Problems of Meaning in Toponym Formation of Kazakh Language

The article deals with the problems of meaning in formation of land-sea in the Kazakh language, dependent on extra linguistic situation. Also, types of meanings in the language, the features of lexical meaning and importance of word formation are discussed. Analyzes the opinions of scientists Novikov L. A, Kubryakova E. S, Zemsky E. A, Oralbai N., Kasim B. about word-formation relating to the basic concept of the derivative semantics.


Introduction
Proper nouns present a subject of special science -onomastics (from Greek onomastike -an art to denominate), studying their nominative properties, functioning in the language and society, and their formation pattern.They were studied in the works of such linguists, as A. V. Superanskaya, V. A. Nikonov, E. M. Murzaev, V. D. Bondaletov, L. A. Vvedenskaya, A. A. Ufimtseva, T. D. Dzhanuzakov, E. A. Kerimbaev, L. R. Kontsevich, V. N. Popova, V. U. Makhpirov, S. E. Isabekov, L. K. Zhanalina, G. B. Madieva, Li Ji Rin, Hon Ge Mun and others.Separate section of this science -toponymy -studies the origin of geographical names (toponyms).Toponyms constitute a significant layer of lexicology of any language, including the Kazakh one.The term "toponym" (from Greek topos "place" and onyma "name") means the proper noun, the name of any geographical object: rivers, lakes, seas, cities, villages, mountains, islands, streets, squares etc.They appear and function in close connection with nation's geography, history and ethnography.That is why toponymy presents the valuable material for linguistics, as it is not only the reflection of language, but also a reliable source for its history.Toponyms provide us with the data about former migrations of one or another nation, about contacts with other nations, and about the pattern of human settlement on new territory, about geographical peculiarities of this territory.The toponyms themselves are the evidence of the historical past; they reflect time, area, historical situations of the toponym origin (Kim, 2001, p. 323).On the other hand, the toponym history frequently helps to reveal the history of the nation itself.According to the vivid expression of T. Dzhanuzakov "The history of any land becomes unreal without tangled skein of human fates, where each thread, joining into one, constitutes the genealogical tree of separate generation or tribe.All this together is a history of the whole nation of several dozens of thousand years long; it is a cultural heritage, passing from generation to generation, as if the flare, which personifies the eternal wisdom, approved within centuries, the inner state of the nation's soul, its character and natural existence" (Djanuzakov, 1988, p. 221).The toponyms reflect national identity of the nation, its history, conditions of its life, psychic behavior, which is reflected in traditions, customs, folklore, material and spiritual culture.Toponyms synthesize the richest culture and psychology of the nation, the unique way of its visual thinking.A basis for such conclusion is the semantic content of the communicated name, influencing on human consciousness in its fullness and multidimensionality, shown in special eurhythmy of all involved linguistic means.The linguistic means reveal its potential possibilities in its content, participate in production of special toponymic structures, play an important role in acquisition of their construction laws.geographical names casts light upon many problems of history, culture, language of nations, including the ancient ones.
The language vocabulary constantly develops and changes.That is why it provides the communicative need and practical use of the definite period.The vocabulary of the language is being filled in two ways: the words from the other languages and the words from the language itself.The first way is frequently connected with the historical events.It is mainly met in the toponyms.The second way is produced through the word formative language system.It also participates in formation of toponyms.As compared with the other language levels, with other linguistic systems, the word formation participates in manifestation of changes and events, taking place in surrounding environment.The peculiarity of word formation is that it depends on extra linguistic situations.It shall meet the practical need, that lies outside the language.
As the word formation presents the new field of language science, many problems are waiting for being studied.Despite the fact, that the Kazakh language defines the main scientific notions, positions and principles of word formation, there are still a lot of problems that deserve to be studied.One of them is the explanation of meaning in toponyms formation.Taking into consideration the role of toponyms, as the means, influencing on the development of the person, formation of his general culture in whole, and the preservation of history of his motherland, the study of meaning in toponyms formation becomes essential.
In reference to the problem of meaning in toponyms formation, the scientists have contradictory opinions.The reason is that the lexical units, as a part of land-sea names, as used as a basis for toponyms formation.Here is the problem of meaning in theoretical principles of the proper name.Since the proper names do not have commonness, as in common names, and the common names do not bear identity, individuality.
The scientists Superanskaya A. V. and Nikonov V. A. state, that, despite the fact, that the semantic content of the proper name from the phonetic and morphological part complies with the main word, they cannot be considered in single meaning (Superanskaya, 1973, p. 257;Nikonov, 1980, p. 95).In the opinion of Superanskaya A. V., the meaning of proper names is determined by social and historical factors.The proper names are included to the definite lexical field and create a system.The members of this system are connected with each other by territorial, temporal, thematic and other types of forms (Superanskaya, 1973, pp. 280-281).
According to Belenkaya V. D., taking into account that the object in different time gets the names in connection with different events, it is difficult to speak about grouping of proper names from the semantic point of view (Belenkaya, 1969, p. 167).
However, many scientists state, that there are differences between the proper name and the common name (Voroveva, 1977, p. 22;Starostin, 1971, p. 347).Some researchers (L.V. Shcherba, E. Kurilovich, A. Gardiner) put the proper names and the common names opposite to each other.Such scientists, as V. Tashitsky, Zh.Vandries, A. L. Reformatsky deny the differences between two abovementioned lexical groups.
Actually, there are common problems between the proper names and appellatives.Since they are the nouns, and they are connected with each other genetically.According to Zhukovich, it is "...the quantitative redistribution of its main features and, finally, its qualitative change in whole" (Zhuchkeyevich, 1980, p. 19).
Two different views are named: 1) the toponyms are the words without lexical meaning (they are fully asemantic) and 2) despite the fact, that the toponyms meanings are vague, as compared to the appellatives, they have the semantic structure; there are difficulties in determination of toponyms semantics.The first opinion was mentioned in the works of such outstanding scientists, as A. A. Reformatsky, O. S. Akhmanova, A. A. Ufimtseva, A. A. Bulakhovsky, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk and others.The second opinion can be found in A. A. Potebnya, F. I. Buslaeva, M. V. Sherba, S. D. Katsnelson, T. N. Kondratyeva, N. M. Shansky, I. I. Kovalina, V. F. Nikolayzen.
All abovementioned theories of toponyms are nominative (named), that is why they do not have the semantics of the derived words, even if they have, they are considered to be insignificant.All toponyms lack their initial meanings, they have only sound (graphical) shape.They serve only to denote definite, specific object.
If to analyze as per present-day paradigm of linguistics research, i.e. as per the principles of linguistics, the study, connected with the person: "Any name is used to denote the definite notion, consequently, further is the cognition.A Person, the Earth, the Nature are the notions of three units.In such case, the name has become the basis in cognition, hearing and presentation of these natural phenomena" (Kasym, 2010, p. 195).

Hypotheses and Their Correspondence to Research Design
Many toponyms of the Kazakh language are mainly referred to the compound names.Compound names are proper names.The famous scientist Kasym B. told about it the following: "Compound names, the same as all other lexical units of the language, denote the strict structural and semantic integrity.Thank to this denomination in the form of word, the lexemes are included to the language system" (Kasym, 2010, p. 210).
Then, any compound name, being formed on the basis of word formation, constitutes its inner semantic structure.For instance, Ushkonyr, Saryozek, Zhanakorgan and others.
The word formation has such notions, as word formative meaning (WFM), word formative structure (WFStruc) and word-formative motivation (WFMot).It is necessary to highlight the word formative semantics from them, which determines the motivation word in definite word formative structure, and denotes special meaning.L.A. Novikov says about it in the following way: "The specificity of word formative meaning is in the fact that it lies in the plan of inter-conventional motivation, presenting one of the manifestations of "inner form" (Novikov, 1982, p. 19).
The word formative meaning (WFM) belongs to the main notions of word formative semantics (WFS).E.S. Kubryakova reminds, that: "The word formative meaning is "a complex meaning with definite semantic form, reflecting the essence of semantic associations between different classes of words and communicating it in general view, in the form of game and intertexture of meanings, joining class associations" (Kubryakova, 1981, p. 97).In her work, titled "The Types of Linguistic Meanings", Kubryakova E. S. mentions, that "the word formative meaning" of the derived word gives a new lexical or new grammatical meaning (Kubryakova, 1981, p. 108).From the following we understand, that the WFM is a special type of meaning structure; it is stated, that, on the one hand, it is based on grammar, and, on the other hand, on vocabulary.Thus, it is said about the change of sense-group and the changes in grammar transformation of the derived word.
Oralbaya N. and Kasym B. were the ones from the Kazakh scientists, who determined and evaluated the WFM in a correct way as per the concept of Zemskaya E. A., Karashchuk P. M. and Kubryakova E. S. The WFM is an element, connecting the interaction of motivation and motivational unit.
Among the matters of dispute in the WFM is the problem of unit, forming the WFM.Some scientists state, that the WFMs are formed by suffixes, the others consider, that they are connected with the word root; one more group of scientists expresses an opinion about the participation of syntactic model.
The notion of inner image of the word was mentioned for the first time by Humboldt V.M. in the XVIII century.He saw many sides of inner image of the word, which consists of the nation's spirit and national spirit.This opinion was further reflected in the works of such scientists as A. A. Potebnya, G. O. Vinokur and others.
In the opinion of Vendin T. I., paying attention to the inner image of the word provides an opportunity to control the direction of thought, when naming (denomination) the thing or the event.Alongside with that, it is possible to see the national specificity in human perception and learning of the world (Vendina, 2002, p. 45).V. Humboldt: "... the study of inner form of the word pays our regard to the denomination process itself, as the actualization of one or another feature in the word is not just the act of word creation, but the part of general purposeful linguistic creative process, conditioned by the inner demands of both the person himself, and the language, that is why "the word is presented before the listener in its form, as a part of infinite unity, language" (Humboldt, 1984, p. 78).Z. I. Khovanskaya tells the following about the peculiarities of inner form of the word."1.It is not the meaning in whole, it is only one of its components, which makes the inner form different from the etymological meaning.2. This component has the image-bearing, specific-sensuous nature, and it is supplemented by the emotional-evaluative component, what makes the inner form different from the motivational characteristic, taken as a basis for denomination.3. The imagery of this component and its connection with the characteristic of denomination makes it different from the synchronous motivation, also typical of the names, not containing similar components in its structure, and can differ from the etymological links of lexical units.4. The inner form is always explicitly expressed in semantics of the name thanks to its form and semantic links in the language, what makes this component obligatory in the structure of meaning" (Khovanskaya, 1984, p. 128).Namely, it states, that the initial image of the word in the semantic structure does not fully correspond to the main differential meaning.The imagery component is preserved only as denomination, meaning motivation in the name.The scientists Oralbay N., Kurmanaliev K. and Baltabaeva Zh., studying the Kazakh language, wrote the following: "The derived word appears from vital necessity, appearing from vital necessity, it has the meaning, relative to that necessity.It is considered to be the meaning of the derived word"; alongside with that, they state, that denomination of new notions, appeared in life, is happening through the word formative units, the units, that constitute the meaning of the derived word, that are selected as per the meaning of the required derived word, and bring the essence to the meaning of motivation word and meaning of suffix.Alongside with that, motivation and word formative suffix are selected as per the meaning of the derived word, they are all connected with each other implicitly (Oralbay, Kurmanaliyev, & Baltabayeva, 2014, p. 37).
Method.Due to the fact, that the formation law of word formative meaning is directly connected with the formation law of the derived word, the meanings of toponyms also comply with this law.The meanings of toponyms appeared as per the system of derived words formation, formulated in our language.Namely, the toponymic meaning (TM) appeared thanks to the law of the derived words formation.
To form the TM, the word formative units shall be present in the derived toponym, and the word formative units, as a part of the toponyms, shall be placed in compliance with the laws, formed in the language.Alongside with that, there shall be the semantic connection of motivation meaning and toponym formation suffix.TM is formed based on the abovementioned requirements.
The scientists' opinions about the semantic peculiarities in toponyms formation are frequiently met.Today, the scientists consider the linguistic units only from the viewpoint of cognition.We have the scientists in this range, who set a goal to determine the cognitive basis of toponymic names of our language.Speaking precisely, Kasym B., mentioning about the complex study of sign in the present-day linguistics in terms of consciousness, cognition and thinking in formation of names, anticipates, that the language data keeps the diversity of cognitive horizonal level of nation in name formation.

Sampling Procedures
He states, that "toponyms semantics in any case determines the direct or indirect relation of the person to the definite geographical object" (Kasym, 2010, pp. 195-196).
He considers that the geographical objects are the linguistic sources, providing the data from the interrelation of person and nature.He divides lexico-semantic groups of toponymic system of the Turkic nations in the following way: conceptualized, first of all, being grouped in lexico-semantic ranges in compliance with ideographic signs, with natural, physical-geographical peculiarities of world perception, cultural existence and environment (Rysbergen, 2010, pp. 5-7).He suggests to consider the toponymic image of the universe as a part of linguistic image of the universe.
The works of scientists, studying the names of lands-rivers in Kazakh language, present the toponyms, grouped as per nominational, motivational types, ethnocultural peculiarities.Speaking precisely, the classification of Zhartybaev A. provides the following: 1.The toponyms, connected with the material culture: habitation, cattle breeding, seeding, gardening, and others; 2. The toponyms, connected with the spiritual culture: mythonims, connected with the live stock, with nomadism, connected with tradition, cognitive toponyms, the toponyms, connected with plants, animals, and others.There are also named the semantic groups with the names of plants, events, water taste, sort-color, shape, size, geographic location, numeral, life existence, river course, model names, natural resourses (Zhartybayev, 2006, p. 152).
The scientists Z. Kumanova, B. Bektasova, U. Erzhanova, K. Saparov, studying regional names, mention mainly the abovementioned lexical semantic groups in their works.
Semantic peculiarities of geographical names are very different.If to consider their semantic substantiation from the viewpoint of word formation, then, there are many conflicting opinions in the science of word formation in the WFM grouping.The scientists tell the following about it: "Alongside with the fact, that the derived words have peculiar ways of formation, peculiar word-formative units, they also have their own word formative meaning and they are different.That is why the word formative meanings shall also be grouped.We cannot say, that this problem has been solved in the present-day science.The science lacks the acknowledged, stable grouping of word formative meaning.There is the discordance of opinion relatively this problem.For instance, the scientists consider the word formative meanings, dividing them into two groups.They are the summary meaning and the differential meaning" (Oralbay, Kurmanaliyev & Baltabayeva, 2014, p. 38).
Word formation provides the following information about the differential and the summery meanings: "The differential meaning of word formation is the semantic difference between the main word and the derived word.The summary meaning of the word formation is the meaning, formed from the combination of motivation word and suffix meaning" (Oralbay, Kurmanaliyev & Baltabayeva, 2014, p. 38).

Results
The scientists state, that the WFM in the meanings of the derived words in definite semantic groups are different.In some derived words, the WFM is absolutely separate from the essence of motivation, and in other cases the essence of motivation is preserved, but it is just changed.Sometimes the essence of motivation in the derived word is changed into another part of speech, sometimes the derived word changes only its image, and even if it fulfils the role of two words, the essence remains the same.The textbook "The Word Formation of the Kazakh Language", meant for the higher educational institution, provides the following WFM types: 1) changed word formative meaning 2) transformed word formative meaning 3) copied word formative meaning

4) equal word formative meaning
Prior to speaking about the use of the abovementioned types of WFM in formation of toponymic meanings, let us pay attention to each of them.
In the textbook: "The change of lexical meaning of the derived word, formed based on the motivated word formative word, and the shift to another lexical meaning is called the changed word formative meaning.For instance, zhasar, koger, bolim, aserli, and others.The meaning of the derived roots is formed on the basis of the motivation words zhas, kok, bol, aser.That is why the meanings of motivation words and the meanings of the derived roots, formed from them, are connected with each other" (Oralbay, Kurmanaliyev, & Baltabayeva, 2014, p. 39).
The equal word formative meanings involve the words, formed by means of reduction.The equivalence of lexical meaning of the derived word with the meaning of motivation word is named the equal meaning.Here are no changes in the meaning of the reduced word, but the image has great changes, as the second type of word is formed through the reduced word.They exist in language together and serve for two words of one meaning.They all serve for the full word, they meanings are equal to compound names, only the images are different (Oralbay, Kurmanaliyev & Baltabayeva, 2014, p. 43).
WFM refers to the derived words, formed in different ways in the language.That is why the meanings of the derived words are different.
Discussion.Applying the principles and theoretical positions of the word formative science, we saw right to determine the substantiation of meaning in toponym formation.
That is why we decided to find the answers to the following questions: "How are the types of meanings changed in toponym formation?If the whole meaning is changed, or is it hidden behind and only the shade of meaning is transformed, or is it changed for another meaning through the zero suffix in the meaning method?" There is no connection between the meaning and motivation.The meaning of the toponym name does not correspond to the natural property of the earth.For instance, Lenin, Kalinin, Komsomol, Partsiezd, Beszhyldyk, Zhanatalap, Zhanatyrmys, Enbek, Kirovsk, Krupskaya, Birinshi may, and others, given to the social being, ideology.As per meaning substantiation -unsubstantiated.Kalmakkyrgan, Arkankergen, Altyntapkan, Tesipshykkan, Aktueolgen, Altysiyr, Atolgen, Aigyrotken, Biesimassai, Buzautau, Eshkiolgen, Kulynketken, Ogizolgen, Taikamalgan, Taisoigan, Taikuigen, Botazhuylgan, Toktysalgan, Tekezhaiylgan, Zhetizhabagy, Koibagar, Koikamagan, Koikyrylgan, Koisoimas kol, Koibagys and others are devoted to the definite event, they have the extralinguistic meaning.Namely, they are devoted to the event, not related to the language.Their substantiation of toponym formative meanings can be referred to the changed meaning.Since the words arkan, altyn, tes, ak, tuye, alty, at have the full lexical meanings in different lexical groups, the names, assigned to the objects, connected with the definite notion, or the names of color, number.The actions, communicated through the verb in the image of participle, when naming lands-rivers, connected with the definite event, combining with the words kyrgan, kergen, tapkan, shykkan, olgen, otken, soigan, and others, the noun is transformed into the proper name.Their semantic and graphic structures preserve word formative, grammar and lexical features, belonging to the compound nouns.That is why we refer their toponym formative meaning to the changed meaning.

Such names as
The copied toponym formative meanings involve the following names: Samai (village), Yermek (village), Shalkar, Nura (village), Nura (river), Tauip (rural district), Don (rural district), Kora (the center of rural districs), October (the name of wintering), Ongar (population center), Or (river), Shot (river), Birlik (population center), Yntymak (population center), Yerkin (aul), Dostyk (population center), Shynar (lake), Tulpar (station), Karmakshy (population center), Aral (city), Aral (sea), Abay (region), Abay (population center).We characterized them as names, formed by means of zero suffix.Conclusion.Toponyms are the symbols, denoting the names of geographical objects both in real and imagenary spaces.The same as other nouns, toponyms appeared at the earliest stage of civilization; they fulfil, first of all, the functions of localization, difference from other places, communication of information.The genesis of toponyms is quite various, each toponym has its own history.Summarizing, we can say, that the problem of meaning in toponym formation is very complex.The reason is that it is connected with such phenomena, as nature, cognition, language, event, ideology.The substantion of their meanings is different.Each of them has its own history of origin.It is possible to see national peculiarities in these toponyms.That is why we consider, that the substantiation of toponyms meanings corersponds to the positions, mentioned in the word formative science, proved from the scientific viewpoint.In our opinion, the meaning of toponyms is not equal to the meanings of words, which produced them.They are considered to be abcolutely another lexical units.The meanings of words, that became the motivation for toponyms, do not disappear at all, their semantic structure is being changed.We noted, that the cultural life of our nation influenced on the appearance, formation and development of names of our lands, i.e. "there are no names, having no connection with the nation's culture, which has formed or uses this name" (Kerimbayev, 1995, p. 131).The economy of the Kazakh nation, its professional carrying on trade, living-existence, social position on the definite level left its mark in the formation of toponym system."Centuries-long way of ethnos development, its signs-images can come down to us by means of notes on stone sculptures and rocks in the form of cultural monuments and different constructions.It is only the one of thousand shades of ethnos life; its real wisdom and world outlook are presrved in its language.In each epoch, the names, features etc. of the required for life instruments, weapon, clothes and food, the notions, referring to the everyday things and moral values, customs, religion, entertainments, feasts are preserved only as the language facts.Namely, the scientist Kaydar A. states, that they can come down to us only through separate words and word combinations, phraseological units, proverbs and sayings (Kaydar, 1998, p. 34;Karabulatova, 2004, p. 55).We can see all abovementioned values of the nation in the motivation of land-river names.In conclusion, let us note, that the toponym specialists have the great work ahead: to study the motivation in toponym formation.The motivations in toponym formation are the words of lexical meaning, presenting the basis in toponym formation.That is why it is important to know and to study the units of toponym motivation.If to speak about the motivation in names of places and rivers, it is the system of world outlook of the Kazakh nation, the peculiar moral values, full of public spirit.The reason is that the abovementioned values, are, firstly, manifested in the life of ethnos.