Developing Countries as New Growth Poles of Post-Crisis Global Economy

This article is devoted to the search for a solution to overcoming the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis and the development of a post-crisis global economy. The purpose of this article is to determine perspectives and directions for the development of new growth poles in a post-crisis global economy and to develop tools for overcoming the consequences of the crisis and facilitating the global economic system entry into a new level of economic growth. The article uses the proprietary methodology for the calculation of “underdevelopment whirlpools,” which analyzes the dynamics of economic growth of the most prominent countries in this group and their ability to overcome “underdevelopment whirlpools” and transform into new growth poles for the global economy following the global financial crisis. The use of calculation tools for “underdevelopment whirlpools” determines the prospective of developing countries’ transformation into new growth poles in a post-crisis global economy. China, Japan, Brazil, Russia, and India are such poles at present, and they will strengthen their positions in the near future. For this, the research offers the following perspective and directions for the development of new growth poles in a post-crisis global economy for the increase in rates and quality (stability and sustainability) of economic growth: an emphasis on the real sector development of the economy, realization of transnational cluster initiatives, and active creation and implementation of innovations into production. As tools for overcoming the consequences of the crisis and the global economic system entering a new level of economic growth, the author developed the mechanism of post-crisis global economy development.

Developed countries, which occupy leading positions in the global economy, have almost depleted their potential for further development and realization of strategies to preserve these positions. Indeed, they are overcome in this aspect by developing countries, which possess significant potential for development. Most importantly, the motivation to search for new solutions and actualize new ideas, i.e., the creation and implementation of innovations, is led by developing countries.
Innovations have been a moving force of the global economy, not only over the past few decades but throughout the entire history of mankind. Research has shown that the implementation of innovations has allowed previous global crises to be overcome, which is why it is believed that the consequences of the recent financial and economic crisis will be overcome with the help of innovations.
Therefore, it is necessary to focus on sources of innovations, determine the best direction for their use, and create favorable conditions for their implementation into production. It is very likely that country-incubators of innovations will become new growth poles of the global economy in the short term.
Before the crisis, the USA and the EU were the growth poles of the global economy -they have demonstrated the highest rates of economic growth over the past 35 years and have made the greatest contribution to the formation of the global GDP. China, Japan, Brazil, Russia, and India can potentially take their place after the crisis because the total GDP of these countries exceeds the U.S. GDP, and the economy of these countries is based on the real sector of production, which shows the highest stability and sustainability levels as well as innovation potential.
This research offers a hypothesis in which the con-

Literature Review
The theoretical basis of the research is composed of fundamental works in the study of the sense, notion, and meaning of economic growth for socio-economic systems by authors such as (Pogosov, 2015;Odhiambo, 2015;Zeira & Zoabi, 2015), among others. Economic growth is a process involving the increase in the production capabilities of an economy (Leonida et al., 2015) and can be expressed quantitatively, measured by the increase in GDP growth rates (Sarracino & Bartolini, 2015), and qualitatively, changing the structure of the economy (González-Pernía & Peña-Legazkue 2015). The development of modern economic systems is impossible without economic growth (Choi & Shin, 2015;Lee & Oh, 2015). Therefore, economic growth influences the development of any socio-economic system (Castiglione, Infante, & Smirnova, 2015).
This article also uses material from recent studies that analyze the peculiarities, factors, and conditions of global economic development at present and the growth poles of various economic systems, among which studies by (Bere, 2015;Kolomiets, 2015;Smékalová, Hrabinová, & Habuda, 2014), among others, can be distinguished. The most important peculiarity of modern global economic development is its orientation toward building and developing market relations (Dymskill, 2013) and establishing priorities for the development of the service sphere, which is one of the most important growth poles of the modern global economic system (Ravuri, 2012). The modern global economic system is based on the Developing Countries as New Growth Poles of Post-Crisis Global Economy principles of the increase in cooperation between its members (Wirtz, Tuzovic, & Ehret, 2015), which is expressed in the processes of regionalization and the international division of labor (Čaušević, 2015). The most important tendencies of the global economic system development include the transnationalization of business (Klinov, 2015), the growth of production factor flows at an international scale (Kornev, Maksimtsova, & Treshchina, 2015), the increase in global economic problems, which require joint solutions by all countries around the world (Pulselli et al., 2015), and the acceleration of crisis phenomena distribution in all member countries regarding integration associations and the global economic system (Dudin & Frolova, 2015).
The author uses research materials by various authors in study of crises in economic systems as well as the sense and peculiarities of the global financial crisis that began in 2008, including (Aytaç, Rankin, & İbikoğlu, 2015;McMaster, 2015;Rodriguez, Turmo, & Vara, 2014;Zhao, Jiang & Li, 2015), among others.
An economic system crisis is a temporary violation of processes that take place in the system (Heinrich, Kobayashi, & Bryant, 2016). Economic crises are of  (Capello, Caragliu, & Fratesi, 2015), and structural shifts in the global economic system as a result of the crisis (Hieronymi, 2016).

Method
The The author also uses materials from the research of various authors on economic system crises and the sense and peculiarities of the 2008 global financial crisis. These include the works by (Aytaç et al., 2015;Capello et al., 2015;Galbraith, 2012;Guttmann, 2015;Heinrich et al., 2016;Hieronymi, 2016;McMaster, 2015;Rodriguez et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2015).
To year to the level of the GDP of the "model country" in one of the previous years is determined.
As a result, the difference between the selected year and the year in which the GDP level of the "model country" coincided with the GDP level in the studied country is determined. The resulting difference reflects the depth of the "underdevelopment whirlpool. " The speed of being drawn into the "underdevelopment whirlpool" is determined as the difference between the depths of the "underdevelopment whirlpool" in the current year and the previous year. Table 1  With the help of the calculation methodology for "underdevelopment whirlpools," let us view the process of development of these countries (Tables 2, 3).

Country
Year V Y Dwhirlpool Swhirlpool    • the provision of subsidized credits for the modernization of equipment; • the stimulation of business activities in industrial production.
For realization of cluster initiatives, the following tools should be used: • the provision of financial resources to clusters under concessional terms; • the improvement of laws in the clustering sphere.
For development of research and education, the following tools should be used: • improvement of the system for patenting innovational technologies; • increased financing of universities, scientific research and developments, and the active provision of budgets in universities to popularize higher education and increase its accessibility.
The expected and most probable results of the realization of the mechanism are the shift in emphasis in economic development from the service sphere on the whole and the financial sector in particular to the sphere of industrial production, the reduction of risk components in economic development, the establishment of innovations into the basis of economic growth, the increase in rates of economic growth, and the increase in stability and sustainability of economic growth.

Conclusion
Thus, due to the use of the analysis methodology of