DIFFERENCES IN RUNNING SPEED BETWEEN YOUNG SPRINTERS AND NONATHLETES AGED FROM 17 TO 18 YEARS

Аims of this research were to quantify the variables of morphologic characteristics in sprinters and non-athletes and to determine differences in running speed between these subjects aged from 17 to 18 years. The sample comprised of 60 male subjects, with avarege body height 175,26±13,58 cm, body mass 67,41±8,69 and body mass index 21,00±2,30 (Mean±Std.Dev.). The sample of subjects was divided into experimental subsample (ES) which comprises 45 subjectsathletes, divided into three groups of 15 subjects each (EG1, EG2, EG3), and one group (N=15) of control subsample (CS). Research variables were related to sprinters running speed on 15, 30 and 60m: 1) SPEED15; 2) SPEED30; 3) SPEED60. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the data obtained, SPSS version 11 had been used, and the results are presented by descriptive statistics. For the comparison EG1, EG2, EG3 and KS subjects in different subsamples Analysis of Variance (ANOVA method) was used. Results point out that the future working program with sprinters, which in part can affect the speed of sprinting, at least as far as the actual subsample of athletes is concerned, should be focused on the section from 0 to 30m (initial acceleration and achieving of maximum speed), since in this segment subjects of CS have achieved better results than subjects of experimental subsample (EG1, EG2, EG3). The same applies for the section from 30 to 60 m, but only for subjects of EG2 and EG3 of experimental subsample. Namely, in this segment subjects of EG1 have achieved the best results.


INTRODUCTION
The explosive strength is the ability to carry out the most possible force in the unit of time (1).According to Branković & Bubanj (2), the explosive strength makes it possible for one athlete to accelerate his body against some object or partner, and its appearance depends on the percentage and structure of the motor units of the adequate muscle group.The explosive strength can be seen in a number of sports activities among which are athletes, i.e., there are different levels of showing of the motoric abilities in relation to different engagements in sports and in relation to the sex of athletes(3).The speed can be defined as the ability to carry out certain defined or non-defined starting action of simple structure for as short as possible time interval.As well as a complete motoric space, the speed is also a complex motric ability.According to Idrizović (4), longitudinal dimensionality of body is characterized for a very long time as more or less significant motoric characteristic to achieve high results in athletic sprint but not as a crucial factor.
It could be said that there isn't any relevant research which points to the conclusion that top sprinters should have a high level of longitudinal measures as one of crucial characteristics (5, 6).
The research of Šolaja (7,in Idrizović) points to the fact that anthropometric dimensions are not of great importance in the selection of young sprinters.Namely, in sprint, contrary to many athletic disciplines, it is noticed that different body types that are according to body heightbody mass and strength completely opposite, can achieve top results.

AIMS
Aims of this research were to quantify the variables of morphologic characteristics in sprinters and non-athletes and to determine differences in running speed between these subjects.
Thespaceofspeed of sprint running is assessed in the following measure instruments:

DISCUSSION
According to Brown,Ferrgno,& Santana (8) the increasein the maximal speed of running is directly related to the muscle strengthincrease.Since the concentric muscle contractions are dominant in sprint, it is logical that during training with load, similar movements with the aim of developing neural and muscular parameters of athletes should be used.Still, there is not a complete agreement related to the adequate method of training with load which should improve the acceleration of sprint running (9).Saltin & Gollnick (10) pointed to the change of the size of the skeleton muscle fiber, i.e., its muscle ability related to different loads and strains.Fitts & Widrick (11) pointed that fast and slow strained muscle fibers get hypertrophy during overloading.
However, the mechanisms of structural muscle adaptation are not completely explained.Edman,Reggiani,Schiaffino,& Kronnie (12) point that the improvement in the muscle strength could be the consequence of isomorphic change of heavy myosin chain of proteins.The results of this research also confirmed that morphological characteristics that are in favor of examinees of the experimental subsample and the training process which they are subjected to, did not significantlyinfluenced in speed manifestation of sprint running comparing to the examinees of control subsamples, i.e., non-athletes.

CONCLUSION
What could be said according to the results achieved is that the speed as motoric ability is conditioned by genetic code to a great extent.After the statistical processing of data, it is concluded that the future schedule for sprinters, which could partially influence the speed of sprint running, as far as the current subsample of athletes is concerned, should be focused for a track of 0 to30m (the phases of start and start acceleration), regarding the fact that examinees of control

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SPEED15 (the speed of sprint running at 15 m expressed inm/s),  SPEED30 (the speed of sprint running at 30 m expressedinm/s),  SPEED60 (the speed of sprint running at 60 m expressedinm/s).The current transversal research is conducted at the city stadium, within the research of longitudinal character of 9 months of duration, which means initial-final measurements and realization of a certain training plan and program of special exercises with load for developmet of explosive muscle force and strength.The examinees determined the values of morphological characteristics and the assessment of sprint running, divided in groups according to stops.The speed of sprint running is measured with photocells placed in pairs at the 15, 30 and 60 m from the beginning of the running distance.Photocells were connected to a personal computer which in the hundredth parts of seconds determined time, i.e. by computerdata processing, the speed of running of examinees.At command "On your marks" examinees took up the position of low start in the starting block.At command "Get set", they raised their hips and set their shoulders projected to starting lines, and finally, at the sound signal to start they started sprint.Before determining the speed of sprint running, 10-15min of warm-up of dynamic character was done.For statistical analysis and interpretation software SPSS version 11 was used.All the results of research were presented and interpreted by descriptive statistics -by tables.To compare examinees of different subsamples of examinees the variant analysis (method ANOVA) was used.
The differences in space of running speed among subsamples (methods POST HOC LSD).