Unification of Economic Systems in the Global Economy: Barriers and Preconditions

The purpose of the article is to determine barriers and preconditions for reducing the differences in the level of development in the global economy’s countries and to develop recommendations for solving the problem of the global economy’s economic systems unification. In order to determine the gap between developed and developing countries, the authors use the comparative analysis method. In order to determine possibilities, problems, perspectives, and threats to overcoming the gap by developing countries, the authors use the SWOT-analysis method. For studying the global economy’s economic development disproportions, this research uses specially developed proprietary analysis of gap depth in economic development. As a result of the analysis, the authors determined that the level of economic development of the most developed countries exceeds the level of developing countries by more than four times. This reflects a huge gap depth and a high level of differentiation for countries in the global economy. The authors conclude that barriers of unification of economic systems in the global economy are primarily related to socio-political factors. Preconditions to reducing the difference in level of economic development for countries in the global economy are predetermined by the influence of globalization and international integration of economic systems.


Introduction
It is difficult to overestimate the actuality of the studying the problem of unification of economic system. At a first glance, it may seem that such structure of the global economy is normal. In macro-economic research, the system that is built according to the pyramid principle (with a massive foundation from the least secured groups of the population at the bottom, a narrower middle part comprised of a population with medium welfare, and small top represented by the elite of a society with the highest level of income) is, as a rule, considered to be the model.

Literature review
Many modern authors have studied and researched the issue of the global economy's economic disparity by analyzing economic systems' existing vectors and growth poles; determining the global economy's causes and consequences of unequal development; and comparing the economic systems' possibilities and conditions for development (Bhanumurthy & Singh, 2013;Bozkurt, Erdem, & Eroʇlu, 2015;Caporale & Spagnolo, 2012). The disproportions of economic development are a difference between the rate of economic growth and living standards in various countries (Gehringer, 2014). They emerge due to different geographical conditions and cultural traditions, a difference in methods of economic activities, and various approaches to conducting business, etc.  Leonida, Patti, Marini, & Navarra, 2015;Odhiambo, 2015;Pogosov, 2015;Popkova, Yurev, Stepicheva, & Denisov, 2015b;Bartolini & Sarracino, 2015;Zeira & Zoabi, 2015;etc.).
Economic growth is one of the most important indicators of an economic system's development (Choi & Shin, 2015). It reflects the volume of national production in dynamics and comparison with other countries of the world (Lee & Oh, 2015). Economic growth is a method for overcoming the gap of the least economically developed countries (Castiglione, Infante, & Smirnova, 2015) Additionally, there is current research into the reasons for developed countries' domination in the global economic system; evolution of their formation, mov-Unification of Economic Systems in the Global Economy: Barriers and Preconditions ing forces, and conditions of their development today; peculiarities of state management, social specifics, and character of business activities and innovational activities; and the role of developed countries in activities of international organizations and efforts to reduce the gap between them and developing countries Fan, Cui, Li, & Zhu, 2015;Gevorkyan & Semmler, 2015;Kandil, 2016;Sekine, 2015 etc.). In the modern global economy, the most developed countries are in Western Europe and the USA (Tsenkov, 2015) because their population's have the greatest inclination for implementating innovations and a high regard for the entrepreneurial spirit (Anderson, Sutherland, Severe, 2015).
Oddly, state management in the most developed countries stimulates free competition, which is considered to be a source of economic growth and development (Popkova, Abramov, & Chechina, 2015a).
There is also research into the possibilities of de- . However, the level of entrepreneurial and innovational activity in these countries is rather low (Dube & Sivakumar, 2015).
The state strives to realize protectionist policies and monopolize the economy in these countries (Jeníček & Grofová, 2015). • growth rate of national GDP; • structure of GDP; • volume of investments into the economy; • share of innovational products in structure of national production; and • migration flows (number of emigrant and immigrants).
It is assumed that these indicators show the difference between developed and developing countries, and these indicators are accessible as reflected in international statistical data.
The selected methods are used to classify countries in the international economy. It is acknowledged that developed countries have a post-industrial GDP structure (domination of the service sphere), low rate of GDP growth, substantial volume of investments into the economy, high rate of innovational products, and positive migration flow (number of immigrants is higher than the number of emigrants). Based on the data of Tables 1-3, it is possible to conclude that the highest rate of economic growth, more than 4% per year, is peculiar for quickly developing countries, which helped determine their name. Developed countries show an average national GDP rate of growth at 1.2% -4% per year. The slowly developing countries, which lag behind, show the smallest rate of growth at less than 1.2% per year.
In developed countries, the service sphere accounts for 65% -80% and determines their international production specialization, while quickly developing countries specialize in industrial production and their share of service sector accounts for 30%-45%. The slowly developing countries, which lag behind, have increased their volume in the service sphere, but still cannot reach the level of developed countries.
Developed countries have the largest investment attractiveness, and the volume of investments into these countries constitutes more than $700 billion. For example, in the USA, this indicator was $2,000 billion in 2014. Developing countries are ranked second for in-vestment attractiveness, and they receive $300-700 billion of investments annually. Underdeveloped countries pose less interest for investors and, as a result, this leads to a $300 billion per year level of investments into these countries.
Share of innovational products in the structure of GDP of developed countries is the largest and constitutes more than 15%; in quickly developing countries it constitutes 4-10%; and it is less than 4% in underdeveloped countries. Developed countries received more than 10,000 immigrants annually, and less than 4,000 people emigrated. Quickly developing countries received 4,000-10,000 people annually, and more than 10,000 people emigrated. This is due to the fact that quick level of development predetermines increase of birth rate of population, which leads to overpopulation. In underdeveloped countries, incoming migration flow constitutes less than 4,000 people annually, and outgoing flow comprised of 4,000-10,000 people. Based on this data, a combined table is compiled that reflects gap depth between different categories of countries for viewed indicators, (Table 4).  • lack of investments for realizing innovational projects; and • lack of stimuli for developing national production due to a policy of protectionism and low level of competition in a relatively closed national economy. Source: Adapted from "Ranking of countries as to the rates of growth of GDP in 2014" by NoNews (2015). Retrieved from http://nonews.co/directory/lists/countries/gdp-temp; "Ranking of countries as to volume of direct foreign investments in 2014", by Yes!travel (2015). Retrieved from http://www.yestravel.ru/world/rating/stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home_rank_order/

Criterion of comparison Developed countries Developing countries
Leading  vate their market processes, stimulate business development, and attract foreign investments.
As the results of the SWOT-analysis in overcoming the developing countries' underperforance demonstrate, the most important means of solving the problem of the global economy's economic systems unification is to institute effective state policies and develop their internal potential to create and grow innovative businesses.
The conducted research's results are limited by the reviewed criteria and countries selected for comparative analysis in the various categories, which could be a reason for not determining all of the peculiarities for developed, quickly developing, and underdeveloped countries. Further research may be developed by conducting a more complex and systemic analysis of the disproportions of the global economy's development.