Evaluation of Clean Milk Dairy Farming Practices and Advances in Murrah Buffalo Quality Milk Production Technologies

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Introduction
Livestock sector is an important sub-sector of the agriculture of Indian economy.It forms an important livelihood activity for most of the farmers, supporting agriculture in the form of critical inputs, contributing to the health and nutrition of the household, supplementing incomes, offering employment opportunities, and finally being a dependable "bank on hooves" in times of need.It acts as a supplementary and complementary enterprise.
According to NSSO 66th Round Survey (July 2009-June 2010) on Employment and Unemployment, 15.60 million workers as per usual status (Principal status plus subsidiaries status) were engaged in farming of animals, mixed farming and fishing.Whereas as per estimate of NSS 68th Round (July 2011-June 2012) survey on Employment and Unemployment, 16.44 million workers as per usual status (Principal status plus subsidiaries status) were engaged in the activities of farming of animals, mixed farming and fishing.Animal Husbandry and Dairying activities, along with agriculture, continue to be an integral part of human life since the process of civilization started.

Methods and Materials
Under ICAR-IVRI Research Projects various experiments have been conducted on Catttle and Buffalo farm.There are more than 1100 animals aon the C&B farm.Under animal nutrition Fodder farm and Feed plant are main source of green and dry feed, concentrate supply to these animals.A team of Animal Breeders, Animal Nutrion expert, Reproduction Scientists, Medicine-Surgery scientists and livestock production scientists and including one Agronomy Scientist work together under the Vridawani,Tharparkar cattle improvement and Murrah buffaloimprovement net work project under ICAR-IVRI funded research projects.The projects are in long term basis.During 2009-10 and 2011-12 major finding have been objerved which may bring advancement in dairy farming and milk industry.

Result and Discussion
Advances in Dairy Farming and Murrah Clean Milk Production Technologies: There are continue change in dairy farming practces, management, and clean milk production from murrah buffalo in czttle and buffalo farm.

Advances in Murrah Buffalo Milk Performance:
The following changes were recorded for the last two years (Singh et al., 2011).
Colostrum Feeding Is Life Saving in Kids: The colostrum feeding (from Zebu or Murrah buffalo) in Rohailkhandi goat kids was found to improve and maintain health, performance and immunoglobulin levels and, hence, may prove a boon for life saving of orphaned kids as well as undernourished kids, thereby, enhancing the profits of goat farmers.

BCS in Murrah Buffalo:
In Murrah buffaloes, BCS gain was prominent up to a week prior to calving, followed by a sharp fall immediately after calving and then gradual decrease during the lactation phase.It could be inferred that buffaloes with ≤ 3.5 pre-partum could withstand the lactation stress and regain their body condition as in prepartum much earlier as compared to > 3.5 pre-partum BCS buffaloes.
Higher Body Weight: Ngative Impact: Higher body condition score at pre-partum period could negatively impact postcalving body condition leading to higher loss and energy deficiency.Singh et al. (2011) evaluated production and reproduction on farm studies and found the similar results.The body condition depletion and energy deficiency in > 3.5 BCS buffaloes during dry and early lactation period could be linked to lower total cholesterol levels after calving, hence, considered as a reliable indicator of energy balance status during early lactation.
Pre-partum BCS: Hence, higher pre-partum BCS could affect the udder health and milk quality.The BCS has positive correlations with reproductive traits.Thus, it is not advisable to possess extra fat prior to calving.

Murrah Milk Fat, SNF, TS and Lactose:
The BCS was negatively associated with milk yield, while, positively associated with milk protein and SCC.The milk Fat, SNF, TS and lactose recorded a negative phenotypic correlation with pre-partum BCS.
Animal Selection: For selection of animals with enhanced efficiency, in spite of, total lactation milk yield, milk yield per kg of live body weight was developed and assessed in Tharparkar and Vrindavani cattle along with Murrah buffaloes.Khan et al. (2023) predicted lifetime milk yield of Murrah buffloes.
Economic and Efficient Production: It was observed that the selection on the basis of milk yield per kg of live body weight in Murrah buffaloes along with Tharparkar and Vrindavani cows would be more economical for efficient production purpose within limited resources, Singh,R.R., et al.(2011) Characterised Vrindawani on farm and found similar results.
Small Size Animal Requires Lesser Inputs: It is observed that as small sized animals require lesser inputs than that of the large sized animals.In this way, efficient milk producing animals consuming lesser dry matter may be selected thereby enhancing the profitability of the dairy animals.

Saving of Dry Matter and Solution of Fodder Deficit:
Any saving of dry matter through this phenomenon may ultimately lead to the solution of the present problem of feeds and fodder for livestock which is expected up to around 40-50%.
Priority for Human Consumption: In addition, this saving of dry matter, if at all, fit for human consumption, may also be diverted towards the human population living below poverty line, about 30%.The fodder farm has generated a revenue of Rs. 15,14,538.0(Rupees fifteen lac fourteen thousand five hundred thirty eight) through the sale of oat seed, sale of green fodder, sale of quotation forms and other farm services rendered to the campus employees of the institute during the reported period.

Feed Technology Plant and Balanced Ration Preparation:
The feed technology unit prepares and supplies about 16000 quintals of animal feed required for animals used for research experiments like cows and buffaloes, sheep and goats, pigs and laboratory animals of izatnagar and Mukteshwar Campuses.The unit has automatic feed ingredient loading and lifting unit, grinding unit (Hammer mill), mixing unit, conveyor elevator Unit, dust separation and collection unit, go-downs and office-cum-feed plant building (Singh & Gupta, 2009).
Machines Fabricated for Fodder Production: During the year, the unit has fabricated 7 Nos.machines named "Pashu Chokolater" (UMM Block making machine) and 20 Nos. of foetal extractor therby popularizing their use.Project Cattle and Bufallo (Singh et al., 2011).