Advances in Dairy Farming Technologies and Multiplication of Vrindavani Cattle for High Fat and Clean Milk Production

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Introduction
According to NSSO 66th Round Survey (July 2009-June 2010) on Employment and Unemployment, 15.60 million workers as per usual status (Principal status plus subsidiaries status) were engaged in farming of animals, mixed farming and fishing.Whereas as per estimate of NSS 68th Round (July 2011-June 2012) survey on Employment and Unemployment, 16.44 million workers as per usual status (Principal status plus subsidiaries status) were engaged in the activities of farming of animals, mixed farming and fishing.Animal Husbandry and Dairying activities, along with agriculture, continue to be an integral part of human life since the process of civilization started.These activities have contributed not only to the food basket and draught animal power but also by maintaining ecological balance.Owing to conducive climate and topography, Animal husbandry and Dairying Sectors have played prominent socio-economic role in India.Traditional, cultural and religious beliefs have also contributed in the continuance of these activities.They also play a significant role in generating gainful employment in the rural sector, particularly among the landless, small and marginal farmers and women, besides providing cheap and nutritious food to millions of people.Livestock production and agriculture are intrinsically linked, each being dependent on the other, and both crucial for overall food security.Livestock sector is an important sub-sector of the agriculture of Indian economy.It forms an important livelihood activity for most of the farmers, supporting agriculture in the form of critical inputs, contributing to the health and nutrition of the household, supplementing incomes, offering employment opportunities, and finally being a dependable "bank on hooves" in times of need.It acts as a supplementary and complementary enterprise.

Materials and Methods
Under ICAR-IVRI Research Projects various experiments have been conducted on Catttle and Buffalo farm.There are more than 1100 animals aon the C&B farm.Under animal nutrition Fodder farm and Feed plant are main source of green and dry feed, concentrate supply to these animals.A team of Animal Breeders, Animal Nutrion expert, Reproduction Scientists, Medicine-Surgery scientists and livestock production scientists and including one Agronomy Scientist work together under the Vridawani,Tharparkar cattle improvement and Murrah buffaloimprovement net work project under ICAR-IVRI funded research projects.The projects are in long term basis.During 2009-10 and 2011-12 major finding have been observed which may bring advancement in dairy farming and milk production industry.

Results and Dicussion
Tecnological Advancement: The findings under project on Vrindavani cattle are given below as an advancement in clean and high milk production.
Opening Balance of Vrindavani Herd: The opening balance of Vrindavani cattle as on 01-04-2011 was 500 heads (95 males and 405 females).Addition in the herd were due to birth of 82 females and 93 male calves (175 heads).The closing balance of the Vrindavani cattle herd as on 31-03-2012 was 358 heads (46 males and 312 females).
Mortality Minimised: Effec of health management practices: The overall mortality percent was 5.76%.The overall female mortality was 5.95%, whereas for males it was 5.32%.The overall culling percent was 27.56 with respective values for male and female culling % as 25.00 and 28.54, respectively (Singh et al., 2011).
Vrindavani Prouced Higher Milk: Genetic breeding improvement effect: Vrindavani cattle produced 536846.0kg milk during the current year.On an average, 78.80% of the total adult Vrindavani females were in the milk during the current year.Means for overall wet and herd averages were 10.53 and 8.31 kg, respectively.Results are on the line as repoted by Singh et al. (2011).
Advacement in Fodder Development Technologies: It is observed that the fodder farm of the Institute comprises 140 hectares of fertile land.The land is divided into 12 plots inter-connected with underground irrigation channels with underground irrigation channels and concrete roads.Most of the plots have quick and efficient drainage system of run-off for rain water.

Crop Rotion and Cropping Scheme:
The fodder farm produces quality green fodder of HYVs released under different fodder crops by ICAR and SAUs time to time.Sorghum (single & multi-cut crops), Maize Makchari, Bajra, Cowpea, Oat and Berseem fodder crops are grown at the farm round the year (Singh et al., 2012).
Livestock Farm: The fodder farm supplies green fodder daily to the institute's Cattle & Buffalo farm (LPM) and more than 20 experimental animal sheds of various divisions.The surplus green fodder is also conserved at the farm in the form of "Hay" & "Silage" for its utilization in the lean period.

No Loss of Irrigation Water:
The fodder farm of institute has three under ground silos.These silage pits are permanently covered by tubular steel and G.I. sheet structure to ensure availability of safe and secure storage even during rainy season.
Road side Farm Forestry: Farm is maintaining about 5000 teak plants along the farm road sides and at field No. 13.Plantation of poplar trees in the 25 acres of farm land at Field No.-18 and 19 are being managed nicely by farm management.This fodder farm is also managing 200 Kinno plants along the farm road sides (Singh et al., 2012).
Mechanisation for Timely Operations: Fodder farm is equipped with 10 tractors, 9 deep irrigation tube-wells and adequate agricultural machineries.All the irrigation tube-wells are interconnected by underground irrigation channels (Hume pipes) spread throughout the farm area for better application and utilization of availalbe irrigation potential.Female Replacement: For genetic improvement in case of availability of sufficient female replacement stock, cows beyond 6th parity having teat/udder problems, erratic reproductive status may be culled at the earliest.

Advancement in Feed Technology
Abnormal Calving: Data at CBF shows that in crossbred cattle, abnormal calvings had depressing effect on milk production and milk production efficiency traits.
First Lactation Milk Yield: Under research project for optimization of first lactation milk yield, the lactation lengths should be standardized to 300 days.It was observed that for ensure maximum returns from heifers first lactation, they must conceive before 500 days of age and a live body weight around 225-250 kg.
Prediction of First Lactation Milk Yield: It has been observed that in Vrindavani cows and Murrah buffaloes, the part 305day first lactation milk yield could efficiently be used for prediction of 305 days first lactation milk yield and in this way the maximization of genetic gain in lactation milk yield by progeny testing could be achieved.
From findings it is recorded that in Vrindavani, Tharparkar and Murrah calves, the mortality rates were very high in suckling calves groups of Tharparkar and Murrah calves, as compared to weaned groups.
Low Susceptibility to Pneumoniya and Dairreha in Thier Pedigries: Sires preferred for Breeding: Data Reprts shows that at the same time sires expressing low incidence of Pneumonia and diarrhea in their pedigrees may be preferred for breeding as compared to high incidence groups.Similar results reported by Sinha et al. (2010).
Less Susceptibility in Murrah Male Calves: It has also been observed that highest susceptibility to Pneumonia and diarrhea was in Murrah calves followed by Tharparkar and Vrindavani male calves.
It is concluded that in Vrindavani cows and Murrah buffaloes, the winter born calves were heaviest at birth and heavier calves expressed better growth and production through out their life as compared to lighter calves.
5 th Lactation Effect on Lifetime Production Observed: It was recorded in research that the number of female calves born up to 5 th lactation gradually increases with increase in lifetime production at the CBF of the institue.
Technologies for Evaluation of Dams Developed: In genetic resource improvement that is for evaluation of dams, BLUP was best followed by STS (Single trait selection), EBV and MPPA.This was highly significant result in milk yield production technologies.
To make dairy farming profitable and economic the new tchnology ie weaning (at birth) in Murrah buffalo calves could successfully be done with no adverse effect on growth of calves or mortality.This will increase quality and quantity of the milke industry.
Weaning Enhaced Conception Rates of Dams: Scientistific data shows that weaning has also been found good observation that weaning effect can enhance the conception rates of dams and reduce the service period.This advancement will add new dimentions in dairy farming and milke production technologies in future in India.