Contrastive Analysis of the Characteristics of Vietnamese Words with Hmong Language ones and Reasons for Making Mistakes in Using Vietnamese words of Hmong Primary School Pupils

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Currently, improving the quality of teaching Vietnamese for Hmong primary school pupils in primary schools in ethnic minority and mountainous areas of Vietnam is a matter of great concern and research.Because Vietnamese words and Hmong language words have similar and different characteristics, 61% of Hmong primary school pupils (within the scope of our survey data) still make mistakes in using Vietnamese words.
Therefore, it is very urgent to analyze and contrast the characteristics of Vietnamese words with Hmong language ones, pointing out the reasons why Hmong primary school pupils make mistakes in using Vietnamese words to find remedial measures.Stemming from this fact, we have analyzed and contrasted the characteristics of Vietnamese words with Hmong language ones, analyzing language interferences that are the cause of errors in using Vietnamese words of Hmong primary school pupils.The results of this study help us have a scientific basis to propose measures to overcome errors in using Vietnamese words for Hmong primary school pupils.Since then, contributed to improving the quality of teaching Vietnamese to Hmong primary school pupils in primary schools in ethnic minority and mountainous areas of Vietnam.

CONTENTS
In the world in recent years, contrastive analysis has been developed, studied, and applied to language teaching and learning.In Vietnam, linguistic contrastive analysis has also been interesting to researchers soon.Author Thiem (2004) introduced aspects of contrastive Linguistics such as The process of formation and development; Theoretical premises (objects, tasks, research scope, the relationship between contrastive linguistics with other subjects...); Methods and tactics of language comparison; Methods of comparing languages on different aspects: phoneticsphonology,… Next, author Chien (1992) also raised the general theoretical issues of contrastive linguistics."In addition to stating the theory, the author also presents the principles of contrasting the personal pronoun system between two languages of the same and different types.At the same time, the author has applied it to test the unit, quantity, structure, meaning, and operation of the personal pronoun system between Vietnamese and Khmer, and Lao languages.
Also in the above research direction, the author Thanh (2005a) has carried out the empirical analysis, and description and has shown that: The Hmong Lenh tone system in Sa Pa -Lao Cai province consists of 8 tones with distinct phonetics and phonology characteristics.
In 2005, the author Thanh (2005b) reported the results of a contrastive analysis, showing the similarities and differences between the two Vietnamese and Hmong tonal systems in terms of pitch (line, pitch) and voice quality.
Then, the author Thanh (2006) continued to report the results of contrastive analysis of Vietnamese syllables with Hmong and concluded: Unlike Vietnamese, there is no closed syllable in Hmong.
To correct Vietnamese language pronunciation mistakes made by Hmong ethnic students, we have shown that it is necessary to rely on Vietnamese phonetic characteristics to guide, and correct pronunciation mistakes in Vietnamese rhymes for Hmong ethnic students (Thanh, 2013).Next, we have also shown that it is necessary to rely on the characteristics of Hmong initial sound consonants to guide, and correct pronunciation mistakes in Hmong rhymes for Vietnamese students (Thanh, 2014).Regarding the development of the Hmong language, we clearly stated: In the process of development, the Hmong language has limited simplification of the initial sound consonants (Thanh, 2016a).
In the monograph presenting the results of a Contrastive analysis of the Vietnamese -Mong phonetics -phonemics system to propose solutions to correct Vietnamese pronunciation errors for the Mong ethnic minorities students, the Author Thanh (2016b) expressed the view that: Therefore, this monograph of ours can be considered an experimental step to meet the urgent requirements of both theory and practice of researching and teaching Vietnamese to the Mong people as well as teaching Vietnamese.Hmong language for Vietnamese people in Vietnam today.
Continuing the research direction of contrastive analysis, we have published the results of the Contrastive analysis between Vietnamese half-open rhymes with Lao half-open ones.The results of this study not only contribute to clarifying some theoretical issues with Eastern languages but also has practical implications in language education, a compilation of bilingual Vietnamese-Lao or Lao-Vietnamese textbooks to help Lao people learn Vietnamese well and vice versa (Thanh, 2020).
About using the Interpreting method-Mother tongue use method to teach specialized Vietnamese to Lao students, the following should be noted: All words and sentences are related and compared with the mother tongue.All readings and language documents are also translated into the learners' mother tongue.The new grammatical phenomena are compared with equivalent grammatical phenomena in the mother tongue to show the similarities and differences between them.Vietnamese language teachers need to prevent mistakes that learners may make due to their habit of using their mother tongue (Thanh, 2021).
Reviewing the research history, it can be seen that the contrastive analysis of the characteristics of Vietnamese words with Hmong language ones and the proposal of some measures to overcome errors in using Vietnamese words for Hmong primary school pupils is a very necessary study.
To carry out the purpose of contrasting the characteristics of Vietnamese words with Hmong language ones, we use statistical methods, systematic methods, descriptive analysis methods, contrastive analysis methods, and method of interference analysis.
Below, we will present the research results: A contrastive analysis of the characteristics of Vietnamese words with Hmong language ones and the causes of errors in using Vietnamese words by Hmong primary school pupils.

Contrastive analysis of the characteristics of Vietnamese words with those of the Hmong language ones. 1.Features of Vietnamese words
The authors of Vietnamese Textbook 2 have suggested that: The phonetic form of Vietnamese words are fixed and invariant in all positions, relationships, and functions in sentences (A (Editor).et al, 2011).Thus, Vietnamese words have an unchanged phonetic form in all positions, relationships, and different grammatical functions in sentences.
For example, The word "hat" when used alone or when used in the sentence "I bought this hat."phonetic form remains unchanged.
Therefore, if we only rely on the phonetic form of the word, we cannot see all the grammatical values of Vietnamese words.Only when considered through relationships with other words before or after, Vietnamese words clearly show their grammatical value.
Vietnamese is an isolated language -syllabic.Due to being dominated by typological characteristics (language type), the grammatical features of Vietnamese words are mainly expressed in two aspects: first, in the ability to combine and second, in the ability to assume grammatical positions in sentences, the ability to dominate auxiliary elements in the word-group… (A (Editor).et al, 2011).Thus, the grammatical features of Vietnamese words are not expressed within the word, but mainly outside the word, expressed through its correlation with other words in the sentence.
For example, Vietnamese words such as: "nhà" (home), "vườn" (garden), "sách" (book), and "bút" (pen),... can be combined indirectly with quantity words in the position in front of them and can take care of them.The grammatical function is to act as the subject in Vietnamese sentences.

Features of the Hmong language words
Hmong language words in all positions, relationships, and different grammatical functions in sentences have unchanged phonetic forms.When in a system or when standing alone or used in a sentence, the phonetic form of the word remains unchanged.
For example, when standing alone in the system, the phonetic form of the Hmong language word "tsêr" (house) compared to the phonetic form of the Hmong language word "tsêr" is used in the sentence "Cur nhaoz tsêr."(I'm at home.) are the same.
Therefore, if we only rely on the phonetic form of the Hmong language words, we cannot determine the grammatical value of the word.It must be based on the relationship with other words before or after to determine the grammatical value of a particular word in Hmong.