The adoption of BYOD or COPE policies by a brazilian company in the petroleum industry

This study aims to assess the perception of employees of a large Brazilian company taking into account the use of personal mobile devices for professional purposes as well as their preference regarding BYOD and COPE models. 768 employees answered a 21 questions online survey, and data analysis was done using the logistic regression model. The results show that the practice of bringing personal devices to the company raises the individual’s likelihood to prefer this model over the COPE model. Therefore, it is up to the organization to observe how often its employees bring personal electronic mobile devices to the organization, and also observe questions of gender and education levels when promoting the implementation of BYOD or COPE, in order to broaden the chances of successfully implementing IT policies.


Introduction
Corporate mobility is more complex today as a result of the so called "consumerization of Information Technology". Information Technology (IT) consumerization is the personal use of IT resources, such as devices or software, which are also used for professional purposes (Harris, Ives, & Junglas, 2011). According to Moschella, Neal, Opperman, and Taylor (2004), IT consumerization is a strong trend which is guaranteed to bring significant long-term commercial consequences, including sharp cost reductions and generations of better informed technology users. Indeed, the fast growth of consumerization over recent years, pointed out at the 2012 Mobile World Congress and followed by many published studies (Copeland & Crespi, 2012), supports the thesis that a large number of employees expect to use their personal notebooks, smartphones and tablets professionally as per the Micro (2012) survey. The result thereof is what we now term "Bring Your Own Device", or BYOD.
In this context, IT consumerization plays an important role in changing the relationship between employees (as IT consumer) and the organization. However, BYOD is not only a simple idea or a way of working (Deloitte, 2013). BYOD is part of consumerization as it involves the use of everyday technologies in the workplace, focusing on the use of devices originally acquired for personal use (Jones, 2012). In other words, BYOD describes the circumstances in which users make their own personal devices available for company purposes (Disterer & Kleiner, 2013).
That being said, BYOD brings new responsibilities to the IT organization, as it attempts to deal with an endless array of platforms, devices and user profiles. As an alternative to BYOD, COPE (Corporate Owned, Personally Enabled) is when the organization purchases and owns a device, giving the employee the right to use it following a set of rules regarding personal and professional use (Proffitt, 2012). The COPE model contributes to better management of the organization's mobile devices, limiting models and ensuring increased data protection. It may also reduce costs and operational expenses (Sheldon, 2013).
In fact, it is observed that when an organization opts for IT consumerization, particularly the adoption of BYOD, there is an adaptation to the IT context and organization culture aiming towards establishing policies to be adopted and the model to be followed. As a result, the process of change has become one of the biggest challenges for companies and IT managers during recent years (Harris, Ives, & Junglas, 2011).
Due to these issues, a fair amount of research has been published focussing mainly on organizational and technical aspects of IT. Another peculiarity of these studies is the target survey respondents. In all the works researched, surveys were applied to IT CEOs, Managers, Executives and decision makers.
As a result, there is a gap insofar as the evaluation of employee perceptions regarding IT consumerization is concerned. This study aims to assess the perception of employees of a large Brazilian company in the petroleum sector regarding the use of personal mobile devices for professional purposes, as well as their preferences between BYOD and COPE.

IT Consumerization in companies
Corporate mobility policy has become in- Mahesh and Hooter (2013) studied the impact of personal mobile devices usage on corporate network management and security, and concluded that it is essential to define an integrated policy which covers data security and business continuity when adopting BYOD.
In research conducted by Rains (2012), companies which provide IT technical support on em-ployee devices showed higher levels of satisfaction with the BYOD program.
According to Micro (2012), whose study gained a better understanding of the factors that lead to BYOD adoption, as well as of which strategies and indicators are used to assess impacts and challenges associated with implementation, the most influential factors for using BYOD are increased productivity as well as flexibility for employees to choose their own devices. A large number of companies named security challenges as key points for implementation of BYOD programs. Copeland and Crespi (2012) researched the impact of consumerization on companies, suppliers, employees and consumers. The authors concluded that convenience and increased employee productivity are the most important benefits to companies which adopt BYOD programs. On the other hand, information security appears as the biggest concern. The study does not mention employee perception.
Avanade ( Considering that the purpose of the study was to explain a qualitative event through regression, data analysis was done using logistic regression which estimates the probability of occurrence of a certain event based on explanatory variables. (Corrar, Paulo, & Dias Filho, 2009).
With the use of logit model for individual data, the problem of incremental X effect remaining constant was resolved. We also managed to obtain the permanence of probability of the event between 0-1, given the variation of X. (Gujarati & Porter, 2011).
Four binomial probability models were used for the 'participation in the adopted BYOD pro-

Econometric Analysis
Logistic regression is justified in order to obtain a probabilistic model and estimate from the data collected. Corrar, Paulo, e Dias Filho, Within the context of this work, logistic regression was initially used to investigate and measure the probability of BYOD adoption. Upon further analysis, same was used to measure the probability of employee preference in adopting BYOD over COPE in order to guide the organization with regards to employee perception and contribute to future implementation and adoption strategies.
In the first phase, and in order to measure propensity towards adopting BYOD, 4 logistic regression models were used with the following in-      In order to assess employee preference between a plan that would propose a BYOD program and a plan that would promote the practice of COPE,

Conclusions
The study assessed the use of mobile devices by employees of a Brazilian company in the petroleum sector with the goal of identifying their likelihood to use personal devices for work related activities, as well as verifying their preference towards either using their own mobile device or receiving one from the company in order to integrate them into the organization.
With regards to the first question, we conclude that the habit of bringing a personal device to the workplace increases an individual's propensity towards adopting BYOD, which also increases preference towards this model over COPE.
However, gender and education influence the chances of an individual preferring COPE over BYOD. Males and individuals with higher education levels are also inclined towards choosing COPE over BYOD.
Therefore, it is up to the organization to observe how often their employees bring personal mobile devices to work, and also observe questions of gender and education when promoting the implementation of BYOD or COPE with the purpose of broadening the chances of success in implementing IT policies.
In the case of the company subject of this study, the fact that the majority of its employees own personal notebooks or smartphones, as well as the fact that they bring smartphones into the workplace almost daily, may be favorable in implementing both models. This is supported by the results obtained via logistic regression which show that those who habitually bring personal devices to work are more likely to adopt a BYOD model. contribute to company activities must be observed, along with doing the best to promote the integration of these devices with company systems.
Generally speaking, it can be concluded that company employees are, in most cases, favorable towards the adoption of both personal or company IT mobile electronic devices for use in organization activities. It is the company's duty to observe socioeconomic or behavioral elements in relation to such devices, so that it can enhance the chances of success in having employees adopt IT policies.
Finally, we suggest that a comparative study with employees of other sectors of the economy be conducted, in order to understand their perceptions on adopting proposed IT models, as well as gain insight into subjective aspects which lead employees to prefer BYOD over COPE. We also suggest that a study focusing on the security, privacy and electronic vigilance of devices be conducted, and that the impact of these attributes on possible changes of employee perceptions regarding the adoption, or not, of IT consumerization models be evaluated.