On the Influence of Turkic Languages on Kalmyk Vocabulary

The article covers the development and enrichment of vocabulary in the Kalmyk language and its dialects influenced by Turkic languages from ancient times when there were a hypothetical so called Altaic linguistic community in the period of general Mongolian linguistic condition and general Oirat condition. After Kalmyks moved to Volga, they already had an independent Kalmyk language. The research showed how the Kalmyk language was influenced by the ancient Turkic language, the Uigur language and the Kirghiz language, and also by the Kazakh language and the Nogai language (the Qypchaq group).


Introduction
As it is known, Turkic and Mongolian languages together with Tungus-Manchurian languages have long been considered kindred and united into one so called group of "Altaic languages".They called so because they are thought to form in a vast geographical area of Altai.Subsequently, scientists began to reckon the Korean and Japan languages to this group.
Altaic linguistics acquired a truly scientific basis and became an independent field of the general comparative historic linguistics only in the 19 th century.Because of poorly developed lexical statistics in this group, scientists do not cover the chronology of the Altaic linguistic community and the time of its disintegration.
In the research papers on Altaic linguistics, there is no even a unity of opinions concerning the disintegration of Altaic linguistic community.For instance, B. Y. Vladimirtsov thought that first the proto-Altaic language divided into two branches: the Turkic-Mongolian basic language and the Tungus-Manchurian parent language.Afterwards, the Turkic-Mongolian parent language engendered the Turkic and Mongolian basic languages.N. A. Baskakov is of the same opinion.G. J. Ramstedt separates the Tungus-Manchurian-Mongolian and Turkic parent languages in the Altaic linguistic community.Besides, he includes the Korean language in the set of Altaic languages.Following G. J. Ramstedt, N. N. Poppe also distinguishes two branches in the Altaic basic language: 1) the Turkic-Mongolian-Tungus-Manchurian linguistic community which later on divided into the proto-Turkic language and the Mongolian-Tungus-Manchurian linguistic community; 2) the ancient Korean language from which the modern Korean language developed separately.The ancient Korean language was the first to stand out from the Altaic linguistic community.Mongolian and Tungus-Manchurian languages developed separately from the Mongolian-Tungus-Manchurian linguistic community through the proto-Mongolian and proto-Tungus-Manchurian languages.
As one can see, the schemes of disintegration of the Altaic linguistic community proposed by G. J. Ramstedt and N. N. Poppe differ fundamentally from the schemes of B. Y. Vladimirtsov and N. A. Baskakov supported by G.D. Sanzheyev.The latter three scientists trace Turkic and Mongolian languages to one Turkic-Mongolian parent language.This idea was accepted in Soviet Altaic linguistics and stimulated the development of a special research area in the historical Turkic linguistics called "the Turkic-Mongolian linguistics".Moreover, they actively searched for the Turkic-Mongolian parent language.The belief in Turkic-Mongolian linguistic genetic community was based on the great number of common lexical elements in Turkic and Mongolian languages.This number is the biggest among Altaic languages.W. L. Kotwicz-an eminent specialist in Altaic linguistics of the 20 th century-came to a totally different comprehension for the process and result of the development of Altaic languages.In his paper, which generalizes his research in Altaic linguistics, he came to a conclusion that Altaic languages developed in mutual contacts.Thus they worked out typologically common traits of their grammatical system and enriched each other with lexical elements.
The Turkic and Mongolian ethnoses are in contact for many thousand years in a limited area in Central Asia, and a certain number of common elements could not but accumulate in their languages both in vocabulary and in grammar.Kotwicz's calculation showed that there are 50% of common grammatical elements and about 25% of common lexical elements in Turkic and Mongolian languages.

Main Part
The Kalmyk language, as one of Mongolian languages of the Oirat group, stood out from it relatively recently.During its development, it experienced all historical peripeties like other Mongolian languages.That is why the Kalmyk language a priori contains both elements left over from the pra-Altaic times and those imported from various Altaic and non-Altaic languages with which native Kalmyks contacted during their historical development.The Kalmyk language is studied for quite a long time, beginning with the 19 th century.However, not all of his levels are studied sufficiently.Scientists studied its phonetics, word formation system, morphology, syntax, phraseology and interaction with the Russian language.They compiled different dictionaries.However, the vocabulary turns out to be studied least of all, especially its interaction with Turkic languages.For the present, this problem did not attract the attention of scientists who study the Kalmyk language.We will consider this problem below.We will try to study the vocabulary of the Kalmyk language in terms of the Turkic-Mongolian linguistic community.
The Kalmyk language is one of Altaic languages.Bearing this in mind, we will try to find the traces of the Altaic parent language in it.We can suppose that one of such ancient lexemes is the name of a stone as the most ancient material for tools.One of such words in the Kalmyk language is čolun (compare with the Kh.-Mong.čuluu, the Bur.šuluun) traced to the archaic word form čilaγun remained in the ancient written Mongolian language.This form is the most archaic among the remained ones, thus we will analyze it.At a certain stage of the development of Mongolian phonetics, syllable či was derived from *ti.In a firm row variant, this syllable looked like *ty.Thus we have the right to suppose that this word had a pra-form *tylaγun.We can distinguish two components in this pra-form: some affix γun and pra-root *tyla.Although, there can be another variant here: -un is affix forming noun bases in Mongolian languages.If this is true, word form *tylaγ is a pra-root.In Tungus-Manchurian languages stone is named dʹolokh, in the Korean language stone is tol.In Turkic languages everything is not so unambiguously.For example, in the Chuvash language, word form čul is used for stone.In other Turkic languages there are such forms as taš/daš/tas/taas.In ancient Turkic records, we find word form taš/tas. On the face of it, it seems that Chuvash word čul coincides with Mongolian čuluu.Although this is not so because Chuvash čul is strictly correlated with Turkic taš.Let us try to sort out.The Chuvash language belongs to the Bulgarian group that have a phenomenon of lambdaism when instead of Turkic sound š they pronounce l, like khyl instead of kyš "winter".Thus we can suppose the same correspondence in the word čul.General Turkic initial voiceless consonant in a number of Chuvash words logically transformed to voiceless hushing affricate č, like čelkhe instead of til "tongue".Thus we can suppose that there was *tul in the parent Bulgarian language at the place of modern Chuvash čul.At the same time, in the sphere of vowels we can see a regularity of correspondence between Bulgarian u and Turkic а, like bur instead of bar "is".This allows correlating *tul with taš.
In the Kalmyk language, there are many general Mongolian words which are present in all Turkic languages, i.e. general Turkic.It is impossible to identify the internal form of such words.That is why we cannot decide unambiguously what their origin is.Thus we will consider them general Turkic-Mongolian words.The following words can serve as examples: khar "black", compare with old wr.Mong.qara, Kh.-Mong.khar, Bur.khara id., in Turkic languages it corresponds to the general Turkic word kara with the same meaning; küčn "power", compare with old wr.Mong.küčün, Kh.-Mong.khüč, Bur.khüsen/khüšen id., in Turkic languages it corresponds to the general Turkic word küč with the same meaning; bol= "be, become", compare with old wr.Mong.bol, Kh.-Mong.bol, Bur.bolo id., in Turkic languages it corresponds to the word bol with the same meaning.
At the same time, there are many general Mongolian words in the Kalmyk language that undoubtedly have the Turkic origin.Their etymology is present in Turkic languages while in Mongolian languages they are isolated and their internal form is not explained anyhow.These words include, for example, Kalm.otr "distant (about pastures)", old wr.Mong.otur, Kh.-Mong.otor "distant pasture; fresh spring grass; pasture; spring battue", Bur.otor "summer farm; distant pasture" with prototypes: Turk.otar jer "pasture" originating in Turk.ot "grass, greenery"; Kalm.ärün "pure, light, transparent, clear; clean, neat, hygienic; fig.honest, sacred, holy", Kh.-Mong.ariun "sacred, holy; honest; clean, neat, hygienic", Bur.arʹun "clean, clear, light; transparent (about water); clean, neat; beautiful; hygienic; fig.pure, honest; sacred, holy".The archaic form of them is fixed in old wr.Mong.arigun id., originating in the praform *aryγun which can be broken down into affix -un forming Mongolian noun bases and some root *ariγ.The origin of this root is not explained by Mongolian languages but it can be easily done by Turkic languages.Here the parent Mongolian root *ariγ corresponds well to the ancient Turkic adjective aryγ "clean, not polluted; fig.Morally pure, noble, decent, innocent; rel.pure, permitted (about food); completely, purely, fully; properly" arose from the general Turkic verb ary= 'to be pure"; Kalm.ärl= "to go away, to retire; to run away, to make off"; Kh.-Mong.aril= "to clean oneself; to become clear, to clear up; to evaporate, to vanish; to disappear; to go away, to retire; to run away, to make off"; Bur.aril=/arli= "to clean oneself; to clear up; to stop (about rain); to clear away (about fog); to go away, to retire; to beat it (to save one's bacon), to run away, to make off".The archaic form of them is fixed in old wr.Mong.arila originating in archaic praform *arila which is nothing but an adoption of general Turkic passive form aryl "to become clean, to clean oneself" from the verb ary=; Kalm.balčirhn "cow parsnip", Kh.-Mong.balčirgana/baldargana "cow parsnip", Bur.balšargana "cow parsnip Siberian, hellebore".Their archaic form is fixed in old wr.Mong.balčirγana/baldarγana "cow parsnip" with Turkic etymology; compare general Turkic baltyr "calves, shin" from which with the help of affix -γan the word baltyrγan "cow parsnip" was formed.This word is present in many contemporary Turkic languages.There are hundreds of such words in the Kalmyk language including the names of plants, birds, wild and domestic animals, various colours, landscape terms, the names of natural phenomena, social, political, military and other terms.
At the same time, there were found many words with obviously Turkic origin but used only in the Kalmyk language and its dialects.They are absent in other Mongolian languages.

Findings
So, we can conclude that the Kalmyk language was influenced by Turkic languages long time ago when Kalmyk ancestors-the Oirats-was still a part of northern Mongolian tribes who spoke also the Khalkha-Mongolian and Buryat languages.This is proved by similar Turkisms both in old Mongolian language and in modern Khalkha and Buryat.There are a great number of such Turkisms in the Kalmyk language.A large analyzed volume of specific Turkisms in Kalmyk vocabulary confirms that the independent Kalmyk language also had quite ancient and close ties with Turkic languages.These ties was continued later but already with the Kirghiz and Uigur languages.Many loanwords came to the Kalmyk language from the Kazakh, Nogay and Tatar languages after Kalmyks moved to Volga.As we mentioned above, the Derbet dialect is the richest one in Turkisms among Kalmyk dialects.The poorest one is the Torgut dialect.The Kirghiz and Uigur had a strong influence on the vocabulary of Sart-Kalmyks.