The New Battlefield : The Hidden History of U . S Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan

The United States foreign policy has been characterized as a long and zigzag history since the beginning of America in the late eighteenth century. This vital study is a part of this long history. During 1979 Soviets invaded Afghanistan and a Soviet-Afghan War was born, American’s major influence was to be towards this region and reforms in their foreign policy to expel the Soviets from Afghanistan. It took place between 1979 and 1989 about a decade. This study seeks to answer the following questions: “Which were the U.S key foreign policy in the context of Afghan-Soviet War during 1979 and 1989 under Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan Presidencies and how these Administrations provoked hard decisions against Soviet Union and established their own doctrines?” “How the U.S got the Afghan Mujahedeen’s confidence and funneled the billions of dollars and global dangerous weapons to them chest through Pakistani ISI to punish the Soviets in Afghanistan?” “How the U.S hidden actor’s played the key role in this war?” Results based on U.S recently declassified material regarding this war from 1979-89 and found that soon after the Soviets intervention of Afghanistan, U.S begun hidden supply to Afghan Mujahedeen chest through Pakistani ISI and both the U.S Presidents, Carter and Reagan, took hard decisions including established their doctrines to protect the Persian Gulf Region and its interests. In this game, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Charlie Wilson, William Casey, Howard Hart and Stansfield M Turner played the hidden role and finally expelled out the Soviets from Afghanistan.


Introduction
The Soviet Union's occupation of their southern neighbor Afghanistan during the last month in 1979 caught the global attention and instantly became the crucial point of international relations between Americans and Soviet Union.Soon after the Soviets' troops interred into Afghanistan, the American Administration, policy makers including U.S nation rejected the Soviet Red Army's invasion of Afghanistan.As response to Soviets in Afghanistan, the U.S Administration reforms their foreign policy towards Afghanistan to push the Soviets back to their home from Afghanistan.
In doing so, the main purpose of this study is to examine and get the better understanding of the U.S key foreign policy in the context of Afghan-Soviet whole war during 1979-1989 under the Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan Presidencies and how these Administrations took the hard decisions and established their doctrines including funneling of billions of dollars and worlds dangerous weapons to Afghan Mujahedeen for playing their key role in this game.

Washington's Initiating Steps
Once the invasion of Afghanistan occurred, a new and more ominous threat to American interests in the region became clear.When USSR (Soviet Union) forces began the incursion on Afghanistan, policy makers of U.S understood that Moscow's forces were near the Persian Gulf region.According to a commentary in U.S intelligence cited in 'Afghanistan: The Making of U. S Policy, 1973S Policy, -1990' ' which display this inception: 'The prime motivation that drive the USSR's move was to get its basic objectives within reach.Afghanistan's control would be a prime step to assess the dominations over the Asian Sub-Continent and Indian Ocean.(Note 1) The Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Adviser, wrote a memo to President Carter during 1980's and indicated the U.S interests towards Persian Gulf region and mentioned that we, U.S, should defend its interests in the region (Note 2).Therefore, it was now key objective of U.S to defend the Afghanistan to safe their objective in this region.
Initially, to respond the Soviets in Afghanistan, U.S high ranking officials hold a meeting on March 30, 1979, David Newsom, stated during a meeting of mini-Special Coordination Committee (SCC) that it was America's key policy to respond Soviet's involvement in Afghanistan to protect our interests towards this region, also stop their further steps towards third world countries.On April 6, 1979, SSC thoroughly discuss on number of options regarding covert support to Afghan Mujahedeen.The meeting also considered propaganda game through media about the Soviet's tactics within Afghanistan.The meeting considered the number of options such as indirect financial aid to Afghan Mujahedeen, direct support to anti-Afghan government and anti-Soviet movements, non-lethal aid, arms supply and Mujahedeen training and other assistance.The meeting finally recommended the non-lethal support with active role and ordered to CIA for early coordination with stake holders in Afghan Mujahedeen and put the final paperwork for approval (Gates, 2006, pp. 144-146).
Further, President Carter wrote a memorandum to Soviet leader Brezhnev and affirmed: "We expect that the principle of non-interference will be respected by all parties in the area, including the Soviet Union.No useful purpose is served by false and provocative reports about outside interferenceespecially when they occur at the same time as increased Soviet activity in Afghanistan.We can only wonder at their intent.We would regard external involvement in Afghanistan's internal problems as a serious matter with the potential of heightening tensions and destabilizing the situation in the entire region (Hilali, 2005, p. 144)." On December 15, 1979, Department of State telegram to U.S Embassy in Soviet Union and mentioned that U.S Embassy should ask to Soviet's about their military developments in Afghanistan and also ask to explain the reasons of interference in Afghanistan.The telegram further asked that embassy leader should met with Andrei A Gromyko, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, or any high ranking official of foreign department and inform them that U.S Administration is very concern regarding Afghanistan and under the Soviet-U.S agreement of 1972, Soviet should explain reasons of their forces in Afghanistan so that the misunderstandings between both countries and international tense situation can be controlled.The similar telegram was written to Soviet embassy in U.S for explanation regarding Afghanistan situation.(Note 3) On December 27, 1979, U.S embassy in Soviet Union replied to State Department through telegram and mentioned the meeting with V.F.Mal'stsev, first duty minister of Soviet Union regarding Soviet's military buildup in Afghanistan.The telegram explains that Mal'stsev met with U.S embassy and conveyed the message from Soviet Union leadership for U.S Government and particularly for President Carter.The Mal'stsev affirmed that as the Afghanistan's political situation gone worst and external interference damaged Afghanistan's internal affairs, so government of Afghanistan requested to Soviet's leadership for their help against the resistance.He further mentioned that Soviet Union and Afghanistan's interests are common towards this region and cemented agreement to protect these interests.Eventually, after deliberately discussion on Afghan request, Soviet leadership sent its troops to Afghanistan to assist the Afghanistan government.The Deputy further affirmed that: "limited" Soviet forces have gone into Afghanistan at Afghan Government request to repel "external" aggression in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter.Soviet forces would be withdrawn when the reasons for their being sent no longer exist."(Note 4) Another telegram was written from State Department to Soviet leadership on December 28, 1979 with titled "Ramifications of the Soviet Move into Afghanistan".The U.S President Carter warned to Soviet leadership regarding their military buildup in Afghanistan and said although both nations' interests are common so before doing any such kind of decisions, we should consult with each other.Furthermore, the President indicated that one sided decisions can distrust the other party and can damage USSR-U.S friendship agreement, which was cemented in 1972.Finally, President Carter affirmed that Soviet should withdraw their troops from Afghanistan for continuing the strong relations between both the nations.(Note 5) The Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev replied through memorandum to U.S President and rejected U.S assessments.The Brezhnev reminded U.S Government that Soviet leadership already explained the actual situation of Afghanistan through U.S Embassy in Soviet Union.He again said, Soviet troops sent to Afghanistan on the request of Afghanistan Government and should be expelled after getting the objectives.The Brezhnev further compelled that "it is not import that everyone should agree with us about our troops in Afghanistan".He finally explained that: "The Government of Afghanistan during the course of nearly two years has numerous times turned to us with this request.In point of fact one of these requests was sent to us on 26 December of this year.This is equally known by us and by the Afghanistan and Government which sent us these requests."I must further clearly state to you that the Soviet military contingents did not take any military action against Afghanistan and we clearly do not intend to do so."You have reproached us in your message that we did not consult with the USA Government in reference to the Afghani matter before introducing our military contingents into Afghanistan.Permit us to ask you-did you consult with us prior to beginning the massive concentration of naval forces near Iran and in the region of the Persian Gulf, as well as in many other cases, about which it would have been necessary as a minimum to notify us? "There is, of course, no basis for your assertion that our actions in Afghanistan allegedly threaten the peace.(Note 6) On December 31, 1979, the President Carter stated, during an interview to New York Time, that his policy has now completely changed towards Soviet's intervention of Afghan because Soviet leadership not truly informing the international community about their troops in Afghanistan.(Note 7) After all, the President Carter gave the historical statement during his address to nation and said "The U.S. will meet its responsibilities."(Note 8)

The Blame Game
The President Carter and General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev began direct approaches to each other and criticized each other policies.On December 30, 1979, President Carter hotline message to Brezhnev and showed seriousness about Soviets direct military buildup in Afghanistan without consulting with U.S. The President again reminded the U.S-Soviet friendship agreement which was signed in 1972 and advised to hesitate the direct confrontation between two superpowers.The President further urged that neither a powerful country direct invaded the other country, such an action should be dangerous for international community and breakup of international norms.To continue the productive and strong relationship between our two nations, the President advised, Soviets should back from their actions in Afghanistan.The Carter warned that productive relations should be undermined, if Soviets not go back from Afghanistan.Finally, he said: "I want to insure that you have fully weighed the ramifications of the Soviet actions in Afghanistan, which we regard as a clear threat to the peace.You should understand that these actions could mark a fundamental and long-lasting turning point in our relations.Taken without any previous discussions with us, they constitute in our view a clear violation of the Basic Principles on Relations, which you signed in 1972".(Note 9) In response to the President Carter's hotline message, the Brezhnev replied on December 29, 1979, and said: "It is impossible to agree with your evaluation of what is occurring in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.We have sent through your Ambassador to Moscow in a confidential manner to the American side and to you personally a clarification based on facts of what is actually occurring there, as well as the reasons which caused us to respond favorably to the request of the Government of Afghanistan for the introduction of limited Soviet military contingents."(Note 10) The Brezhnev further said that it is certainly not important to anyone's agree or disagree with us regarding Afghan situation and Soviet sent their troops after a special request on December 26 by Afghanistan government, as already informed U.S, to repulsing the external hands in Afghan affairs.Finally, the Brezhnev intensively replied on U.S consulting option and said that why Soviet consult with U.S or permit from you.Ever, U.S consult with "us" regarding their naval buildup near Iran borders.(Note 11) Eventually, these efforts failed and a proxy war begun between U.S and Soviet Union and U.S reforms their hard foreign policies towards this war.Besides, U.S-Soviet Union this war was not a new conflict but had already looped with Vietnam War therefore the conflict of Soviet-Afghanistan was a gigantic chance for U.S to revenge the Soviet Union so that U.S reformed their policies as 'Hurt Them' and did not miss the chance.Also Gulf Oil and revenge to Soviets were the prime objectives for the U.S foreign policies towards this proxy war (Imran & Xiaochuan, 2015).Although the U.S warnings were ignored by Soviet leadership so U.S Administration took hard decisions against the Soviets.

President Carter's Hard Decisions
The Carter Administration was much worried about the Soviet's influence in Afghanistan.Therefore, soon after the Soviet interred into Afghanistan, the President Carter, Brzezinski, and U.S policy makers decided to supply the financial aid to Afghan Mujahedeen in the form of propaganda operation and medical assistance.The President ordered his team to reform foreign policy towards Afghanistan and began assistance to Soviets-Afghan Government oppositions (Charles, 1993).
On January 1980 during State of Union address, President Carter accepted the Soviet's challenge in Afghanistan and announced the changes in U.S foreign policies.The President declared that any external influence over Persian Gulf region would be key challenge for U.S and should be considered the threats to U.S interests towards this region.He further added, the Soviets moves towards this region should be considered the same threats to U.S interests, hence, the U.S should repel all these aggressive steps by all means including the U.S military force.(Note 12) The SALT-II treaty was also under consideration between U.S-Soviet for control the mass weapons but soon after the Soviets military buildup in Afghanistan, the President declared that it is impossible now to continue this treaty and should be delayed.(Note 13) Soon after these initiative decisions, one step forwards, President Carter declared his doctrine to protect the Persian Gulf region.

The Carter's Doctrine
The President Carter's speech to U.S nation touched number of issues and President finally concluded his speech with the security of Afghan region particularly Persian Gulf Regional Security Framework, which later known as "Carter Doctrine".The President put a wording map during his speech and explained the different incoming challenges due to Soviet presence in Afghanistan; the emerging of oil problems in Western countries supplies from Middle Eastern states; and, the number of changes in developing countries such as Iranian revolution.The Carter then explained in detail all these issues and pointed out the big challenges for U.S, the President then asserted that "the Soviet's presence in Afghanistan emerged as the biggest challenge for U.S in this region.(Note 14) The President Carter also added that Soviet's powerful force is going to destroy the defenseless nation of Afghanistan which can be considers a radical action and can destroy the regional peace.The President then stated: "The vast majority of nations on Earth have condemned this latest Soviet attempt to extend its colonial domination of others and have demanded the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops.The Muslim world is especially and justifiably outraged by this aggression against an Islamic people.No action of a world power has ever been so quickly and so overwhelmingly condemned.But verbal condemnation is not enough.The Soviet Union must pay a concrete price for their aggression."(Note 15) The international community praised the President's these decisions and soon after his address to nation, the President firmly established his new foreign policy towards Afghan region particularly to expel the Soviets from Afghanistan and protect the Persian Gulf region.In the end of his speech, as answering of a question, the President very clearly and openly stated that "Now U.S position is very clear regarding Afghanistan issue that all external involvement that assault the American interests in Persian Gulf region, should be repelled by U.S through all means including military force.(Note 16) After all, Carter issued his doctrine, in written, as following.

National Security Council (NSC)-63
The important issues discussed during President's addresses on January 4 and January 23 recorded as National Security Council secret document, which later known as NSC-63.After necessary amendment by Brzezinski, this important document in the form of Presidential Directive-63, presented to Carter and other U.S policy makers on January 15, 1981.(Note 17) Through NSC-63 document, the President ordered, same his Union address, about the security and protection of Gulf region from Soviet's in Afghanistan and the President affirmed that:

"An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States. It will be repelled by the use of any means necessary, including military force." (Note 18)
Subsequently, the President ordered to strengthen U.S allies in this region to protect the Strait of Hormuz.It is also our key policy to defend the U.S interests around the globe so U.S should meets it responsibilities.Hence, the President affirmed the military components and directed that U.S should takes the number of actions such as; deploy its own troops in the Gulf region with full power to maintain its credibility in the region, military pressure on Soviets and to response their troops in any further movements towards this region; the USSR should pay the diplomatic and economic costs if they influence in the Gulf region; U.S should assist the regional states to deter the Soviet threats to them; Arab-Israeli conflict also be settled to enhance the peace in the region; great relations should be improved with regional states and also approached them to protect the U.S interests in this region.

(Note 19)
The President further affirmed that since U.S had developed his security in the Gulf region, it is also important to continue this trend under NSC-63 regarding Persian Gulf Security Framework.The Carter directed to Defense Department to collaborate with State Department and meets its responsibilities to protect the Gulf region.The The President finally affirmed that Soviet's should pay the high costs until the Afghan freedom fighters should achieve their objectives.(Note 31) Then, during 1985, the Reagan increased their approaches towards Afghan War and re-established the policy to bleed more Soviets in Afghanistan through support of Mujahedeen and get them out from here.To get these goals, number of debates held in State Department, finally, National Security Decision Directive (NSDD)-166, approved by President and Congress and funneled the billions of dollars to Afghan Mujahedeen against Soviets in Afghanistan (Gates, 2006, p. 348).Soon after this, a big decision was also taken by Reagan Administration as provision of more sensitive and sophisticated arms to Afghan Mujahedeen to punish the Soviets in Afghanistan.(Note 32) After all these actions by Reagan Administration and its policy makers, now the American believe was going to change from Moscow's pay to expel them out from Afghanistan (Cogan, 1993, p. 76).

Washington's Hard Decisions
Along with other actions, the American Administrations also took the more aggressive steps against the Soviet Union and imposed the number of sanctions against them at national and international levels.Both the Carter and Reagan Administration pursued economic war against Moscow and initially banes the number of imports/exports to Soviet Union.The President Carter took the strict actions and considered to ban the agriculture and industrial items to Moscow (Gates, 2006, p. 537 The Tornoff further mentioned the military, economic, multilateral, and other regional actions such as increasing and alert U.S troops in Gulf region; of business, joint commercial convention and civil aviation negotiations with Moscow; reducing of exporting / importing from Soviet; suspension of fishing trade with Moscow; increasing of broadcasting in Muslim states and particularly in Soviet Union; regularly updating to United Nation (UN) about Soviet actions in Afghanistan; urging other nations to condemn Soviet's actions in Afghanistan; approaching UN for security council resolution; urging to other nations for support of U.S actions against Soviets; approach to Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) for restraints on Soviet; increasing of economic aid for regional states; approach to Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR), Comprehensive Test Ban (CTB), and chemical weapons (CW) organizations for control of arms sale to Soviet Union; closing of U.S embassy in Afghanistan and urge others to do same; increasing of financial aid for Afghan Mujahedeen; developing of American troops in Gulf region on war basis; increasing of American arms supply to Moscow's periphery; coordination with Romanian, Turkish and Yugoslavian Government for cooperation against Soviets; and finally increasing of political and military relations with Chinese Government for punishing the Soviets in Afghanistan.(Note 34) A National Security Council (NSC) meeting hold on January 2, 1980, under Brzezinski regarding Soviets actions in Afghanistan and the results of this meeting were sent to Vice President Mondale, Secretary of State Vance, and Secretary of Defense Brown through memorandum.Brzezinski mentioned the number of actions in this memo and said that U.S should take number of actions against the Soviet such as State Department reduced the Soviet diplomatic official in U.S, same as Soviet's reduced the U.S officials in Moscow; to publicize the Moscow's actions in Afghanistan, U.S will stepped up the broadcasting of Voice of America, Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe; U.S embassy officials in Afghanistan will be reduced to ten; banning of business with Afghan government and stop the assistance to Babrak government; U.S will cancelled the visas of Soviet officials on case-by-case basis; Moscow's media representatives in U.S will be reduced same level as Moscow reduced Americans; shipment of Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) channel will be stopped until further order; and General Exchange Agreement meeting with Moscow will be stopped.( pp. 101-102).The American policy makers believed that CIA's policy towards covert assistance to Afghan Mujahedeen was critical step for bleeding of Soviets and pro-Soviet Afghans.They began more supply in the form of anti-aircraft arms to Soviet oppositions (Gates, 2006, p. 320).
A number of conservative Congress members were not agreed with government for over support to Afghan Mujahedeen including the John McMahon, the CIA's Deputy Director, who warned U.S Administration that over supply for Afghan cause can harm for Pakistan or U.S own interests in the region including emerging of corruption in stake holders.But everyone in Congress was pushing for more support.(Note 42) Hence, U.S policy makers were agreed to supply more and more to Afghan freedom fighters to the last Afghan.They decided to supply them more but not over as explained Democratic Congressmen Charlie Wilson; "It would be indefensible to provide the freedom fighters with only enough aid to fight and die, but not enough to advance the cause of freedom (Coll, 2004, pp. 91-92 & 599)." Most of U.S decision makers believed that they were going right way.Fascell Congressman, the Chairman of the CSCE Commission, put the details of Afghan covert operations in front of committee during a conference.
Wilson appreciated the $40 million, which were allocated for Afghan cause and $17 million, out of them, especial for buying the anti-aircraft for Afghan Mujahedeen.He further explained that "This is the only place in the world where the forces of freedom are actually fighting and killing the Russians (Crile, 2003, pp. 204-209 & pp. 214-215)." Now the Casey deeply involved in this game day-by-day, during the first month of 1984, Casey briefed President and cabinet about the Mujahedeen's achievements in Afghanistan.He explained that after supplying the Lee Enfield rifles to Afghan Mujahedeen through ISI, more than seventeen thousand Soviets have been killed in Afghanistan and this amount was supplied by CIA and GID (Saudi Arabian Intelligence).He further added that this operation would be costly for Soviets ever seen (Coll, 2004, p. 89).
Gates mentioned in his book, From the Shadows, that Casey convinced his team for more aid to Afghan Mujahedeen, hence, in the end of 1984, U.S Administration planned to funnel the more assistance to Afghan Mujahedeen for punishing the Soviets in Afghanistan.(Gates, 2006, pp. 320-321).In sum, President Reagan dramatically changed U.S foreign policy towards Afghan cause during 1984 with determined that U.S should win this war now.He increased the Afghan Mujahedeen's support several time over as compare previous years under the Presidential Directive.Casey and Wilson were the main character to done this job and CIA and ISI played the key role as bridge.There were also initiating retaliations by Soviet Air force bombing across the Pakistani border (Ibid, pp.319-320).
In the FY 1986, Reagan Administration issued $470 million for the support of Afghan Mujahedeen and this amount reached up to $630 million in the mid of 1987, not counting the Saudis share.Now Afghan jihad was swimming in dollars and CIA began direct contacts with Afghan Mujahedeen commanders without the involvement of ISI.The CIA offered payroll money direct to commander for collaboration with CIA and improving the war tactics.CIA offered packages such as, a regional commander can receive more than $2000, more influence can receive more than $50000 and provincial commander can earn more than $100000 per month (Coll, 2004, pp. 148-151).By the end of 1987, the U.S funneled more than $700 million in the form of military aid and Pakistan was at key allies who received more money out of this package.(Note 43) U.S not only funneled the billions of dollars but also supplied the world's dangerous weapons to Afghan freedom fighters.

The Wonder Weapons
U.S Administrations and its policy makers also took critical decisions as provision of dangerous weapons to Afghan Mujahedeen to punish the Soviet forces in Afghanistan and CIA done this job chest through ISI.In the begging of war, no any American believe that Soviets troops can expelled by little movements of Mujahedeen.Same as other hard decisions, Carter Administration decided to supply the arms shipments to Afghan Mujahedeen, hence, in the last months of 1979, Carter signed a proposal for provision of arms to Afghan freedom fighters and Reagan re-authorized in 1981 (Gates, 2006, p. 58) The decision was made against the CIA's initial warnings.On first day of Stinger use, the Mujahedeen hit three Soviet aircrafts out of four, soon they were mounted on Soviets and Afghan air power.Later, Soviet pilots began flying high to avoid the Stingers, thus Soviets loss their air power that beneficial for Afghan Mujahedeen.Soon the Stinger's story spread around the Afghan war and every Afghan fighter wants this missile, these were also known as "magic amulet" (Gates, 2006, p. 350).
The use of Stinger was very expensive for both the States such as U.S used Stinger for a cost of $70000 and destroyed the $20 million aircraft of Soviets (Crile, 2003, p. 437).The CIA estimated that Mujahedeen hit the Soviet aircraft seven times, out of ten fires and U.S every dollar destroyed Soviets $200 (Ibid).U.S intelligence reported expressed the Soviets damage and affirmed that: "Before the Stingers were employed in his area, Soviet helicopters flew wherever they wanted with impunity.They would hover anywhere they desired and fire into villages.Soviet crewmen would chase villagers and shoot them at will.But now when the helicopters approach villages at low altitude, they land quickly to discharge troops.. .Also, the transports that are used to fly up and down the valleys at low altitude now fly so high they can hardly be seen with the naked eye.The guerrillas have found it a little safer to live in their villages because the high-flying planes cannot bomb with the same accuracy as they once did.(Note 47) Gates mentioned in his book "From the Shadows" that a report was received on January 6, 1987 from U.S senior officer in war region that Afghan freedom fighters were increasingly victorious against the Soviets in Afghan war and they began counter-measures tactics.He added that "most significant battlefield development during the last six months was the introduction of the Stingers (Gates, 2006, p. 430)." All in all, U.S Stingers changed the Afghan war scenario and Mujahedeen were now going to winning the war and Americans were going to achieve their goals towards this region including revenge from Soviets on Vietnam War.

Conclusion
The work presented in this article provides new knowledge and understanding about U.S foreign policy during Soviet-Afghan War between 1979-89.In doing so, this vital study shed light on Soviets intervention of Afghanistan, which caused American influence with its strong foreign policy towards this region during Soviet-Afghan War 1979-89.It has been found that soon after initial warnings by U.S to Soviet Union about their intervention in Afghanistan, U.S President Jimmy Carter and his policy makers began financial aid, non-lethal and military support including dangerous arms to Afghan Mujahedeen under supervision of CIA chest through Pakistani ISI, which later changed into largest covert operation in CIA history.Carter also publically declared his 'doctrine' that if Soviets not cooperate with U.S and international community regarding Afghanistan matter, U.S would use all available means including military force to expel the Soviets from Afghanistan to protect the Persian Gulf region.The Carter's Administration established strong foreign policy against Soviet communism and led to supply the Afghan Mujahedeen to 'bleed' Soviets until last Afghan and revenge on Vietnam War.However, U.S policy dramatically changed soon after the President Ronald Reagan interred into Presidential office, because of his strict policy towards communism, he called Soviets as 'Evil Empire'.President Reagan also took more aggressive steps against Soviets on their presence in Afghanistan and first time President Reagan openly announced the support of Afghan freedom fighters and approved new directive (NSDD-166) in 1985 to supply the billions of dollars to Afghan freedom fighters for punishing Soviets in Afghanistan.The President Reagan was more interested in this war against communists' invasion of Afghanistan, hence, he reforms the U.S foreign policy and took more aggressive decisions such as U.S banning of grain sale to Moscow, cancellation of participation in Olympic Games, economic warfare and reduced diplomatic relations and number of other hard actions against Soviet Union, also approached to other nations for doing same.In the last years of war, America's policy changed from 'bleed' to 'kill' the Soviets and Reagan Administration supplied Stingers Missiles to Afghan Mujahedeen to punish the Soviets in Afghanistan, which changed the whole war scenario.An important actors and their key roles belonging this war, those were ignored by even researchers, historian, journalists and everyone those written on this topic, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Charlie Wilson, William Casey, Howard Hart and Stansfield M Turner, those were at front line during whole the war.These actors also used their power to influence over U.S foreign policy and led to others for more and more support to Afghan Mujahedeen.U.S also purchased Soviets' made weapons from number of countries and further supplied to Afghan Mujahedeen through CIA and ISI.U.S and Saudi Arabia were key external actors those funneled billions of dollars, world's dangerous arms and training to Afghan freedom fighter's chest through Pakistani ISI and eventually expelled out the Soviets from Afghanistan and took revenge on Vietnam War.
).The Peter Tarnoff, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State and Executive Secretary of the Department of State, wrote a memorandum, U.S. Soviet Relations and Afghanistan, to Brzezinski on December 31, 1979 and mentioned the number of initial actions by U.S against the Soviets.The Tornoff affirmed that U.S Administration has decided to take unilateral actions such as withdrawing of SALT-II from Senate; reviewing of arms control agreements; reducing of official and social relations with Soviets; media statements by President about America-Soviet relationship; recall Thomas Watson from Moscow; reducing of Soviet diplomatic officials in U.S; expelling of Moscow's intelligence officials in U.S; criticizing of Moscow on human rights abuses; publicizing of Moscow's actions in Afghanistan; reducing of relations with Karmal regime; canceling of consular review meeting; traveling ban on Soviet NY advance group; visa banning for Moscow's officials to U.S; reducing of Soviet's media staff in U.S; postpone Exchange Agreement Negotiations (EAN) and cancel the American representation in EAN and selected Exchanges; re-consideration on Olympic games; and Harassment.(Note 33) To increase the more funding for Afghan cause, the Casey travelled to Middle East states and commitment with Saudi Arabia for increasing the covert support $75 million for 1984 and $100 million dollars for 1985.Under this agreement, U.S also increased their part of contribution in sum of $50 million during 1984.Casey also proposed Saudis as $250 million for next year for more pressure on Soviet Red Army in Afghanistan.Later Casey message to Saudis and Pakistani Governments that U.S is going to issue the $250 million in FY 1985 and releasing $175 million on immediate basis.Eventually, Reagan Administration issued $300 million for 1985 . On the same time, CIA's logistical officer purchased thousands of Lee Enfield 303 Soviet made rifles and rocket launchers from Indian, Greece, Chinese and Egyptian Governments and further shipped them to Pakistani ISI for handing over to Afghan