Innovations and Fighting Global Economic Problems

The authors proffer the hypothesis that the most important issue in all of the previously studied global economic problems is the imperfection of the production process. Innovations stimulate the improvement of the production process and provide solutions to global economic problems. Thus, the purpose of this article is to verify this hypothesis and determine the role of innovations in overcoming global economic problems. To verify the hypothesis, the authors use analysis of causal connections, problem and systemic analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, and a developed proprietary economic and mathematical model of the production process. The authors conduct an analysis of global economic problems at present and in perspective and determine the role of innovations in overcoming these global economic problems. The offered hypothesis is proven, and it is substantiated, based on the problem of resource limitations, disproportions of economic growth, and crises in the global economy, that innovations play an important role in solving global economic problems. For example, innovations lead to improvements in the production process because the consumption of resources is reduced and the volume of manufactured goods is increased, which solves the problem of resource limitations. Furthermore, the implementation of production innovations in enterprises in the least developed countries stimulates their economic development and reduces the level of countries’ differentiation in the global economy. Accordingly, the authors determine the directions of development with respect to the innovation activities of modern enterprises for overcoming global economic problems, and they develop an algorithm for the development of the modern global economy.


Introduction
The globalization of the world economy stimulates the • analyze the causes of the global economic problems; • determine the possibilities to solve these problems by implementing innovations in production; • examine the key barriers to the implementation of innovations in production in developing countries using modern Russia as an example; • determine the perspective directions for the development of innovative activity of modern enterprises to overcome the global economic problems and develop the mechanism for the innovational development of the modern global economy.

Literature review
Global economic problems are examined in a number of studies by modern researchers. At present, there are many hypotheses as to the reasons for the emergence of these problems and the factors that allow them to be overcome. These issues are examined in the works of such authors as (Grigoreva, 2015;Gubaidullina, 2015;Melnik, Orlov, Bondarenko, Melnik, & Grekova, 2015;Yegireddy, Panda, Rout, & Bonthu, 2015). The most important reasons for the emergence of global economic problems include the irrational spending of resources (Omelchenko, 2015), the active development of industry (Gerards, 2015), and the irresponsible attitude towards issues of environmental protection.
The problem of limited resources is one of the most ancient of economic problems and is the reason for the emergence of economics as a science aimed at the search for a solution to this problem.
It is studied in works of such authors as (Pogodaeva, Zhaparova, Rudenko, & Skripnuk, 2015;Waisová, 2013). Despite the fact that resources are either renewable or non-renewable, they should be spent effectively due to their strict limitations (Visser, Ohan, & Enns, 2015).  2015) and are then succeeded by economic growth (Capello, Caragliu, & Fratesi, 2015). It should be noted that after a crisis, the economy usually realizes higher rates and levels of development (Hieronymi, 2016).

Innovations and Fighting Global Economic Problems
Therefore, it is necessary to examine the production processes before and after the implementation of innovations. During the initial use of technology in the production process, production factors are used and combined, which leads to a certain set of goods.
It is impossible to reduce the resource intensity of production and increase production capacities without changing production technologies. Consider, for example, the invention and implementation of the conveyor, a significant innovation that changed the production process at the beginning of the 20 th century.
As a result of the creation and implementation of innovations in production in the short-term, there is an improvement in production technology as well as a growth in the expenditures of capital resources, as the modernization of equipment requires significant resources.
However, the expenses with respect to human resources are reduced significantly due to the automatization of production. Moreover, expenditures for material resources (raw materials) are also reduced due to the implementation of technology in production.
For example, as a result of the use of the conveyor technology, there was a significant reduction in hu-man resources and a moderate reduction in expenses related to material resources. It is noted, however, that the reduction in spending for material resources may not have been a direct consequence of the invention of the conveyor, but it may be the result of the implementation of other innovations. This example reflects the implementation of innovation in production.
The spending of capital resources increased significantly due to the need to attract huge investments to modernize equipment, and production technology developed considerably. As a result, the volume of manufactured goods increased significantly, thus resolving the problem of a lack of goods and helping to meet the needs of society by, for example, reducing famine and providing drinking water and medicine.
In the long term, after the successful implementation of innovations, investments are returned and the spending of capital resources is reduced due to the decreased need for labor and material resources. Furthermore, as a result of the implementation of innovations, there is a reduction in the resource intensity of production and an increase in production capacities, thus substantiating the premise that the primary role of innovation is to solve the global economic problem of limited resources (Fig. 1). The implementation of in-   Furthermore, these innovations are adopted by other enterprises, which results in increased demand and business, even under conditions of a decline in the population's income and, correspondingly, a reduction in purchasing power.
As a result, profits grow, which leads to revenues for the state budget. These revenues then create possibilities for the further stimulation of economic development. Thus, the consequences of the crisis are overcome, and the global economy is able to overcome the recession (Fig. 3).
We consider the key barriers to the implementation of