less at same level; mid tibia with a small av, 1 long and strong ad, 1 pd, 2 pv; hind tibia with 2-3 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, without pv. Abdomen: About 1.6 times as long as wide (at anterior margin of tergite III); tergites with rather short hindmarginal setae, most of them only half as long as tergites, including those on tergite V. Discussion: Hennig (1953: 669-670) was the first author to provide drawings of the genitalia of urbana, based on two males from Australia in the DEI. Harrison (1953: 10) reported that a female of urbana was identified in Auckland, New Zealand, in an aeroplane coming from Sydney in April, 1952. Colless (1982 suggested that urbana (along with four other species of Australian Anthomyiidae) might be an introduced species, and compared urbana with dispar Bezzi (= arambourgi Séguy). D. urbana is in fact easily distinguished from dispar (the latter having longer aristal hairing and the male hind femur with shorter av on hind tibia which do not have fine and curling tips). I have examined many specimens of urbana from Australia and can find no difference (including the genitalia) from specimens (including the types) of capensis from Africa. I therefore synonymize the two names. Malloch's paper describing urbana was published on 2 July 1924, and his paper describing capensis in September of the same year. The distribution of urbana is similar to that of Anthomyia punctipennis Wiedemann which is found both in Africa and the Australian region, and both species are probably introductions to the latter area. Life history: Colless (1982: 90) mentions a single record of urbana from cocoon masses of a pergid sawfly; otherwise there are a few known rearings from grass including Cynodon dactylon (L.). There are no breeding records from Africa. Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), New Zealand, and South Africa.

Delia madagascariensis sp. n.
Figs 31-36 Etymology: The specific name refers to Madagascar where the holotype was collected. Diagnosis: _ Prealar absent, leg setae short and fine, the av, ad and pd on mid tibia hardly longer than diameter of tibia; hind tibia with 2 ad and 2 pd; acr short and fine, hardly differentiated from accessory setulae; large crossvein straight; sternites II and III (Fig. 33) very long and narrow. Description: Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face varying from blackish to orange in ground colour, with pale gold dusting; frontal stripe black when viewed from above or in front but when viewed from in front at a low angle silvery grey dusted; parafacial at level of aristal base with shifting blackish to orange sheen-stripe, which viewed from above is pale gold dusted; occiput dark grey, darker above. Antennae brown, basal segments sometimes obscurely lightened orange. Palpi brown, sometimes paler basally; prementum of proboscis brownish with thin grey dust. Thorax translucent brown in ground colour, with fairly dense olive-grey dusting, scutum viewed from behind with three faint diffused presutural wide brown vittae, scutum with major setae not arising from brown spots; scutellum olive-grey dusted, base tinged brownish. Wing membrane pale greyish tinged; veins pale brown; squamae concolorous with wing base, fringe pale yellow-white. Halteres yellow. Legs pale brown to orange-brown, coxae sometimes paler. Abdomen brown in ground colour, thinly dusted with shifting semishining patches and pale grey dusted areas, with wide diffused brown median vitta (about as wide as depth of hind femur), which becomes wider on tergite V. Prehypopygial tergites dusted. Head: Eyes touching on frons, frontal stripe obsolete at this point, parafrontals linear, widening anteriorly but only about half width of postpedicel; parafacials medially only about half width of postpedicel, in profile almost disappearing; peristomal margin not projecting, face almost flat, distance between vibrissal setae nearly twice distance between them and nearest eye margin; gena below lowest point of eye margin narrow, 0.17-0.20× eye height; 3-4 pairs of frontal setae on anterior third of frons; 1 pair of fine interfrontal setulae at middle of frons; genal setae uniserial anteriorly; postpedicel not reaching peristomal margin (by almost its width); arista pubescent, longest hairs twice width of basal aristal diameter. Proboscis short and slender, with short prementum (not as long as palpi and as wide as fore tibia). Upper occipital setulae short and fine, without setulae below row.
Thorax: Presutural acr fine and hair-like (not differentiated from accessory setulae), biserial, acr:dc ratio 10:3:10, no hairs between rows; 2 posthumeral setae, anterior seta short and only half length of posterior seta; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar completely absent; scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2, anterior seta short, half length of upper posterior, lower posterior nearly as long as upper.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short but not weak, as long as diameter of C, stronger spines before distal break nearly as long as small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 1.6-1.9× length of preceding section. Lower squama smaller in area than upper. Wing length 4.5-5 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 3 unequal v or pv in proximal half; hind femur with full row of long av and shorter pv, av without curling tips; fore tibia and mid tibia with all setae short and fine, fore tibia with 1 very short ad and a slightly longer pv, mid tibia with 1 av towards apex, 1 ad, 1 pd and 2 pv, all very short and fine, not longer than diameter of tibia; hind tibia with 1-2 av, 2 ad, 2 pd, no pv setulae.
Abdomen: Dorsoventrally compressed, viewed from above parallel-sided, 3 times as long as wide; sternite III ( Fig. 33) long and narrow (3.75 times as long as greatest width), sternite IV nearly as long (2.2 times as long as wide); sternite V processes about as long as base, with a few short hairs on inner margins, lateral setae short, longest not longer than processes. Surstyli (Fig. 31) twice as long as cercal plate, in caudal view with inner margins sinuate, widening medially then tapering apically to about half this width, clothed in fine hairs; in lateral view ( Fig. 32) with apical quarter downturned. Pregonite with 1-2 short setulae; postgonite triangular without setulae. Distal section of aedeagus ( Fig. 35) with short paraphalli which are not quite half length of section, and are converging in ventral view (Fig. 36); small sclerotized acrophallus present between bases of paraphalli. Discussion: D. flavibasis (which occurs in Madagascar) has no av on mid tibia, more distinct vittae on scutum with stronger acr, and discal scutellar setulae, a fine lower anterior katepisternal seta, abdominal tergites wider (tergite III 2.5-3.0 times as wide as long), margins of abdomen not parallel-sided, hind tibia with 3 pd. In addition the apex of the cercal plate in profile is broadened and projects between the base of the surstyli (Fig. 13). D. madagascariensis is probably more closely related to D. bracata, which has not so far been recorded from Madagascar. D. bracata agrees with madagascariensis in having a small av on the mid tibia; most of the characters mentioned above for flavibasis also apply to bracata, including shorter and wider tergites and sternites. The surstyli however curve slightly backwards in profile, and the apical halves are distinctly narrowed. Some of the characters of madagascariensis (prealar absent, hind tibia with 2 ad and 2 pd) are the same as those described for modesta ( Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face brownish orange to blackish, thinly dusted whitish grey; occiput dark grey to blackish, thinly dusted and semi-shining. Antennae dark brown. Palpi dark brown; prementum brownish, thinly dusted. Thorax and scutellum brownish grey in ground colour with thin dusting, pleurae orange-brown translucent in places, scutum with very obscure wider or narrower darker vittae, major setae arising from small brown spots; viewed from behind with narrow paler vittae along dorsoventral rows. Abdomen with ground colour as thorax, viewed from behind grey dusted with wide brown median vitta which is narrowly extended across base of tergites, and also widened posteriorly on each tergite. Prehypopygial tergites and epandrium dusted as rest of abdomen. Wing membrane light greyish tinged; squamae whitish grey (slightly lighter than wing base), veins light brownish. Legs brown to blackish, tibiae often paler orange-brown. Head: Eye margins on frons practically touching, separated by less than diameter of anterior ocellus. Frontal stripe linear at this point; parafacial at narrowest part 0.75× width of postpedicel; peristomal margin not projecting, behind level of profrons; gena about 0.23× eye height; 4-5 pairs of parafrontal setae on anterior half of frons; 1 pair of very small interfrontal setulae; genal setae uniserial. Postpedicel not quite twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin, arista pubescent, longest hairs not as long as basal diameter, base not abruptly swollen but tapering gradually to apex. Proboscis small and narrow, prementum hardly as long as palpi and only as wide as fore tibia. Upper occipital setulae short and fine, without setulae below row. Thorax: Accessory setulae very sparse, short and fine. Presutural acr short and fine, biserial, rows separated by 0.5× distance between acr and dc rows, no hairs between rows; posthumeral setae 1+1; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar absent or represented by fine hair which is hardly distinguishable from accessory setulae; scutellum practically bare on disc apart from two fine lateral setulae; anepisternite without an upper developed setula; 2 proepisternals, 1 proepimeral with 1-2 associated hairs, katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior three quarters length of upper posterior seta.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short and weak (not longer than diameter of C), normally stronger setae before distal break only slightly longer than vein diameter; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein straight, joining M 1+2 almost at right angles, last section of M 1+2 twice length of preceding section. Lower squama smaller in area than upper, not projecting. Wing length about 4 mm. Legs: Slender, all setae short and weak. Mid femur with 3-4 longer pv in basal half; hind femur with 4-5 av in distal half, median setae short, becoming longer apically, no pv except for 1-2 apicals; fore tibia with a short fine pointed preapical pv, with 1 short ad and 1 slightly longer pv at about same level; mid tibia without av, 1 ad and 1 pd, both very short and fine, not longer than diameter of tibia; hind tibia with 2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 0-1 pv. Pulvilli on fore legs as long as fore tarsomere 5. Abdomen: About as long as thorax, in dorsal view about 3 times as long as greatest width, dorsoventrally compressed; tergites III and IV short and posteriorly excavated, separated from each other and from tergites II and V by wide areas of flexible intersegmental cuticle; sternite III ( Fig. 39) slightly longer than width at posterior margin, narrower on basal margin, with long setae on posterior corners, curling tips of which reach posterior margin of sternite IV; these setae are more or less divided by much shorter finer hairs medially on posterior margin; in lateral view (Fig. 40) they project more or less at right angles to abdomen. Sternite IV (Fig. 39) wide, quadrilateral with rounded lateral margins, and only with rather sparse lateral fine setulae, medially bare; sternite V ( Fig. 39) with tapering processes, without setae on inner margins, lateral setae not longer than processes. Surstyli in caudal view (Fig. 37) twice as long as cercal plate, widened medially, gradually tapering to apex, dorsal surface laterally with fine hairs, in lateral view strongly bent in basal half (Fig. 38), then more or less straight and parallel-sided to apex. Cercal plate (Fig. 37)  Diagnosis: _ Abdomen with tergites III and IV posteriorly excavated, separated from each other and from tergites II and V by areas of membrane; sternite III ( Fig. 52) bearing long setae on posterior margin, which are either erect or depressed against sternite IV; sternite V processes (Fig. 52) with long apical setae (longer than length of processes). Description: Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials and genae varying from orange-brown to blackish (with whitish brown dusting), parafacials viewed from in front sometimes slightly bronzy, without sheen stripe on parafrontal angle; face and occiput black (with greyish to brownish dust). Antennae entirely dark brown to black. Palpi black; prementum thinly dusted brownish, slightly shining. Thorax mainly black in ground colour, varying from thinly greyish brown dusting on pleura (a few sclerites slightly shining) to scutum rather densely brownish dusted with faint brownish vittae when viewed from in front; scutum viewed from behind with wide brownish median vitta bordered by two paler narrow dusted vittae between acr and dc rows; lateral declivities pale dusted. Abdomen varying from black to brownish with shifting darker median vitta which becomes diffused on tergites III and IV on whole width of tergites; pregenital sclerite brownish, thinly dusted; hypopygium thinly dusted. Wing membrane weakly greyish brown tinged, more strongly so basally; wing bases with brownish veins, not contrasting with membrane; by basal and subapical scutellars; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setulae; proepisternal depression bare; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior seta nearly as long as upper.
Wing: Vein C with rather strong marginal spinules (those between costal breaks about 1.5-2 times as long as C width, with pair before distal break more than twice as long; lower crossvein straight, joining M 1+2 rectangularly to slightly oblique; last section of M 1+2 1.8-1.9× length of preceding section. Lower squama not projecting beyond upper. Wing length 4.5-5.0 mm. Legs: Mid femur with row of 4-6 pv on basal half (basal av short and weak); hind femur with complete row of av, only 1-2 pv apically; fore tibia with a small ad and a slightly longer pv, no blunt pv apical; mid tibia with 1 ad, 1 pd, 2 p/pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 0-1 pv; mid tarsomere 1 without outstanding dorsal setulae. Pulvilli on fore legs nearly as long as tarsomere 5. Abdomen: About 2.2-2.3 times as long as greatest width at hind margin of tergite III, dorsoventrally compressed, tergites III and IV short and posteriorly excavated, separated from each other and from tergites II and V by wide areas of flexible intersegmental cuticle; ssternite III ( Fig. 52) longer than wide (about 2.5-3.0 times as long as wide), with hind margin expanded slightly and bearing long setae (longer than length of sternite); these setae are slender with fine curved tips, and are longer laterally, being much shorter medially and tending to form two groups. (Note: these setae may be either flattened against sternite, when they are sometimes difficult to see, or else erect and projecting vertically at right angles from sternite, probably associated with pheromone dispersal during courtship; see Figs 70, 71.) Sternite IV (Fig. 52) wide with only short setulae, in lateral view tips reaching past hind margin of tergite IV; sternite V processes ( Fig. 52) with lateral setae becoming longer distally where they are much longer than length of processes; inner margins of processes with only fine hairs. Surstyli in caudal view (Fig.  50) expanded medially, becoming slender in apical third; in lateral view (Fig. 51) slightly sinuate. Cercal plate short and wide (1.2 times as long as wide), with rounded apical margin bearing 6-8 setae which are not as long as cercal plate. Pregonite bearing 2 short setae on distal margin; postgonite triangular without setae. Aedeagus with distal section (Fig. 55) about 1.5× length of aedeagal apodeme, divided on more than distal third (0.43×) by pair of free paraphallic processes and dorsal prolongation mainly membranous. Acrophallus absent. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view expanded anteriorly, excavated on dorsal surface, 2.25 times as long as greatest width. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.33× length of aedeagal apodeme.

Female.
Colour: Head dark as in male, parafacial without sheen stripe on orbits/parafacial area; frontal stripe entirely orange-brown or infuscated posteriorly. Thorax, abdomen and wing membrane as in male. Head: Eyes widely separated (by 1.6-1.7× their transverse width). Frontal stripe at level of middle orbital setae 1.7-1.8 times as wide as parafrontal; which widens anteriorly to about 1.3× width of postpedicel. Three pairs of orbital setae outwardly directed; 3 pairs of frontal setae, placed in a line with orbitals; crossed interfrontal setae well developed, placed at apex of frontal triangle. Prementum as in male but slightly more robust.
Wing length up to 6 mm. Legs: Mid femur with only 1-2 pv, no av; hind femur with 3-5 av (rather short), 1-2 pv, no av; fore tibia with 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia with 1 ad, 1 pd, 2 p/pv; hind tibia with 1-2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 1 pv. Abdomen: Postabdomen when fully extended as long as preabdomen. Tergites VI and VII largely reduced to pairs of dorsocentral plates, continuous across dorsal surface only along posterior margins of segments where they bear rows of rather long setulae; 6th and 7th spiracles both posteriorly situated on segment VI (6th more or less at edge of tergite VI, 7th within posteroventral corners of tergite VI); sternite VIII ( Fig. 46) represented by pair of short sclerites which are widely separated and converge anteriorly, bearing several setulae; sternite X rather small; cerci long and slender, extending well beyond posterior margin of sternite X by length of sternite X; 3 spermathecae of more or less equal size (about 0.03-0.04 mm).  Emden (1951: 362) drew attention to these ventral setae, and figured the abdomen of a male of the species he recognised as ventralis. The type material of ventralis was collected on an expedition to East Africa by Ch. Alluaud and R. Jeannel (from 1911-12) . No mention is made in the publication of the deposition of any of the material collected; presumably it is in Paris. I have been unable to locate it, and Dr A.C. Pont, who has visited the MNHN, informs me it is not there; nor are there any syntypes amongst material from Stein's collection in ZMHU. The material of D. ventralis in the BMNH (identified mainly by Emden) consists of two closely related species, both having long setae on sternite III. They are separated in the male sex mainly by the nature and length of these setae, and also those on sternite V. Following the figure of the abdomen in Emden (1951) I have applied the name ventralis to this species (longer setae), and have named the other (shorter setae) as pseudoventralis sp. n. It should be noted that the species renamed as steiniella by Emden also has long setae on sternite III in the male; this species has differently shaped surstyli, and more distinct vittae on the scutum. Emden (1951: 362) lists a record of "ventralis" from Natal, Weenen, H.P. Thomasset (in BMNH). I have been unable to find this specimen, but it is probably the species described in this paper as D. ismayi sp. n. Other specimens of ismayi from S. Africa have also been named "ventralis" by Emden, and I have seen no specimens of ventralis further south than Kenya and Uganda, though it may well occur in Tanzania. Drew (1963: 249) listed "Hylemya ventralis (Stein)" as a North American species first described as Chortophila ventralis by . This is incorrect. The North American species was first described as Hylemyia ventralis by Stein in 1920. Currently the North American (and Japanese) species is known by the subsequent name Delia pectinor Suwa (1984) to avoid secondary homonymy. It has no relevance to the present Afrotropical species (see Griffiths 1993Griffiths : 1447. Life history: Unknown. Distribution: D. ventralis appears to be confined to Equatorial Africa; all of the material I have seen is from Uganda and Kenya, generally at high altitudes, ranging from 2438 to 3658 m. D. ventralis occurs in Kenya on Mt Elgon, Mt Kenya (type locality), and the Aberdares. D. pseudoventralis sp. n. also occurs on all these ranges. However, D. ventralis is the only one of these two species recorded from the far west of Uganda in the Ruwenzori Range.

Delia pseudoventralis sp. n.
Figs 56-62 Etymology: The specific name pseudoventralis is derived from the Greek pseudo-(false), and indicating its close relationship with D. ventralis. Diagnosis: _ Compared with D. ventralis: Sternite III (Fig. 58) with setae on posterior margin shorter (tips not reaching past posterior margin of sternite), these setae not shorter medially; sternite V processes (Fig. 58) with shorter apical setae.

Male.
Apart from the chaetotaxy of the male abdominal sternites, this species is very similar to D. ventralis. Only a few small differences have been noted. Most of the material I have examined is now 70 years old, and in poor condition. More recent material from the Teleki Valley in Kenya (4.ii.1979) is distinguishable from both ventralis and pseudoventralis in colour and other small characters, but as the male abdominal sternal chaetotaxy is the same as the other specimens I identify them as pseudoventralis, but exclude these specimens from the type series of pseudoventralis. D. pseudoventralis males differ from ventralis as follows: Head: Eyes slightly more separated at narrowest point on frons (by about 1.5× diameter of anterior ocellus), so that frontal stripe very narrow, but not linear. Thorax: Prealar seta shorter, only 0.2× length of posterior npl. Wing: Last section of M 1+2 1.6-1.7× length of preceding section (ventralis 1.8-1.9×). Legs: Mid tarsomere 1 with some longer dorsal setulae, especially in basal half where they are fully as long as depth of metatarsus and semi-erect.
Abdomen: Tergites III and IV short and posteriorly excavated, separated from each other and from tergites II and V by wide areas of flexible intersegmental cuticle; sternite III ( Fig. 58) without posterior margin as expanded as in ventralis, bearing rather more robust setae without fine curling tips of ventralis, these setae not tending to be divided into two lateral groups and median setae longest, though not reaching past posterior margin of sternite IV. (As mentioned under ventralis, these setae are erectile and may be adpressed against the sternites, or erected at right angles to the plane of the sternites; both conditions can be found in dried specimens; see Figs 70, 71.) Sternite V (Fig. 58) has distal lateral setae shorter than ventralis, not longer than length of processes. Cercal plate and surstyli (Figs 56, 57)

Description:
Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials and genae black with silvery grey dusting; face and occiput black with silvery grey dusting. Antennae entirely black. Palpi black. Prementum black, thinly greyish dusted. Thorax greyish dusted; scutellum with 3 wide dark brownish vittae, median vitta from slightly to considerably wider than distance between presutural acr rows, continuing on to scutellum where it reaches tip; two wide lateral vittae commencing at 1st presutural dc and becoming wider postsuturally where it is wider than distance between intra-alar and 2nd postsutural dc; pleura grey dusted with shifting brownish patches. Abdomen viewed from behind light grey dusted with dark brown to blackish median vitta which widens out across posterior margins of tergites; sternites black with greyish dust; pregenital sclerite and hypopygium grey dusted. Wing membrane faintly greyish brown tinged; wing bases slightly brownish; squamae whitish with pale yellow border and fringe; halteres pale yellow. Legs entirely blackish with grey dust. Head: Eyes with very sparse short hairs (only visible under high magnification), separated at narrowest point by about half diameter of anterior ocellus; frontal stripe narrow posteriorly; peristomal margin in lateral view not projecting beyond level of parafrontal angle; face not constricted ventrally (vibrissae separated by more than shortest distance from eye margin); 5-6 pairs of parafrontal setae on anterior half of frons; interfrontal setae short and fine; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.2× eye height; genal setae partly biserial. Postpedicel about twice as long as wide, apex not quite reaching peristomal margin; arista pubescent, longest hairs on dorsal surface near base about twice as long as diameter of slightly swollen base. Palpi slender. Prementum short. Occiput with numerous setulose hairs below occipital row. Thorax: 3 pairs of presutural acr (middle pair longest), without hairs between rows; acr:dc ratio 10:6:10; 1+1 posthumerals; notopleural depression bare, apart from two long setae; prealar seta only about 0.5× length of posterior npl and finer; scutellum with its dorsal surface largely bare medially, only 6-8 fine setulae inside of line between basal and subapical setae; 2 unequal proepisternals, 1 long proepimeral with 2-4 associated hairs; anepisternite without seta on its anterodorsal corner; proepisternal depression bare; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior seta nearly as long as upper.
Wing: Vein C with short anterior spinules (those between breaks not longer than vein width, with pair before distal break hardly twice as long, lower surface largely bare, at most a few setulae basally; lower crossvein almost straight, joining M 1+2 slightly obliquely; last section of M 1+2 1.7× length of penultimate section; lower squama smaller than upper. Wing length <6 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 6 pv in proximal half, 5 shorter distal pv, 2 p preapicals; hind femur with 7 av in distal half, no developed pv; fore tibia with 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia with 1 ad, 1 pd, 2 p or pv; hind tibia with 3 strong av, 5 ad, 3 pd and 4-5 median pv; mid tarsomere 1 without developed dorsal setulae. Pulvilli of fore legs almost as long as tarsomere 5. Abdomen: About as long as thorax, more or less parallel-sided and dorsoventrally compressed, hind marginal setae long and strong, placed some distance from posterior margins of tergites; tergites III and IV short and posteriorly excavated, separated from each other and from tergites II and V by wide areas of flexible intersegmental cuticle; sternite III ( Fig. 65) longer than wide, (2.3-2.4×), with group of long multiserial setae on posterior margins, these setae when adpressed against sternite IV reach just past posterior margin of that sternite, and have fine tips; sternite IV ( Fig. 65) more or less quadrilateral and bearing only short fine setae; sternite V processes (Fig. 65) about as long as basal part with lateral setae short and not becoming longer apically. Surstyli (Fig. 63) similar to D. ventralis, but inner margins less sinuate and distal third wider and not abruptly narrower but tapering, in lateral view (Fig. 64) also less sinuate. Cercal plate (Fig. 63) 1.5 times as long as wide, heart-shaped with narrowly rounded apical margin, bearing a few longer setae which are not however as long as cercal plate. Pregonite (Fig. 67) not much longer than wide, with two short setulae on distal margin; postgonite triangular without seta. Aedeagus with distal section (Figs 68, 69) almost twice (1.9×) as long as aedeagal apodeme, divided on distal half into pair of free paraphallic processes, dorsal prolongation membranous. Acrophallus absent. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view slightly expanded and excavated, 2.8 times as long as wide. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.45× length of aedeagal apodeme, expanded at one end.

Female.
Colour: Dark as in male, with dense greyish dust; frontal stripe mainly black, but orangebrown in front, parafrontals grey dusted with inner margins infuscated, setae arising from brownish spots; parafrontals without sheen stripe. Thorax black in ground colour with grey dust; scutum with three wide brown vittae, median one extending beyond presutural acr and reaching tip of scutellum, lateral vitta reaching laterally to level of prealar seta. Wing membrane greyish with pale brownish base. Head: Eyes widely separated (by 1.5× their transverse width). Frontal stripe at level of middle orbital setae twice as wide as each orbit. Parafrontals widening anteriorly to about width of postpedicel. Parafrontal setae differentiated into 3 pairs of orbitals (anterior exclinate, posterior two setae reclinate) and 2-3 pairs of (inclinate) frontal setae, anterior pair much shorter; crossed interfrontal setae well developed. Prementum 0.36 times as long as head height. Thorax: 3 pairs of presutural acr, middle pair longer and stronger than others, without hairs between rows; acr:dc ratio 10:9:10; prealar seta rather fine, but 0.5× length of posterior npl; katepisternals 1+1.
Wing: Vein C with marginal spinules between breaks as long as vein width, or slightly longer, with longest of pair before distal break 1.5 times as long as small crossvein, with ventral surface between breaks with a few setulae; lower crossvein more or less straight, last section of M 1+2 is 1.6× length of preceding section. Lower squama smaller than upper. Wing length 5.5-6.0 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 4 av and 1-2 very short pv; hind femur with 6 av in distal 2/3, no pv; fore tibia with 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia with 1 very long and strong ad, 1 shorter pd, 2 p or pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 4-5 ad, 3 pd, no pv. Abdomen: The postabdomen differs from D. ventralis Stein as follows: sclerites of sternite VIII (Fig. 47) largely separated by membrane, only joined on posterior margin, each bearing about 5 setulae in more than one row; sternite X with two longer setulae on lateral margins; cerci shorter than ventralis, with longer setulae. Discussion: H. trivittata Stein was described from 4^and 2_ from Kenya and Tanzania.
The type material of this species appears to be lost (see under D. ventralis). Emden (1941a: 214) listed this species under the name " Hylemyia virgithorax Stein, 1913." In 1951(Emden 1951 he was able to examine a female type of H. virgithorax and concluded that it was a species he had not previously seen (prealar seta absent and acr absent except towards scutellum). He accordingly supplied the replacement name 'steiniella' for trivittata . The female of steiniella has a distinct prealar seta, and several presutural acr; occiput with numerous setulose hairs below upper postocular row. According to the ICZN (1999), Article 59.3 states: "A junior secondary homonym replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric". As the name steiniella Emden was used in the Afrotropical Catalogue (Pont & Ackland 1980: 717), I interpret therefrom that trivittata  is to be permanently rejected.
Syntypes of Pegomyia trivittata Stein (1898) have been examined by G. Griffiths (in litt.), who confirms that this species belongs to Botanophila in the current wide sense (or Pegohylemyia if this is broken down) and has been correctly interpreted in the North American literature. Life history: D. steiniella has been bred from wheat and barley in Ethiopia, according to labels on specimens sent to me by Dr Maxwell Billah, Nairobi. Distribution: Appears to be restricted to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda; also Tanzania (original description), material not seen.

Species solae
Delia kigeziana (Emden, 1941) Figs 47, 72-77 Hylemyia kigeziana Emden, 1941b: 266;1951: 360. Delia kigeziana (Emden): Pont & Ackland 1980: 716. Diagnosis: _ Genal setae biserial; upper occipital setulae long and fine, with numerous setulae below row; abdomen long and narrow; sternite V processes (Fig. 74) longer than base with very long lateral setae which have curling tips (longest nearly twice as long as processes). Description: Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face black in ground colour, with greyish dusting which varies from light grey to dark grey depending on point of view; parafacial at level of aristal base, when viewed from directly in front, dark grey, contrasting with light grey dusted interfrontalia, genae and face; occiput dark grey. Antennae black, arista black. Palpi brownish black; prementum of proboscis black, thinly dusted. Thorax black in ground colour, with fairly dense shifting brownish grey dusting, pleura slightly shining in places; with 3-5 darker brown vittae which when viewed from in front with wide median vitta (wider than acr rows), two narrow vittae along dc rows (setae arising from dark spots), and two wide diffused lateral vittae; viewed from behind these vittae are more distinct as grey dusting between vittae is more paler and distinct; scutellum with trace of median brown vitta. Wing membrane very faintly brownish, base more brownish; veins brown; squamae whitish, fringe pale. Legs brown, thinly grey dusted, slightly shining. Abdomen black in ground colour, grey dusted when viewed from behind, with distinct wide black vitta (more than half width of abdomen) extending across anterior margins of tergites; tergites are partly shining from certain viewpoints. Prehypopygial tergites grey dusted. Head: Eyes narrowly separated posteriorly (by diameter of anterior ocellus), frontal stripe at narrowest part half diameter of anterior ocellus); parafacial at level of arista slightly less than width of postpedicel, but becoming half this width below; peristomal margin hardly projecting, gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.25× eye height; face almost flat, distance between vibrissal setae more than distance between them and nearest eye margin; 4-5 pairs of parafrontal setae; 1 pair of fine interfrontal setulae of upper half of frons; genal setae biserial (1-3 upturned setae anteriorly above proclinate lower row). Postpedicel twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin (by 1/3 its width); arista pubescent, longest hairs slightly longer than basal aristal diameter. Proboscis short and slender, with short prementum (not as long as palpi and as wide as fore tibia). Upper occipital setulae long and fine, with numerous setulae below row.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules as long as diameter of C, stronger spines before distal break at least twice this length, longer than small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein almost straight, last section of M 1+2 1.6-1.7× length of preceding section. Lower squama shorter than upper and smaller in area. Wing length 5.5-5.7 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 4 long pv in proximal half; hind femur with 5-6 long av on whole length (slightly longer than depth of femur, without curling tips), about 2-3 pv towards apex; fore tibia without pv apical, 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia without av, 0-1 ad, 1 pd at same level, 2 pv; mid tarsomere 1 with some slightly lengthened setae on dorsal surface (all same length, not fringe of long curved setae as in metatarsata); anterior and posterior setae on each mid tarsomere short and of equal length; hind tibia with 2-3 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 3 pv in basal half. Pulvilli of fore legs slightly shorter than tarsomere 5. Abdomen: Long and narrow, 3.5 times as long as greatest width, parallel-sided from tergites II to V, dorsoventrally compressed; sternite V somewhat projecting in lateral view; sternite III is 1.7 times as long as wide; sternite IV is 1.4 times as long as wide; both sternites III and IV (Fig. 74) with short discal and lateral setae; sternite V processes (Fig. 74) longer than base, with a few fine setulae on inner margins, lateral setae very long, with curling tips (longest nearly twice as long as processes, and very visible in dried specimens). Surstyli twice length of cercal plate (Fig. 72), in caudal view (Fig.  72) apical half narrower, inner margins sinuate, clothed with short setulae and hairs medially, in lateral view (Fig. 73) more or less straight, slightly sinuate apically. Cercal plate 1.2 times longer than wide, heart-shaped, apex rounded, bearing a few short setae apically. Pregonite (Fig. 75) becomes narrower apically, with 2 setae; postgonite without setae. Aedeagus with distal section (Figs 76, 77) 1.4× length of aedeagal apodeme, divided into pair of short free paraphallic processes, dorsal prolongation slightly shorter. Acrophallus absent. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view 2.5 times as long as greatest width, excavated on dorsal surface. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.3× length of aedeagal apodeme, expanded at one end.

Female.
Colour: More densely grey dusted than male. Head dark in ground colour, with dense brownish grey dust, less shifting than in male; frontal stripe varying from entirely dark brown to orange-brown in anterior half; parafacials at level of antennal base without shifting darker sheen-stripe or darker dusting; parafrontals darker on inner margins (along orbital setae); genae with brownish patch anteriorly close to vibrissa; occiput grey dusted; prementum thinly dusted, palpi dark brown. Thorax rather densely olivegrey dusted, with 3-5 vittae (as in male), those along dc more or less restricted to darker spots at bases of setae. Scutellum with brown median vitta (continuation of scutal median vitta as in male). Wing membrane tinged brownish grey, veins brown. Legs brownish black. Abdomen dark in ground colour, with wide median vitta (not as wide as in male). Head: Eyes widely separated (by 1.6-1.7× their transverse width); frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals twice as wide as each parafrontal; parafrontals widening anteriorly to width of postpedicel. Parafrontal setae differentiated into 3 pairs of orbitals (all more or less exclinate), and 3 pairs of inclinate frontals, all in line; crossed interfrontal setae strong, placed at apex of frontal triangle; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.5× eye height; genal setae uniserial. Proboscis relatively small and thin (as in male), prementum as long as palpi.
Wing: Vein C with moderately long marginal spinules (twice as long as diameter of C), stronger pair before distal break equal to or longer than length of small crossvein; large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 nearly twice (1.85×) length of preceding section. Wing length 4.5 mm. Legs: Hind femur with 6 av (4 in distal half), and 1-2 apical pv; fore tibia with 1 ad, 1 pv; mid tibia without av, 1 long ad and 1 slightly shorter pd at same level, 1-2 pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd (distal one longest), 2 erect pv in basal half. Abdomen: Postabdomen when fully extended about as long as preabdomen. Very similar to D. bracata Rond., differing only as follows: sclerites of sternite VIII (Fig. 48) each with 3-4 setulae on posterior margin; sternite X more robust and posterior margin more rounded. The specific name tibila refers to the type locality 'Tibila' and is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis: _ Genal setae biserial; arista long pubescent, total width of hairing half width of postpedicel; 3 pairs of presutural acr; scutellum with 8-12 hairs on disc; vein C with robust anterior spicules, 1.5 times as long as diameter of vein; mid tibia without av or ad setae; hind tibia with 3-4 av; sternite V with long posterior lateral setae. Genitalia: paraphalli long and undulating in lateral view. Description: Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face black in ground colour, with light to dark grey dusting, viewed from in front parafrontals, parafacials and interfrontalia matt sooty black, from a lower angle frontal stripe and face become light greyish white dusted, contrasting with rest of head; from above parafrontals and parafacials are light grey; parafacial at level of aristal base without shifting sheenstripe; occiput black with grey dust. Antennae entirely matt black. Palpi dark brown; prementum of proboscis dark brown, thinly dusted. Thorax black or dark brown in ground colour, with varying amounts of grey-brown dusting, pleura with shifting semishining patches; scutum with very indistinct brown vittae and grey shifting patches; viewed from behind median and lateral vittae are more distinct, lateral declivities grey dusted; scutellum as scutum, basal corners brown. Wing membrane brownish tinged, base of wing not significantly darker; veins brown; squamae creamy white, fringe white. Halteres pale yellow. Legs black, thinly dusted and slightly shining. Abdomen black in ground colour, viewed from above with shining black and dusted grey areas, from behind densely grey dusted with black median vitta (on tergite II slightly wider than hind tibia, on tergites III and IV becoming wider, on tergite V covering most of tergite except for grey dusted anterior lateral areas. Prehypopygial tergites black, thinly dusted, semi-shining; sternite V processes brown with reddish tinge. Head: Eyes narrowly separated posteriorly (by diameter of anterior ocellus or slightly less), frontal stripe linear at narrowest part; parafacial at level of arista equal to width of postpedicel; peristomal margin not projecting, face slightly concave, distance between vibrissal setae more than distance between them and nearest eye margin. Gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.30-0.35× eye height; 6-7 pairs of frontal setae; 1 pair of fine interfrontal setulae on upper half of frons, closer to uppermost pair of frontal setae than to anterior ocellus; anterior genal setae biserial (4-5 upturned setae immediately posterior to subvibrissal setae); postpedicel twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin (by 0.25× its width); arista long pubescent, longest hairs (on dorsal surface) twice length of basal aristal diameter, total width of hairing about half width of postpedicel. Proboscis with prementum slightly longer than palpi and as wide as postpedicel.
Upper occipital setulae moderately long, with short row of setulae below row.
Thorax: 3 pairs of presutural acr, middle pair longer than others (2/3 length of 1st presutural dc), biserial, without hairs between rows; acr:dc ratio 10:6:10; 3 posthumeral setae, outer seta short and fine (about 1/3 length of posterior posthumeral and much thinner, with 4-5 associated hairs; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar very small or absent (represented by fine setula which is only slightly differentiated from scutal accessory hairs; scutellum with about 12 hairs on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; 2 proepisternal setae, one is half length of other, without hairs; 1 proepimeral seta, with 5-6 associated hairs; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior nearly as long as upper. Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules robust, 1.5 times as long as diameter of C, stronger spines before distal break as long as small crossvein, or slightly longer; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 1.8-1.9× length of preceding section. Lower squama not quite as large as upper. Wing length 5.5 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 4 erect robust pv in proximal half (longest 1.5× depth of femur); hind femur with about 5 av in distal half, only 2-3 preapical, short blunt (? sometimes pointed) seta is present ventrally at extreme base of femur and only half as long as depth of femur; fore tibia with short pointed apical pv, 2 pv; mid tibia without av or ad, 1 pd, 1(2) pv, all very short, anterior surface of tibia with numerous semi-erect setulae and hairs which are as long as diameter of tibia; mid tarsomere 1 without lengthened dorsal setae or fringe; hind tibia with 3 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, 5-6 short pv on proximal 3/4. Pulvilli of fore legs as long as tarsomere 5. Abdomen: About 2.7 times as long as greatest width (at basal margin of sternite III), dorsoventrally compressed. Tergites III-V with long hindmarginal setae (about as long as tergites), those on tergites II-IV separated from actual margin by width of hind tibia. Sternite III (Fig. 80) narrower than IV (1.5 times longer than wide); sternite IV ( Fig. 80) wider than long (0.7 times longer than wide) with group of 7-8 long setae on each posterior corner, which reach to tip of processes of sternite V; sternite V processes (Fig. 80) shorter than base, with numerous lateral setae not longer than processes. Surstyli (Fig. 78) twice as long as length of cercal plate, in caudal view (Fig. 78) wider basally, then abruptly narrowing in distal third, in lateral view (Fig. 79) sinuate. Cercal plate (Fig. 78) 1.7-1.8 times longer than wide, rounded apically, bearing a few short setae which are not longer than cercal plate. Pregonite (Fig. 81) longer than wide, with 2 short distal setae; postgonite (Fig. 81) triangular with or without minute setula on ventro-apical corner. Aedeagus with distal section (Figs 82, 83) slightly more than twice as long as aedeagal apodeme, divided on distal half into pair of free paraphallic processes which are very slender and sinuate in lateral view, diverging in dorsal view. Acrophallus absent. Aedeagal apodeme 2.25 times as long as anterior width in dorsal view, in lateral view anterior margin downturned. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.3 times as long as aedeagal apodeme, widely expanded at one end.

Female.
Colour: Dark in ground colour with shifting brown and grey dusting; frontal stripe dark brown posteriorly, orange-brown on anterior half, viewed from in front at a low angle frontal triangle is light brownish grey dusted with dark brown velvety round patch between anterior ocellus and cruciate interfrontals, and similar patch surrounding ocellar tubercle; parafrontals brassy brown dusted when viewed from above, which becomes darker brown from in front; parafacials brassy dusted; gena with darker shifting brown patch behind vibrissal area; occiput grey to brownish dusted; prementum dark brown, thinly dusted, semi-shining in parts; palpi dark brown. Thorax dark in ground colour, with shifting brownish olive to grey dusting; scutum with traces of shifting vittae and semi-shining areas, viewed from behind darker medially, two wide lateral vittae which are very indistinct, lateral declivities lighter grey dusted; pleura with weakly shining brown patches, especially on anepisternum and katepisternum. Wing membrane weakly brownish tinged, hardly darker basally; squamae white with whitish fringe. Legs dark brown, weakly dusted and semi-shining. Abdomen dark in ground colour, viewed from above tergites with many shining patches especially medially and laterally, viewed from behind distinct shining black median vitta becomes visible, anterior margin of tergite II and posterior half of tergite IV darker, otherwise greenish grey dusted. Head: Eyes separated by 1.4-1.5× their transverse width; frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals twice as wide as each parafrontal which widen anteriorly to slightly more than width of postpedicel; parafacial at narrowest part slightly less than width of postpedicel; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.33× eye height; frontal setae differentiated into 3 pairs of exclinate orbitals, and 2 pairs of inclinate frontals (all in line); crossed interfrontals strong, placed just above middle of frontalia; 4-5 anterior genal setae immediately posterior to subvibrissal setae biserial and upwardly directed. Prementum and proboscis as in male. Upper occipital setae with scattered row of setulae below.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules strong and rather long, those on section between costal breaks about 2.5× costal diameter, pair of stronger spines before distal break nearly 1.5× length of small crossvein; large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 1.7-1.8× length of preceding section; lower squama smaller in area then upper. Wing length 4.7 mm. Legs: Mid femur with a short av in proximal half, 2-3 short pv in proximal half; hind femur with 4-5 av in proximal half, which are not longer than greatest height of femur, only 2-3 short preapical pv; tibia with a strong ad (just below middle), a strong pv, more or less at same level (in one paratype on left leg only there is an extra pv towards apex); mid tibia without av, 1 long and strong ad, 1 pd, 2 pv; mid tibia with 2-3 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, without pv. Abdomen: About 1.6 times as long as wide (at anterior margin of tergite III); tergites with rather short hindmarginal setae, most of them only half as long as tergites, including those on tergite V; postabdomen (Fig. 49)  Discussion: The absence of a sclerotized acrophallus combined with the shape of the surstyli (abruptly tapering in distal third in caudal view, with a tuft of hairs in inner margins) and longer setae on sternite IV, suggests that this species is correctly placed in the D. ventralis subsection. Life history: Unknown. Distribution: Only known at present from the type locality in Ethiopia.

Description:
Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face varying from blackish to orange in ground colour, with thin greyish dusting; parafacial at level of aristal base orange to blackish, viewed from above silvery white dusted, occiput dark grey. Antennae brownish black. Palpi brown; prementum of proboscis dark brown with thin grey dust, hence somewhat shining. Thorax dark in ground colour, with grey dusting, scutum viewed from behind with wide median vitta (wider than acr rows), traces of narrow dark vittae along dc rows (sometimes absent), and wider lateral vittae, all more distinct presuturally, very faint postsuturally. Scutellum with trace of brown median vitta. Abdomen dark brown in ground colour, with shining patches when viewed from above, densely greenish grey dusted when viewed from behind, with distinct wide brown median vitta (about as wide as depth of hind femur). Prehypopygial tergites grey dusted. Wing membrane pale brownish tinged in basal half; veins pale brown; squamae paler than wing base. Legs brown to orange-brown, slightly shining. Head: Eyes separated by less than diameter of anterior ocellus, frontal stripe and parafrontals linear at narrowest point between eyes; parafacials medially 0.6-0.8× width of postpedicel; peristomal margin hardly projecting; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.20-0.22× eye height; face almost flat, distance between vibrissal setae more than distance between them and nearest eye margin; 4 pairs of parafrontal setae; 1 fine pair of interfrontal setae; genal setae uniserial anteriorly (with 1 seta placed above row). Postpedicel twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin by half its length; arista almost bare, longest hairs less than basal diameter. Prementum short (not as long as palpi) and as wide as fore tibia. Palpi slender. Occiput with upper occipital setulae moderately long and fine without setulae below row. Thorax: Presutural acr fine and hair-like (not differentiated from accessory setulae), biserial, acr:dc ratio 10:2:10, no hairs between rows; 2 posthumeral setae; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar completely absent, or sometimes fine hair is present; scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2 (sometimes short hair below anterior seta), lower posterior 0.7 times as long as upper.
Female. Similar to male, except for the following: Colour: Parafrontals grey dusted but darkened brown between orbital setae row and eye margin; gena with shifting darker patch on anterior half which in certain lights reaches from eye margin to vibrissal seta; anepisternite with suffused brownish patch anteriorly; scutum more distinctly 5-vittate than male, dc lying on distinct narrow vitta and arising from dark spots; abdomen with distinct brown median vitta, wider basally on tergites forming triangles, bordered by shifting grey dust, especially when viewed from behind; vitta on tergite V not reaching posterior margin. Head: eyes widely separated by 1.5-1.6× their transverse width; frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals twice as wide as each parafrontal; parafacial widening anteriorly to slightly more than width of postpedicel; parafrontal setae differentiated into 3 pairs of orbitals (all more or less exclinate), and 2 pairs of frontal setae; crossed interfrontals strong, and placed at apex of frontal triangle; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.35× eye height.
Thorax: acr very fine and short (as in male); katepisternals 1+1; prealar seta absent, or in some specimens represented by short setula. Wing length 4.5 mm. Legs: All setae stronger and longer than in male. Hind femur with 3-4 av in distal half, 1 preapical pv; fore tibia with 1 av and 1 pv; mid tibia with 1 long and strong ad, a slightly shorter pd at same level, 2 pv; hind tibia with 2 av, 4 ad, 3 pd, no pv hairs or setulae.
Abdomen: Slightly longer than thorax (1.15×), dorsoventrally compressed, viewed from above widest at anterior margin of tergite II where it is half as wide as long; hind marginal setae on tergites short and weak (not longer than half length of each tergite), and not erect. Postabdomen (Fig. 99)  Life history: Cuthbertson (1932: 32) reported the occurrence of D. andersoni in Zimbabwe "collected in cattle kraals, vleis etc., at Salisbury, Gatooma and Balla Balla during the wet season. Larvae were found in some stems of rapoko (a cereal), Eleusine coracana, sent from Domboshava Mission in March, 1932". There is a female of D. flavibasis in the BMNH with the following labels "1^Domboshava, iii.1932, larvae in stems of rapoko (Eleuscine coracana) with larvae of Hylemyia andersoni Mall., det. Hylemyia arambourgi Ség. by Emden, 1940." I have not been able to trace any other material from this locality, and more evidence is required before this record can be accepted. Distribution: D. andersoni is only known from Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda. Curran (1929: 247) recorded this species from Kivu, Belgian Congo, now Democratic Republic of the Congo, but this record needs confirmation.
Delia endorsina sp. n. Figs 91-98 Etymology: The specific name endorsina is an anagram of andersoni and indicates its close relationship with D. andersoni.

Diagnosis:
_ Similar to D. andersoni and only reliably separated by examination of the genitalia.

Male.
Differs from D. andersoni as follows: mid tibia with distinct ad, pd, and 2 pv; these are not very long, but in the material available they are stronger than the setae (when present) on the mid tibia in D. andersoni. Surstyli (Figs 91, 92) longer in proportion to length of cercal plate, length from the apex of the cercal plate to apex of surstyli is 2.2-2.4× length of cercal plate (in andersoni 1.76-1.86×); distal section of aedeagus (Figs 96, 97) bearing long paraphalli (absent in andersoni) which reach slightly beyond apex of distal section, and which are (in ventral view) strongly diverging, spines of the distal section beginning medially and ending well before the apex. Wing length 4.5 mm. Female. Head: As in the female of andersoni the setae on mid tibia are much stronger than in the male; 2 of the 3 ^paratypes of endorsina differ from the ^of andersoni in having a small but distinct prealar seta, darker and more distinct scutal stripes, the median one  Discussion: D. endorsina differs from andersoni mainly in the structure of the distiphallus, which has two long narrow paraphalli (absent in andersoni); the denticles on the distiphallus end below the dorsal prolongation, ending well before the tips of the paraphalli. Life history: Unknown. Distribution: Known only from the type locality in Malawi.
Delia albula section Delia hirticrura subsection Delia bisciliata (Emden, 1941) Figs 100, 103-108 grey dusting which shifts according to angle of vision; head viewed from above with matt velvety black frontal stripe contrasting with golden brassy to whitish parafacials, from in front frontal stripe is light grey dusted with parafacials adjacent antennae darker than genae; genae with shifting areas of lighter and darker patches of dusting; occiput dark grey, blackish above. Antennae black with lighter grey dusting; arista black. Palpi black; prementum of proboscis black with thin grey dust. Thorax black in ground colour, with shifting areas of dark brownish grey dust and shining patches; scutum viewed from above with lighter grey vittae mainly visible presuturally; humeri lighter grey dusted; scutellum concolorous with thorax. Wing membrane brownish tinged; veins brown; squamae slightly paler than wing base, with light brown margin and paler fringe. Halteres pale brown. Legs black. Abdomen black in ground colour, laterally dusted when viewed from behind, with wide black median vitta which covers median third of width of abdomen and consists of triangular marks on each tergite with base along anterior margins of tergites. Prehypopygial tergites thinly grey dusted. Head: Eyes separated posteriorly (by at least twice diameter of anterior ocellus), frontal stripe distinct throughout; parafrontals linear; parafacials medially equal to width of postpedicel; peristomal margin slightly projecting in lateral view, slightly in front of profrons, and projecting beyond level of vibrissae; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.33-0.35× eye height; face concave, distance between vibrissal setae slightly more than (1.3×) distance between them and nearest eye margin. Four pairs of parafrontal setae on anterior half of frons; 1 pair of rather strong interfrontal setulae, half way between upper frontal setae and anterior ocellus; genal setae uniserial anteriorly. Postpedicel twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin (by almost its width); arista very short pubescent, longest hairs hardly as long as basal aristal diameter. Proboscis short, with prementum as long as palpi and slightly wider than fore tibia. Upper occipital setulae with a few setulae below row. Thorax: 1 pair of presutural acr longer, differentiated from accessory setulae, acr:dc ratio 10:5:10, no hairs between rows; 2 posthumeral setae; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar about half length of posterior npl, but finer, placed midway between suture and supra-alar seta; scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior 2/3 as long as upper.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short but not weak, as long as or slightly longer than diameter of C, stronger spines before distal break nearly as long as small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein very slightly sinuate, last section of M 1+2 1.30-1.35× length of preceding section; lower squama smaller in area than upper. Wing length 3.5-4 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 3-4 av in proximal half, rest of av very short and not erect, 3-4 pv; hind femur with 3-5 av in distal half (not longer than depth of femur), about 3-4 preapical pv; fore tibia with a short fine blunt apical pv, 1 median pv; mid tibia normally without an av, but lectotype has a small rather distal av on left tibia only, 2 ad, 2 pd, 2 pv; mid tarsomere 1 without lengthened dorsal setulae, hind tibia with full row of 10-12 av, 6-8 ad, 3-5 pd (distal one longest), and about 12 pv on most of length, these being partly biserial; some extra setae also between av and ad setae. Abdomen: About 2.3 times as long as greatest width (at basal margin of sternite III dorsoventrally compressed; sternite III ( Fig. 105) nearly as wide as sternite IV; sternite IV ( Fig. 105) more or less quadrilateral, with curving lateral margins. Sternite V processes ( Fig. 105) 1.75× length of base, with a few short fine setulose hairs on inner margins, lateral setae numerous (about 26-30), of more or less equal length (as long as processes). Surstyli 1.1-1.2× length of cercal plate, in caudal view (Fig. 103) becoming narrower with pointed apices, outer margins clothed with fine hairs, in lateral view (Fig. 104) straight or slightly downcurved. Cercal plate twice as wide as long, apex narrowly rounded, apical setae short. Pregonite (Fig. 108)  Thorax: acr very short and fine (not differentiated from accessory setulae and hairs), 1 pair of longer presutural acr (about half length of 1st presutural dorsoventrals), biserial, no hairs between rows; acr:dc ratio 10:7:10; 1+1 posthumerals. Notopleural depression bare, apart from 2 strong setae. Prealar seta about half length of posterior npl but finer; scutellum almost bare on disk; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; 2 proepisternal setae (one short), 1 proepimeral seta, katepisternals 1+1.
Wing: Vein C with marginal spinules only slightly longer than vein diameter, stronger pair before distal break equal to length of small crossvein; large crossvein straight, last section of M 1+2 is 1.3× length of preceding section. Vein C bare ventrally. Lower squama not projecting, smaller in area than upper. Wing length 4.0 mm. Legs: Mid femur with 1 av in proximal half, a few short pv; hind femur with 4-5 av in distal half; fore tibia with 1 ad, 1 pv at same level; mid tibia without av, 2 ad, 2 pd, 2 pv; hind tibia with 4-5 av, 3-4 ad, 3-4 pd, no pv. Abdomen: About as long as thorax, tergites with only short hindmarginal setae (including tergite V without long discals). Postabdomen when fully extended as long as preabdomen; very similar to D. bracata, only differing as follows: sclerites of sternite X (Fig. 100) each bearing 3 or 4 setulae on posterior margin; sternite X wider; cerci slightly shorter and more widely set apart. Discussion: There is an additional male (not described here) in the BMNH which may be this species, caught together on Mt Kenya with 1_ and 3^by P. Cranston (data listed above), which has slightly different genitalia. These differ from D. bisciliata as follows: cercal plate slightly shorter and wider, with a more rounded apex; surstylus in caudal view slightly wider, in lateral view with the apex not upturned; processes of sternite V slightly longer; distal section of aedeagus with paraphalli slightly longer. Further material may show that these small differences are constant. Life history: Unknown. Distribution: The original material on which Emden based this species in 1941 was from Kenya and Uganda. Very few further specimens have been found since then, all of them on Mt Kenya, the most recent being collected in 1980.

Male.
Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face black in ground colour, with shifting thin brownish grey dust; parafacials from above whitish grey dusted (tinged with pink), at level of aristal base with pale bluish grey dust depending on point of view. Antennae dark brownish black, with brown dust, arista dark brown. Palpi black; prementum of proboscis black dusted. Thorax and pleura dark in ground colour, with brownish grey dusting, traces of 5 dark vittae when viewed from behind: wide median vitta, 2 narrow vittae which in line with presutural dc, stopping short of suture, and postsuturally pale dusted; and 2 wide lateral setae; scutum semi-shining from some angles; scutellum concolorous with scutum. Wing membrane brownish tinged in basal half, but not on posterior half of wing; veins brown; squamae whitish, upper squama with brown border, lower squama pale bordered. Legs black, slightly shining. Abdomen black in ground colour, densely dusted dark grey, when viewed from behind, dust becomes paler; wide black median vitta present, covering central third of each tergite and widening on basal and posterior margins of each tergite so that latter (and lateral margins) are black. Sternites, prehypopygial tergites and genitalia brownish black. Head: Eyes narrowly separated posteriorly (by 1.2-1.0× diameter of anterior ocellus), frontal stripe distinct throughout (at narrowest part by slightly less than diameter of anterior ocellus); parafacial medially equal to width of postpedicel; peristomal margin slightly projecting, face concave, distance between vibrissal setae more than distance between them and nearest eye margin. Gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.30-0.37× eye height; genal setae biserial posteriorly, with 5-6 strong upcurved uniserial setae level with anterior eye margin. 6-7 pairs of strong parafrontal setae, which mainly inclinate and cross each other (interspersed with a few finer setulae); 1 pair of interfrontal setulae on upper half of frons (closer to anterior ocellus than to lunule). Postpedicel not quite twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin (by half its width); arista with very short pubescence, longest hairs not as long as aristal diameter. Proboscis short and slender, with short prementum (about as long as palpi and as wide as fore tibia). Upper occipital setulae long and fine, with numerous setulae below row, lower part of occiput with rather long dense coarse setulae. Thorax: 3-4 pairs of long presutural acr, one pair longer than rest (0.6× length of posterior presutural dc); acr:dc ratio 10:10:10, with a few fine hairs between rows; 3 posthumeral setae, outer seta about half length of others, with some long hairs around base; notopleural depression bare apart from two strong setae; prealar short and fine, but distinct (0.5-0.6 length of posterior npl); scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior nearly as long as upper, with numerous rather long hairs on disc.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short and weak, hardly as long as diameter of C, spines before distal break hardly differentiated from anterior spinules; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein strongly sinuate, last section of M 1+2 equal to length of preceding section. Lower squama smaller in area than upper. Wing length 5.5-6.0 mm. Legs: With rather lengthened and semi-erect hairs on tibiae. Mid femur with full row of short av which longer basally, and full row of longer pv; hind femur with about 6-7 long av in distal half, merging into shorter and more numerous av in basal half, no pv; fore tibia with long straight blunt preapical pv and 1 long median pv; mid tibia without av, 0-1 ad, 1 pd, 2 pv; mid tarsomere 1 with long dorsal fringe of curved setae and with posterior apical setulae on each tarsomere longer than anterior setulae; hind tibia with 2 av, 7-8 ad, 2 pd, 12-15 erect pv on almost whole length.
Abdomen: About 1.8-2.0 times as long as greatest width (at basal margin of tergite III), dorsoventrally compressed; stronger hindmarginal setae on tergites IV and V (Fig. 122) not longer than length of tergites. Sternite V (Fig. 121) short (1.3 times as wide as long); sternite IV ( Fig. 121) is 1.4 times as wide as long (wider posteriorly) with numerous long lateral setae; sternite V ( Fig. 121) with processes longer than base, with about 5 long fine setulose hairs on inner margins, lateral setae long and numerous; apex of processes with 1 short and rather blunt setae amongst 2-3 finer pointed seta. Surstyli (Fig. 119) about as long as cercal plate, narrow in caudal view, with some long setulae on inner margins in basal half, in lateral view (Fig. 120) more or less straight. Cercal plate twice as long as wide, with 8-10 very long bent setae apically, and pair of longer median lateral setae. Aedeagus with distal section (Figs 123, 124) 1.35× length of aedeagal apodeme, divided on slightly less than distal third (0.30) into pair of free paraphallic processes and dorsal prolongation of about same length. Acrophallus absent. Aedeagal apodeme in dorsal view weakly expanded anteriorly, 4.2 times as long as greatest width. Ejaculatory apodeme 0.24 times as long as aedeagal apodeme, expanded at one end.
Female. As in male except for the following: Colour: Frontal triangle dusted light brownish; parafrontals dark brownish dusted, darker than parafacials; gena with shifting brownish patch anteriorly adjacent to vibrissa; wing membrane as in male, but wing base not so infuscated.
Head: Eyes widely separated (by 1.20× their transverse width); frontal stripe at level of middle orbitals 1.6× width of parafrontal; parafrontalia widening anteriorly to slightly more than width of postpedicel. Parafrontal setae differentiated into 5 pairs of orbital setae (more or less exclinate) and 5 pairs of frontal setae (more or less inclinate), all strong; uppermost 4 pairs of frontal setae overlap anterior 3(4) pairs of orbital setae, so that setae biserial in middle of parafrontal; crossed interfrontal setae strong, placed at apex of frontal triangle; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.4× eye height.
4 times as long as wide with a few posterior setulae. Tergite VIII divided into 2 elongate plates which become wider anteriorly, but continuous along posterior margin which bears about 12 longer setae; sternite VIII ( Fig. 101) represented by pair of elongate sclerites which pointed on inner posterior corner and each bear 7-8 laterally directed setulae medially; sternite X setulose and pilose; cerci not projecting significantly beyond tip of sternite X, bearing pair of long setulae. Three spermathecae of equal size, almost spherical, 0.040×0.035 mm. _ Differs from D. metatarsata mainly in the genitalia and sternite V. Only two posthumeral setae present; hind femur with pv in distal half; tergites IV and V (Fig. 128) with long hindmarginal setae, longer than tergites; surstyli in lateral view sinuate. Description: Male. Colour: Frontal stripe, parafrontals, parafacials, genae and face black in ground colour, with dark grey dusting which shifts according to angle of vision; head viewed from above with matt velvety black frontal stripe contrasting with whitish grey parafacials, from in front the frontal stripe is light grey dusted with the parafacials adjacent to antennae light brassy grey dusted; gena with grey dusting (varying from dark to light according to angle of vision); occiput dark grey, lighter above. Antennae black with brownish dusting; arista black. Palpi black; prementum of proboscis black with thin grey dust, semi-shining. Thorax black in ground colour, with shifting areas of dark brownish grey dust and shining patches; scutum viewed from above with obscure darker vittae and brown patches, viewed from in front anterior half of presutural area light grey dusted; humeri lighter grey dusted; scutellum concolorous with thorax, sides greyish dusted. Wing membrane brownish tinged at base, becoming hyaline in apical third; veins brown; squamae pale brownish tinged, fringe pale brown. Halteres pale orange. Legs black, weakly shining. Abdomen black in ground colour, laterally dusted grey when viewed from behind, with a wide black median vitta which covers median third of width of abdomen and consists of triangular marks on each tergite with the base along the anterior margins of tergites, lateral margins of tergites darker. Prehypopygial tergites grey dusted.
Head: Eyes narrowly separated posteriorly (by nearly 2× diameter of anterior ocellus), frontal stripe distinct throughout, and about equal to width of anterior ocellus at narrowest point; parafrontals linear above, becoming only slightly wider at level of anterior frontal setae; parafacial medially equal to width of postpedicel; peristomal margin slightly projecting in lateral view, level with profrons, and slightly projecting medially beyond level of vibrissae; gena below lowest point of eye margin 0.3× eye height; face concave, distance between vibrissal setae slightly more (1.3×) than distance between them and nearest eye margin. 6-7 pairs of unequal parafrontal setae on anterior half of frons; 1 pair of weak interfrontal setulae just above uppermost pair of frontal setae, half way between them and anterior ocellus; genal setae uniserial anteriorly. Postpedicel not quite twice as long as wide, not reaching peristomal margin (by half its width); arista pubescent, the longest hairs (dorsally at base) hardly as long as basal aristal diameter. Proboscis short, with prementum as long as palpi and as wide as fore tibia. Upper occipital setulae long and fine without setulae below row. Thorax: 2-3 pairs of biserial presutural acr, the 2nd pair (3/4 length of presutural dc) with 1-2 isolated hairs between rows; acr:dc ratio 10:6:10; 2 posthumeral setae; notopleural depression bare apart from the two strong setae; prealar seta about 2/3 length of posterior npl, equally strong, placed midway between suture and supra-alar seta; scutellum bare on disc centrally and basally; anepisternite without a developed upper anterior setula; katepisternals 1+2, lower posterior 2/3 as long as upper.
Wing: Vein C with anterior spinules short and rather weak, as long as diameter of C, the stronger spines before distal break hardly half length of small crossvein; lower surface of C bare. Large crossvein slightly sinuate, last section of M 1+2 1.5-1.6× length of preceding section; lower squama nearly as large in area as upper. Wing length 5.5 mm. Legs: Mid femur with an almost full row of fine av and pv; hind femur with av and pv in distal half; fore tibia with a robust long blunt pv apical, 1 long median pv; mid tibia without av, 2 longer ad, 2 pd, 2 pv; mid tarsomere 1 with a long dorsal fringe of curving setulae; hind tibia with a full row of 8-10 av, 5-6 ad, 4-5 pd (distal one longest), and about 20-25 pv on whole length, and almost as many ventral pv hairs.

Female.
Colour: Head dark in ground colour with shifting greenish grey to bronzy brown dust; frontal stripe black in dorsal half, orange anteriorly; viewed from a low angle in front becoming light grey dusted and then contrasting with the darker brown parafrontals; parafacials brownish grey dusted when viewed from in front; frontal triangle obscurely brownish dusted, with a black spot in front of anterior ocellus; gena greyish dusted with a darker triangular shifting patch (when viewed laterally), leaving a narrow lighter strip level with lower margin of eye; occiput with darker and lighter shifting brown dust; antennae and arista black; prementum brown, semi-shining; palpi brown. Thorax black in ground colour with shifting lighter brown dust and darker semi-shining patches; scutum when viewed from above with obscure brown vittae and indistinct presutural median and paramedian vittae, humeri and notopleural area obscurely light grey dusted. Wing membrane tinged brownish, darker basally, veins brown. Upper squama pale brown, with brown border and pale fringe. Legs blackish brown, semi-shining. Abdomen black in ground colour, viewed from above somewhat shining, viewed from a lower angle from behind with a wide brown median vitta and darker lateral and anterior patches on each tergite, median vitta bordered with grey dust.
(MRAC) lent me types of D. modesta, Jack Falin and Jennifer Thomas were kind enough to send me the syntypes of D. linearis (KUNHM), Dr Maxwell Billah (Nigeria) for some bred specimens of Delia from Ethiopia. Finally my thanks to Dr G.C.D. Griffiths and Dr V. Michelsen for their valuable comments on the manuscript, and their suggestions and help over many years; their numerous publications on Anthomyiidae have set a standard that is difficult to equal.