A QUADRIPOLAR EPISTEMIC PROPOSITION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP CONSTRUCT

This article presents, based on the Bruyne, Herman and Schoutheete’s proposition (1977) on the “four poles of the methodological practice: epistemological, morphological, theoretical, and technical”, how entrepreneurship is being construed in Business Administration studies. We carried out a bibliometric analysis from articles published in events linked to ANPAD – National Association of graduate studies and research in business administration. Then we made a content analysis on selected articles in order to identify how the theme is approached considering each of the poles. There was an excess of researches favoring the technical pole comparing to the others, which is probably contributing with the emptying of ANPAD’s area itself. Our main contributions are given in the technical pole, related to data collection, and there are countless case studies. In reality it is where most empirical researches on entrepreneurship and related topics converge to. Allied to this discrepancy is the fact that most of researches are also the result of Joysi Moraes Professora da Universidade Federal Fluminense ̶ Niterói-RJ, Brasil Professora convidada da University of Nottingham (UK). Doutora em Administração pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Mestre em Administração pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Graduada em Administração de Empresas pela Universidade Estadual do Ceará E-mail: jmoraes@id.uff.br


INTRODUCTION
The growing interest for subjects related to entrepreneurship, in its most diverse perspectives, began to take form in the scope of the Administration studies at the end of the 90's, more specifically in 1999, with the publication of two articles: "Tendências do comportamento gerencial da mulher empreendedora" (The Tendencies of the Behavioral Management of the Entrepreneurial Woman), which was the outcome of a Ph.D thesis from a Production Engineering´s student and "Validando um instrumento de medidas de comprometimento: uma proposta empreendedora voltada para as dimensões acadêmica e empresarial" (Validating an Instrument of Commitment Measures: An Enterprising Proposal Focused on the Academic and Business Dimensions). This last one, in reality, as designated by the authors themselves, is about "presenting a global evaluation questionnaire on the practices of human resources of companies and the level of the organizational commitment of its members, with the intention of contributing to the development of research on these subjects." (Bandeira;Marques;Veiga, 1999: p. 12). Only the articles available in the National Association of the Graduate Programs and Research Administration ("ANPAD -from the Portuguese") from 1997 were considered.
Since then, a debate has been observed about the viability of the topics allegedly related to entrepreneurship, theoretical-methodological as well as epistemological and morphological in the field of Administration. An ill-advised raid in the first part of the debate of the Administration studies in Brazil, the annals of the Meeting of the National Association of the Graduate Programs and Research Administration (EnANPADS), can cause certain anxiety to the researcher, because a Chimera is presented. A figure of the Greek mythology with three heads (a goat, a lion, and a dragon) with a body of a lion and a serpent's tail. This is in the most visually artistic version (FRANCHINI;SEGANFREDO, 2003). At least today, the image illustrates the entrepreneurship's construct and its perspectives.
In this sense, the objective of the research exposed in this article is to present how entrepreneurship has been constructed in the studies of Administration. This is presented based on the Bruyne, et al. (1977) proposition, about the "four poles of the methodological practice," i.e. the epistemic quadripolar proposition. In particular, how this construct has been forming in an epistemological, morphological, theoretical, and technical manner. For that intent, a priori, a bibliometric analysis was carried out from a survey of articles published in events tied to the National Association of Graduate Programs and Research in Administration. This method involves a set of procedures, laws, and principles that, applied to mathematical and statistical procedures, allow the researcher to map out the given scientific production using documents with similar properties (ARAÚJO, 2006;MACIAS-CHAPULA, 1998), which in this case are defined by the entrepreneurial theme. Following, the content analysis of the material collected was conducted. According to Bardin (2006:38), the content analysis consists of "a set of techniques of communications' analysis that uses systematic and objective procedures of the description of the messages' content. Its main purpose is to improve the readings of selected texts. The articles can be handled to search for answers to the research questions, making it possible to identify what certain researchers affirm and discuss about the theme under study (VERGARA, 2005). Finally, the content analysis allows identifying how the subject at hand has been configured considering each pole: epistemological, morphological, theoretical, and technical. The research presentation in this article is as follows: initially, it describes the perspectives on entrepreneurship, mainly, the state of the art of entrepreneurship. Following that, the poles of the methodological practice which compose the Bruyne Epistemic Quadripolar Proposal (BRUYNE et al. 1977) are presented, namely: the epistemological, the theoretical, the morphological, and the technical poles. In sequence, the methodology used to carry out the survey and the analysis of the articles catalogued, the results obtained with their respective analysis are presented and, finally, some final considerations are drawn out, indicating the references used throughout the text. Brockhaus (1994:25) says that entrepreneurship research was originally developed by economists who presented the role of the entrepreneur in economic growth and innovation (SCHUMPETER, 1934;BAUMOL, 1968). Early research was primarily prescriptive as writers offered their evaluation of and practical suggestions for the entrepreneurial processes based upon their observation of small business owners (HORNADAY, 1982).

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
According to Morris, Lewis & Sexton (1994:22), "early definitions, which were formulated principally by economists, tended to emphasize assumption of risk, supply of financial capital, arbitrage, and coordination of the factors of production. The entrepreneur was clearly involved in the initiation of a business". But, Hisrich and Peters (1992) claim that the prevalent tendency has been to associate entrepreneurship with small business start-up and management. As such, the entrepreneur is viewed as someone who assumes the social, psychological, and financial risks necessary to start and run a small business.
Entrepreneurship is a process that can be conceptualized as involving inputs and outputs. It is defined by activities such as starting new ventures, innovating, pursuing opportunities, taking risks and managing and creating value. Using the input-output perspective, entrepreneurship uses opportunity, proactive individuals, an organization, risks, resources and innovation as inputs toward the outputs of a new enterprise, value, products, profits and growth. Entrepreneurship also involves the attitudinal factor of willingness and the behavioral factor of process activities (MORRIS, LEWIS & SEXTON, 1994:21). Accordingly, Stevenson, Roberts & Grousbeck (1985) defined entrepreneurship as "the process of creating value by bringing together unique combinations of resources to exploit an opportunity". As perceived by North Americans, according to Kent, Sexton & Vesper (1982) and Sexton and Smilor (1986) (HERIOT et al., 2014:5).
More recently, Lumpkin (2011)  According to Heriot et al. (2014:8), Lumpkin (2011) implores us as researchers to think of ourselves as leaders rather than followers who are simply trying to test current management theories. They claim that entrepreneurship may not be considered legitimate due to the limited academic credentials of the instructors assigned to teach in some courses. In addition, the authors state that there is a clear implication from these results that entrepreneurship as an academic field of study contrasts greatly from other disciplines and emphasize that researchers demonstrate a focus on the practical activities rather than scholarly activities among the participants as measured by research productivity. On the field of social demand, one can be sure that all scientific production brings the mark of the social demand to which it responds to. As for being the researcher a member of a particular society, his/her activity is allowed and/or is legitimized, in a sense, by the sociocultural system of this society. Therefore, the social demand of a research or its financing, for example, can introduce normative or exclusively pragmatic intentions that deviates the process of objectifying the research (Bruyne et al., 1977).
The field of axiology, according to Bruyne et al. (1977), is the field of social and individual values that constrain the scientific research. It is considered here, the interests of the researcher because they can influence and guide the research, the judgment of personal values of the researcher and the cultural values inherent to society to which the researcher belongs to, as these also impose certain choices of problematic issues and of subjects.
As for the field of doxology, Bruyne et al. (1977:33) highlighted that "it is the nonsystematized field of knowledge, of language and of the evidences of everyday practice, where the scientific practice should precisely strive to extract their specific problem areas. The field of doxology is the support and product of the common language, of the empirical practices", but it can also create in the researcher a certainty, at least nebulous, about the investigated reality. In this sense, the researcher should seek to immerse in a social phenomena.
The epistemic field, "is the field of scientific knowledge that has reached a certain degree of recognized objectivity: the status of the theories, the status of the epistemological reflection, the status of methodology, and the status of the research techniques" (BRUYNE et al., 1977:34). This field, "from a methodological point of view, is conceived as the articulation of different instances, of different poles that determine a space in which the research is presented as being caught in a force field, subjected to certain flows and certain internal demands" (BRUYNE et al., 1977). These instances or these poles do not constitute separate moments of a research, but particular aspects of the same reality of the production of speech and scientific practices.
These are the poles that make up the methodological quadripolar space proposed by Bruyne et al. (1977). The authors distinguish four methodological poles in the field of scientific practices: epistemological, theoretical, morphological, and technical. These four poles define a methodological field, ensure the research practices are scientific, and mainly, allow the development of a certain epistemic field.
The graphic representation of the methodological quadripolar space that contributes to the structure and the strengthening of a specific epistemic field is represented in Figure 1.

THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL POLE
First, it is necessary to distinguish two functions of epistemology: as meta-science, that reflects on the principles, fundamentals, and validity of science, and with a meta-scientific character, the epistemological work also reveals an intra-scientific character and as such, represents an intrinsic pole to the scientific research.

Figure ̶ 1 Morphological Pole -Diagram of the meta-theoretical model of the four poles
The epistemology also perceived like that, as an essential pole of research, situates as both logic of discovery as well as logic of proof, since the way of the production of knowledge is of its interest as much as the validation procedures. "And so, the nature of the epistemological pole is the use of the methodological approach, the pole considered to be an internal engine, mandatory in the researcher's investigation, who consciously or not, raises epistemological questions because they can help to solve practical problems and acquire valid theoretical solutions" (BRUYNE et al., 1977:44).
In this case, the authors point out that the researchers have to be attentive to the internal epistemological principles. In other words, "the object and the scientific problem, the real object, the perceived object, and the constructed object, therefore the epistemological rupture and the genesis of theorizing." Understanding that the "object of science is a system of relations explicitly built and is opposed to the object prebuilt by perception." The perceived object is the one that spontaneously appears as 'real.' However, we must recognize that the perceived object is not the entire reality. The constructed object, in turn, is a specific translation, conceptual real, it is an object built by explicit  (BRUYNE et al., 1977:49-52). The genesis of theorizing, in turn, as the source of the theoretical formulations, should be sought at the epistemological level, and for this purpose, the concern with the methodological framework that composes the epistemic field. "Different origins are proposed for the conceptualization. Among these, big, discursive processes will be found in between the lines: phenomenology, dialectic, hypothetical-deductive logic, and quantification" (BRUYNE et al., 1977:53). It was chosen not to describe each of these cases due to the limitations of space and to the concern that an undue explanation could cause inappropriate cuts and misunderstandings.
It is important to highlight that the epistemological pole carries out a function of critical vigilance. Throughout the entire research, the epistemological pole is the guarantee of objectification, the production of the object of research, and it also defines the rules of production of scientific knowledge such as the rules of explanation, understanding, validation, etc. It commits to continuously renew the rupture between the scientific objects and those of common sense. That is why the epistemological pole has a range of discursive processes in its orbit of very general methods, which with its logic penetrate the researcher. Remembering that these processes are not mutually exclusive. In fact, some can even be almost omnipresent, while others may only appear in specific researches (BRUYNE et al., 1977:35). Bruyne et al. (1977:101) recall that in the social sciences, the theory is not a luxury for the researcher. It is much more than a necessity because without theory there is no science. "The theory, a way of scientific knowledge, is immanent to all of the pertinent observation. It is its condition of possibilities, a necessary condition, and the rupture of the pre-scientific explanations of the social norm. Thus, the progress of the research and of the theoretical work is not only parallel but also inseparable."

THE THEORETICAL POLE
The theory is the researcher's artifact. It belongs to the symbolic order and is formulated in a symbolic language, built especially for that. The theory defines the language of the field. To refuse the theoretical structure is to condemn someone to deal with the shares of 'evidences' with no relations between them. Therefore, the theory should be an integrated system of propositions with logical relations between them. A substantial change in the formulation of an important proposition of the system has logical consequences for the formulation of others (BRUYNE et al., 1977).
According to the authors, the construction of concepts and theories, is guided by frameworks of references, when assembling the methodology, proposes to regroup under four 'original, disciplinary' baselines; the main paradigms of these school of thought that bring together the highest methodological convictions. These are the main frames of reference: positivity, comprehension, functionalism, and structuralism.
The characteristic of the framework of positivist reference in the social sciences is the research through the observation of test data and of the general laws that rule the social phenomena. The constancy or regularity of the observed phenomena leads to the generalization that comes from them, that is, the development of positive laws. The comprehension framework, or the comprehensive approach, aims to gather and explain the meaning of both the individual and collective social activity, as the realization of an intention. In that case, the goal of the comprehensive approach is to display the internal meaning of behavior.
Meanwhile, the functionalist framework, endorses an allencompassing and systemic view from the beginning, in front of social facts, each one is encompassed in an integrated set of teleological nature. Thus, the functionalism investigates the durable forms of the social and cultural life, the outcome of an institutionalization: the roles, the organizations, the standards, etc. On the other hand, the structuralist framework has value and interest insofar as is defined as a method, which tends to explicitly highlight at the beginning, the research problems from the perspective of the method, and it is thought as an 'activity'. In this case, there are multiple structuralist activities: ethnology, language analysis, rhetoric, literary, etc. From an epistemological point of view, the structuralism presents itself as an analysis immanent of its objects of investigation (BRUYNE et al., 1977:136-150).
Finally, the theoretical pole guides the development of hypotheses and the construction of concepts. It is directly linked to the poles of the analysis framework (morphological) that result on the reference framework. It is the place of the systematic formulation of scientific objects. It is in the theoretical pole that suggests rules of interpretation of the facts, specification and defining solutions to problems given provisionally. It is consequently, the place of developing the scientific languages, where the movement of conceptualization is determined; where the 'reference frameworks' which also guides the theoretical construction of the field are built (BRUYNE et al., 1977:35).

THE MORPHOLOGICAL POLE
The morphological pole or the analysis framework refers to rules of structuring, forming, constructing or training the scientific object, by means of models, copies or simulation of real problems. "If the theory is the place to formulate the problems, the morphological pole is the place of their objectification. This pole represents the organization plan of the phenomena, the ways of articulating the theoretical expression of the research problems (BRUYNE et al., 1977:159).
In the social sciences, according to Bruyne et al. (1977), four main frames of analysis realize, each one in its own way, the methodological functions of the morphological pole: typologies, the types of ideas, the systems, and the structure models.
Typology is an analytical conceptual structure that should not be considered just a theory. Although, the goal of the typology and the systematic classification is the conceptual elaboration, the purification and greater precision of concepts. The "type" realizes the integration of discreet elements into a coherent unit being, therefore, the taxonomy of the integration of discreet series in a continue order. The biggest advantage of a typological frame is that it allows the application of a method of comparison, as well as for the construction of a scientific discourse on a ranking system that allows you to group the phenomena into logical categories according to the criteria that define them (BRUYNE et al., 1977:175-180).
The ideal types consist of purely experimental procedures that the researcher creates voluntarily and arbitrarily according to requirements of the investigation. The goal of the ideal type is not to gather a census of all the determination of a phenomenon. An ideal type is used so that the researcher may classify certain phenomena in some categories, but never exhausting them. On the other hand, the systematic analysis framework recognizes in any set of problems of a research the prevalence of the total over the parties. Consequently, it addresses its objects in a consistent and globalizing form of a network of relationships. The models and structures, as morphological components of the research, allow performing a clear and imperative manner the structural use of the methods. It is the study of social relations with the help of the suggested methods (BRUYNE et al., 1977:180-189).
In other words, the morphological pole raises several modalities of analysis framework. It dictates the architectural configuration of the object and sets the rules for the creation and structure of the scientific object with the fundamentals based on analogies.
It also establishes a relationship between its elements, giving it a specific configuration and define casual relationships or of symmetry. Lastly, it defines the relationship between the variables of the research. It is worth emphasizing that the various forms of developed configuration , in most cases, engage the research into mutually exclusive options. This is because the casualty is designed in a particular way in each analysis framework.

THE TECHNICAL POLE
The technical pole is related to the collection of data, trying to observe and confront them with the theory that created them. They (BRUYNE et al., 1977:36).
This pole, according to Bruyne et al. (1977, p. 201), has the function of defining the facts in significant systems, with protocols of the experimental discovery of these empirical data. "Thus, the research, in its technical pole, will gather the data in terms of which it will formulate its facts. The logical form of these data will be of singular existential enunciation affirming observable events, inter-subjectively controllable, either directly (perceptible) or indirectly (inferable)." It is important to remember that to join the status of "fact," the data collected should be relevant to the precise theoretical hypotheses, in other words, they should make a statement or confirmation of these hypotheses. Finally, it must verify or falsify the theoretical systems in which these particular hypotheses are included. Therefore, "the scientific facts are achieved, built, determined, and their nature is instrumented by the techniques that they collected and made significant by the theoretical systems that produced or received them" (BRUYNE et al., 1977:203).
In any case, the technical pole is related to the demand of testability, the definition of the methods the researcher meets the empirical facts, how to deal with them, and to compare the data with the theories that raised them, since scientific research is constructed through references to the world of events (BRUYNE et al., 1977).
Finally, it should be emphasized that the dialectic interaction of those different poles forms the set of methodological practices. Also, this is a design that introduces a "typological and not a chronological model" of the research that is infinitely varied in time and space. It moves through the methodological field, more or less, in an explicit manner through every step of its practice (BRUYNE et al., 1977:36).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
With the purpose of identifying how the academic research that addresses topics related to entrepreneurship in Brazil is configured, especially in the Administration's field of study, the methodology used was the bibliometric analysis. This method involves a set of procedures, laws, and principles that applied to mathematical and statistical procedures, enable the researcher to map out certain scientific production using documents with similar properties (ARAÚJO, 2006;MACIAS-CHAPULA, 1998), which in this case are defined by the entrepreneurial theme. This kind of approach is nothing new in the Administration's field of studies; on the contrary, it is increasingly exploited and used by researchers. Therefore, a decision was made not to describe it in full details.
However, it is important to emphasize that for the bibliometric analysis, a survey of the articles published in events linked to the National Association of Graduate Programs in the Administration (ANPAD) was done due to the quantity of articles found in its repository. The research considered the period from 1997 when all articles of the "EnANPAD" were made digitally available until 2014. It is both a quantitative and qualitative study because it is characterized by the exploratory approach, followed by the content analysis of the articles found.
According to Bardin (2006:86), the content analysis consists of "a set of techniques of communications' analysis that uses systematic procedures and an objective description of the messages' content." Its main purpose is to improve the readings of selected texts. The articles can be handled to search for answers to the research questions, making it possible to identify what certain researchers affirm and discuss about the theme under study (Vergara, 2005).
Undoubtedly, there was a need to interpret what the researchers of the area have been reporting over time. The methodology used for the interpretation of the texts was developed by Bardin (2006) and is structured in three stages: pre-analysis, exploration of the material, and processing the results, of which are also part of the inference and the interpretation. In the preanalysis stage, the material is organized with the objective of making it operational, systematizing the original ideas. In this step, there is a superficial reading of the collected texts to better understand them. After this first reading, the texts to be selected should be those that address the theme to be analyzed. Hereinafter, already with the definition of the articles, the researcher must define the categories of analysis and draft indicators that can be identified in the analyzed documents (Bardin, 2006).
The second stage of the research, the exploration of the material, consists in the dedicated and attentive reading of the texts that will be analyzed in the light of previously defined categories. The two types of the categories of the analysis are quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative indicators show the quantity of texts published in each year and also per each "ANPAD" event, the type of research and the central topic addressed. By reading the articles it is also possible to identify the origin of the researchers, the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) to which they are bound, and the organizations in which the empirical studies were carried out. The in-depth reading also leads to the understanding of the objects and subjects of the research, of the methodologies used the theoretical structures, and several others. It also it makes possible to recognize the worries and the concerns of the researchers in the area.
In the third stage of the study, the fundamental information for analysis is highlighted, culminating in the inferential interpretations. It is the moment of the reflective and critical analysis and the content analysis point of culmination. Also, segments of the texts analyzed are highlighted, which can be a representative of the contemplated contents (Bardin, 2006).
In this article, as the analysis is presented, each stage is explained, starting with the criteria for the selection of articles that lead to the subsequent analyses.

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
The survey conducted aimed to identify the articles related to the subject of entrepreneurship which are available in the repository of the National Association of Research and Graduate Studies in Administration (ANPAD), making them fully available to its members.
There were 209 articles identified by the word "entrepreneurship." 482 articles, including the previous 209, with the word "entrepreneur". Afterwards, the term "enterprise" was used (without the "e" at the end) in order not to lose any article that at least uses that terminology. 543 articles were found, including those previously found. To avoid mistakes, a download of all articles listed was made, archiving them in a folder. Only five (5) articles, although listed, were not found in the ANPAD's database. However, these were recovered in the CDs that were delivered to the participants of the annual meeting of the Association.
In phase two, the selected articles were grouped by year and by event of the ANPAD. During a period of almost eight months, a systematic reading, attentive to each one of the articles, was conducted. The following main data was registered: title, the central theme, the year, the means of publication, the authors' name, the authors' origin (the institution to which they are bound), the types of research and strategies used, the type of data collection, the type of organization where the research was conducted, when it was the case, and the main authors used as a reference in the body of the article.
In phase three, the articles were analyzed more carefully in a way that the approach favored by the work could be identified and, finally, introduced into a form with the main results and conclusions highlighted in each article. It is worth mentioning that, due to space limitation, only the most relevant results are presented in this article and not all of them are showed graphically. Table 1 shows the amount of work on the topic grouped by year and by the event of the ANPAD. The first articles on the subject were only published after 1999, noting that only articles published after 1997 are available on ANPAD´s website. In 2003, with the development of a field called "Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurial Behavior," there were 23 articles in "EnANPAD" and four in the first edition of the Meetings for Strategy Studies ("3Es"), also dedicating an area to the studies of "Strategy and Entrepreneurship." In general, the articles discuss about the profile, the behavior, and the entrepreneurial motivations. At the same time, articles that describe the history and the trajectory of the Brazilian entrepreneurs have already emerged. Two articles are remarkable not because of the contribution they bring to the entrepreneurship area, but because of a concern with the discipline in the Administration courses. The article, "Entrepreneurship and Didactic Practices in The Administration Undergraduate Courses: the students bring up the problem", for example, is a study of didactic-pedagogical practices of the undergraduate programs in Administration, the teaching strategies that, in the perception of the entrepreneur student, can encourage or inhibit entrepreneurship (Ferreira & Mattos, 2003).

In "Entrepreneurial Education as an Alternative to the Mismatch Between the Training and the Allocation of Higher Education Professionals in Brazil: A Case Study in a Public
University", Oliveira et al. (2003)  Most likely, these studies are motivated by ANPAD's definition for the interest in research, given that it determines, in a specific way, the scope of interest for the work. Also from this period, four articles were found whose contribution goes beyond the technical pole. In "The Epistemological Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Field", a first epistemological analysis of the entrepreneurial field was developed, looking to analyze the influence of the epistemological currents on the work of the field in question. It is pointed out that the study of the different school of thoughts show the influence of various epistemological paradigms on the entrepreneurship construction. There is a near total dominance of the rational, functional, and positive thoughts (Guimarães, 2004:10). In the same line, the article "Back to the Classics: Entrepreneurship and the Institutional Conflict," looks to retrieve, in a theoretical essay, from the reading of classical authors of the Social Sciences, the concept of entrepreneurship to show that, in spite of the social-economic changes that occurred long ago, many authors emphasize a fundamental dimension of the entrepreneurial action: resistance and conflict with the institutional system (Martes, 2006 It is also noted, as pointed out by Henrique and Cunha (2006), that the entrepreneurship education has been implanted in synergy with methodologies and didactic-pedagogical practices that are more effective for learning, but without leaving aside, on many occasions, the traditional methods of education consistent with one aspect of the debate about the entrepreneurship education methods that supports the need of a theoretical-practical study, not leaving any gaps when compared to the international universities. On the other hand, two years later, Nassif et al. (2008) indicate that, while seeking to identify the determining factors of the entrepreneurial training that help in building a pedagogical project of Administration courses committed to the entrepreneurial education, it was found that there was an urgent need to review the pedagogical projects and to re-align what is taught in the classroom with what is happening in the daily professional routine so it would meet this reality; adopting methodologies which incorporate theory and practice through a range of extension courses and incentives for research. It is highlighted that from 2004, with the publication of articles that point out the role of the university, other articles that do a survey of the practices and the content of the entrepreneurial education in their respective courses at several universities in Brazil began to emerge.
Since 2009, the number of articles related to the topic of Entrepreneurship began to decline, despite, or maybe due to, a new reorganization of areas and sub-topics within the "ANPAD". There were only 44 articles. The area of "Strategy in Organizations," increased the scope of the studies and pointed out that its interest would transfer to the topics of "Strategy, Entrepreneurship, and Development".
"Science Management, Technology and Innovation," also redefined its theme, broadening it and calling it, "Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Networks." In the year of 2010 and 2011, the same nomenclatures as those of 2008 were resumed, but the quantity of articles published continued to fall to 41 and 32 respectively. It is worth noticing that the number of articles dealing with the entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial profile significantly decreased.
The most interesting thing is that during this same time period, Global Entrepreneurship Model (GEM, 2012) indicates that Brazil, in comparison to 58 other countries, improved its position in the Entrepreneurship ranking and, currently, it is in 12 th place worldwide. It is also important to highlight that Brazil is in 1 st place among the 17 countries of the G-20 that participated in the GEM research. Furthermore, at the same time, as it was widely reported in the national and international mass media, Brazil placed in 6 th place in the ranking of the largest economies in the world.
The articles from these three year period tend to discuss the social entrepreneurship, the intrapreneurship, as well as the relationship networks between small and medium-sized companies. Reports that discuss the impacts of the entrepreneurial practices on sustainability and organizational competitiveness are also present. In general, it is observed that there was a greater dispersion of interests on the subject; from the locus of the research to the object of study itself.
The authors continue studying the sides of social entrepreneurship in the last three years analysis (2012, 2013 and 2014)   A piece of information that seemed singular was that from the nine articles published in the annals of the "ANPAD" events, eight are from researchers listed in Table 2. Note that ANPAD makes an effort to build in Brazil, in careful and well-done manner, the quadripolar dimension proposed by Bruyne et al. (1977), The last article that makes up this series of nine is a researcher that, for a few years, signed on as a second author and is included in Table 3. As a general rule, it is also observed, that the researchers from Table 2 and Table 3 had already been working together at some point of their research on topics related to entrepreneurship. Another unique finding is the number of publications, generally essays, that certain researchers obtain by criticizing entrepreneurship and related topics. They are researchers with publications more regularly than many of those who defend the need of education and development of action-reflection-action of entrepreneurship in Brazil. As far as the analyzed category it is a theme dealt within the articles, it is noted a strong interest of the researchers on the following specific topics: to understand the entrepreneurial behavior, to understand how entrepreneurship is being incorporated in Administration courses, a concern in how to provide an adequate entrepreneurial education, and also a large amount of researchers dedicated to the studies of social entrepreneurship. Table 4 shows the greatest concentration of topics that have interested researchers. It is immediately observed that a more in-depth reading of the articles indicates a high level of dispersion of the topics of interest. Although the organizations that were the locus of the research presented a greater uniformity, the dispersion on the topic discussed leads to the lack of deepening of the level of debate in the articles. What is also confirmed is the high rate of articles that are exploratorydescriptive studies that leave little room to expand the discussions on the topic in question. However, from what it is been noticed in the most recent publications, researchers already show a concern with the state of art of entrepreneurship in Brazil. This is the first step, as it has also been done the US researchers Kent et al. (1982) and Sexton and Smilor (1986) and Westhead (1993).

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Although the propositions of Bruyne et al. (1977), have been treated throughout the presentation and analyses of the results with insertions where it was relevant, it is important to observe that: Our greatest contributions are in the technical pole, the one related to the data collection, and where countless case studies were found. In reality it is where the majority of the empirical studies that address the entrepreneurship and its related topics converge. Combined with this discrepancy is the fact that the majority of the research is also the result of the exploratorydescriptive studies. However, we must remember that the exploratory-descriptive studies are at the level that Bruyne et al. (1977) calls the "zero degree" of theorization. The same way, a large number of case studies, although it may lead to in-depth studies of the subject, what was not perceived in the analysis of the articles can generate some stagnation in the research. This is because, "the case study, in its own unique way, can only aspire to scientifically be integrated into a process of global research where the role of theory is not deformed and where the criticism of epistemological problems and concepts is not neglected" (BRUYNE et al., 1977:225). Precisely the opposite of what was found in the analysis of numerous articles, which was: the emphasis on the case studies and data valuation, combined with certain negligence with the theory, as if part of the researcher's work was not to seek to compare the results obtained in the empirical research with the theory that originated them.
Due to the carelessness observed in confronting the empirical studies with the theory, the morphological pole or the frame of analysis does not advance a lot in Brazil. Therefore, it contributes little to the theoretical formulations of the field as a whole. Remembering that the morphological pole represents the organization plan of the phenomena, the ways of articulating the theoretical expression of the research. In other words, it deals with typologies, the ideal types, the systems, and the structure-models. In this perspective, what was observed was that the use of typology proposed in other countries and the lack of typologies typically Brazilian, although some researchers, who specifically study entrepreneurship in the context of the Brazilian culture already point to possibilities of the creation of national typologies, so as to understand and compare Brazilian entrepreneurs with non-Brazilians within our own regions, analyzing them under different perspectives and places. As Bruyne et al. (1977) pointed out, the great advantage of a typological framework is that it allows the use of the comparative method, as well as building a scientific message in a ranking system that allows the phenomena to be grouped into logical categories according to the criteria that define them.
Some of the biggest gaps in the construct of entrepreneurship were found in the theoretical pole in the analyzed texts. The construction of concepts and theories, guided by the reference framework, has not happened due to the large use of case studies, exploratory-descriptive studies and the lack of systemization of what is already implemented in published research. Surely, the reference framework used is positivist, but, as Bruyne et al. (1977) confirms, the characteristic of the positivist reference framework in the social sciences is the research, through the observation of the experience data, the formulation of the general laws that rule the social phenomena. The development of these laws from the persistency or regularity of the phenomena observed does not have a place in the agenda of the researchers with interest in the topic. That would take, supposedly, to formulate positive laws and the generalization from them. In this way, the built object little differss itself by the perceived common sense, since the specific translation, concept of the real, is still quite fragile. As a result, what is noted is the epistemological rupture that would enshrine the distancing always recommenced of the scientific object before the objects of common sense, pre-notions, myths, at least in the analyzed articles, always seems to be imminent. But in the following years, when waiting for more in-depth studies that could promote, even if slowly, this rupture, it does not happen and the articles are repeated, in its majority, with the case studies and the exploratory-descriptive studies. Thus, the theorizing that should be sought at the epistemological level, also, still fragile, does not represent the robustness needed for the formulation of the reference framework and so forward.
Finally, the assertion of Bruyne et al. (1977) is that the dialectic interaction of these different poles constitutes the set of the methodological practice can distinctly be observed to the extent that it is noted that the weakness on a field, as in the case of the technical field, whose problem is the excessive use of the case studies and the exploratory-descriptive studies, leads to the lack of substantiality in the entire field of a given construct.
The case study approach to research offers a valuable opportunity to generate new theories and provide in-depth understanding of complex phenomena (EISENHARDT, 1989;JACK et al., 2010;YIN, 1993). Theory building from case studies is especially useful for exploring longitudinal change processes (Van de Ven, 1992). As Eisenhardt and Graebner (2007:25) state, "papers that build theory from cases are often regarded as the most interesting research".
It is also important to remember that although the area still requires a great deal of dedication and discipline of its researchers, a group of researchers that have already been previously mentioned and that, over the course of almost two decades, have been providing a new breath to the entrepreneurship studies in Brazil when dedicating themselves to discuss about: the essence of entrepreneurship, the epistemological analysis of this field, the discursive construction of the concept and its axiological sense, the ontoteleological constitution of entrepreneurship, the epistemological dimensions of research in entrepreneurship, and finally, the ideas and the location of the entrepreneurs and of the entrepreneurship in a historical perspective.