Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ranks eighth in the global burden of disease, making seriously threatens to global health. Given there is not yet a cure for HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy (ART) holds a key role not only in improving the prognosis of the patients, but also reducing the risk of HIV transmission. The immediate initiation of ART has been recommended in domestic and foreign policies and guidelines, yet the implementation of this strategy is not satisfactory. In developing countries and even in some developed countries, it still takes a long time for patients to go from the diagnosis of HIV infection to the acceptance of ART. Clarifying the obstacles to the implementation of immediate ART and finding strategies to cope with them have emerged as key problems in response to HIV/AIDS.