Restoring the Physical Meaning of Energy Distinguishing between the apparent energy and the real energy of moving mass

By referencing the rest-frame of the aether it becomes possible to distinguishing between the apparent energy and the real energy of moving mass. It is shown that there is no theoretical obstacle in distinguishing between observer-dependent energy and observerindependent energy. Similarly, the referencing of motion to the space medium restores the physical meaning of clock time, length contraction, and momentum. Furthermore, by incorporating Williamson’s bound-radiation theory of atomic particles, the total conversion of mass to energy is given a clear physical interpretation.


The Problem
Energy has a simple definition: It represents, in physics, the capacity for doing work. Energy manifests as mass-energy and radiation-energy and motion-energy.
Energy enters into all dynamical processes. Matter itself is a highly localized form of energy -called mass.
The role of energy is fundamental. The operation of the universe is ruled by the law of conservation of energy.
The problem is that conventional Physics is ruled by a theory which undermines that fundamental role. For over 100 years Einstein's theory of relativity has dominated the theoretical formulation of energy. Contained in the theory's expression for mass-energy is the speed of the object. But this speed is not any ordinary speed; it is the relative speed between the observer and the object. It is the "relativism" of this speed that allows every inertial observer to assign a different velocity magnitude, and thus a different energy, to any given object or particle! If different observers cannot agree on the mass energy of one-and-the-same object, then the fundamental role of energy is lost.
The problem, expressed another way, is that Einstein's relativistic energy equation, E total = γ mc 2 , represents only the apparent total energy. It does not and cannot provide the underlying intrinsic total energy -what some would call the object's real energy.
Here is how the Italian physicist Franco Selleri describes the energy problem. He considers it a paradoxical "conflict between the reciprocal transformability of mass and energy and the ideology of relativism, which declares all inertial observers perfectly equivalent so depriving energy of its full reality." [ 1 , Emphasis added] Selleri continues, "Every inertial observer assigns a different velocity, and thus a different energy, to any given particle." And because of the impossibility of choosing one of these as being "more true" than another, "one is forced to conclude that a real value of energy does not exist. In this way energy is at once stripped of the property of having a well-defined numerical value."[ 2 ]

The Resolution
While Einstein's theory provides us with an observer-dependent energy concept; what is needed is an energy formulation that is independent of the observer.
We start with the textbook expression for the apparent total-energy of mass m: E total = γ mc 2 , which expands to The symbol υ represents the relative speed between the observer and the mass object. Calling it a "relative" speed means that the apportionment of that speed to the observer and the object is not important. Whether the observers, say, in a spacecraft approaching an asteroid, assert that υ is the spacecraft's forward speed or the asteroid's approach speed does not matter. It matters not, because υ is simply an apparent speed that helps quantify the apparent total energy.
Our universe, the Dynamic Steady State Universe * (DSSU), is dominated by the presence and the dynamics of a detectable aether medium. By referencing this medium it becomes possible to express the single relative speed in terms of two aether-referenced (intrinsic) speeds.
The equation that makes this conversion is [ 3 ] ( ) The symbols υ, υ A , and υ B represent collinear velocities or velocity components; c is the speed of light. The intrinsic motion of the observer (assigned to reference frame "A") is given by υ A , and the intrinsic motion of the mass body (assigned to reference frame "B") is given by υ B . And, of course, the relative motion between them is υ.
By substituting eqn (2) into (1) we obtain, which is still the expression for the apparent total energy, but now expressed in terms of aetherreferenced motion. From this expression we are able to extract the object's real total energy -the energy as a property independent of the observer-by simply removing the motion of the observer. The speed of the observer, υ A , is, mathematically, set to zero. The result is the total real energy of mass body B: (Observer-independent total energy of an object) Significantly, there is no reference to the observer's speed in the expression. Setting the speed of the observer to zero is equivalent to embedding the observer into the rest frame of the aether medium.
The only non-constant on the right-hand side is the intrinsic speed of the mass body B. The challenge is to determine that speed.

Radar Method to Determine an Object's Aether-Referenced Speed
Let us consider a hypothetical situation of a spacecraft and an asteroid. The deep-space encounter, as viewed from the aether rest-frame, is shown in Fig. 1. * The Dynamic Steady State Universe is the cosmology theory that holds that aether-space is dynamic and that aetherspace expands and contracts regionally and equally resulting in a cosmic-scale cellularly-structured universe. It is a model based on the premise that all things are processes.
The spacecraft is equipped with Doppler radar, which emits a frequency f em and impacts with a frequency f imp . In accordance with the DSSU Doppler equation, the two are related as, The asteroid (frame B) reflects the radar signal which is subsequently detected by the spacecraft (frame A). The two frequencies are related, again in accordance with the DSSU Doppler equation, as, Since the frequency of an electromagnetic signal is not changed by a simple reflecting process, the impacting frequency must equal the reflecting frequency. That is, f imp equals f ref . Therefore, eqns (5) and (6) may be combined to give, where υ A and υ B are collinear velocities with respect to aether. Solving for υ B gives an expression for the aether-referenced velocity of the radar's target (labeled "B" in Fig. 1): The spacecraft observer calculates υ B by using the instrument readings for the emitted and detected frequencies; and the known constant c; and an instrument measurement of the ship's own intrinsic speed υ A . The latter can be measured with a gas-mode Michelson-Morley interferometer as described in [ 6 ]; or with one of the new techniques being developed [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].
As long as the asteroid is not subject to any force, then υ B does not change. And significantly, all uniformly moving observers will agree on its value.
Consequently, all such observers will agree on the real total energy as determined by eqn (4) and into which υ B is substituted.

Energy of Terrestrial Objects
What about the real total energy of some object resting on Earth? The aether flow through the Solar system is about 400 km/s, which means that the Earth's orbital motion of 30 km/s and Earth's daily

Does Mass Increase with Speed?
The French theorist Henri Poincaré, in 1904, showed that the mass of an object increases as the object's speed increases. Furthermore, there is a maximum speed, the speed of light, which limits the motion of any object. Both of these ideas are included in Einstein's special theory of relativity. [ 11 ] It is important to realize that the property of mass of an object or particle -contrary to Poincaré, Einstein, and popular belief-does not increase with motion.
The energy of an object in motion consists of two parts: the rest-mass energy and the kinetic energy. In fact, the object's total energy is defined as, It is only the kinetic-energy portion that increases with speed NOT the mass-energy part. The mass-energy part, mc 2 , is also known as the rest-energy part. Some may find this terminology, of associating moving mass with rest mass, misleading. The point to keep in mind is that the "rest-energy part" does not change with motion. Regardless of the state of motion of mass m, its rest-mass value remains constant.

Total Energy = (Mass Energy) + (Kinetic Energy),
Mass does not increase with speed. When an object's total energy changes, it means that its kinetic energy changes.

"… We know that in aether theories, contrary to relativity, the kinetic energy presents an absolute character. It is defined with respect to the fundamental frame [of aether]." -Joseph Lévy[ 12 ]
The standard textbook expression for kinetic energy K is ( ) where υ is the relative speed.
The equivalent DSSU expression for kinetic energy is, [ 13 ] ( ) ( ) where υ A , and υ B represent aether-referenced speeds. Since both of the above expressions depend on the motion of the observer, they therefore represent apparent kinetic energy.
The intrinsic kinetic energy K int is, where υ mass represents the object's aether-referenced speed.
These expressions, (11), (12), and (13), only say that the kinetic energy increases as a complicated function of the velocity, and not that the mass actually increases! The preceding provides, by the simple inclusion of the aether medium, the physical meaning for the conventional interpretation of kinetic energy. However, we may gain additional insight by considering another perspective.

Does Mass Decrease with Speed?
Is it possible for mass to decrease with increasing speed? Theorist Harry Ian Epstein makes the argument that mass decreases with increasing speed. He proposes an alternate interpretation of Einstein's special relativity (ESR) based on "proper velocity" described as an observer's coordinate length divided by the proper time of the moving object. He reasons that mass decreases with increasing proper velocity, and approaches zero as the coordinate velocity approaches the velocity of light. Epstein makes mass and time dilation directly proportional to each other. [ 14 ] There is an easy way to show how mass, conceptually, decreases with speed and tends to zero at ultrahigh speed. The explanation is based on the Williamson particle theory, which holds that all atomic matter is composed of confined photons. [ 15 ] According to the new paradigm, all particles consist of electromagnetic loops (or loops of loops)all particles are essentially confined photons. When these loops are complete, resonant, and harmonic they represent independent particles, such as the electron, muon, and tauon (and their antiparticle versions). However, when the electromagnetic loops are not complete configurations, then an interesting possibility arises. If a confined photon state is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space, then it may be possible to combine a number of such incomplete loops into a complete-and-stable combination. J. G. Williamson identifies these incomplete loops with quarks.
His remarkable insight is that the proton, the neutron, lambda, sigma, Xi, etc., -the baryons-are manifestations of a triple photon confinement; and the pion, the kaon, eta, etc., -the mesons-are manifestations of a twin photon confinement. And the electron is a confined single-wavelength circularlypolarized photon.
[ 17 ] What all this means is that mass consists entirely of confined (localized) photons. I say "entirely" because the gluon strong-force carriers are not required; they are replaced by the simple condition of loop closure or completeness.
Now, consider such an electron; it is a confined single-wavelength self-orbiting photon; it is an electromagnet vortex. When at rest, the electron has only mass energy and no kinetic energy. Next, conceptualize this electron moving at lightspeed, the electron then becomes a cross-section of itself. [ 18 ] Whereas the confined photon normally follows the path of a tight loop whose diameter defines the size of the electron, the light-speed electron follows the path of an infinite-radius loop. The formerly looping photon is now forced to travel in a linear direction -and such an entity has no mass. Remarkably the electron's mass has faded to zero -and without mass there can be no mass energy and no kinetic energy. This same argument applies to the other atomic particles.
So, can we conclude that mass decreases with increasing speed (speed with respect to photonconducted aether)? … Not exactly. Something important has been left out.
What has been excluded is, of course, the energy input required to propel the particle or object and to induce acceleration. It is that additional energy that prevents the mass from decreasing in an actual situation. Whatever the frequencies of the confined photons, their frequencies increase in such a way as to maintain the constancy of the mass while the speed of the object increases. It then follows that kinetic energy increases as a function of increasing speed.

The Physical Interpretation of the Total Conversion of Mass to Energy
Returning to our conceptual lightspeed object; and let us ignore how the object acquired its ultimate speed. If an object were to move at lightspeed, it would have no mass energy -its mass would be zero since the formerly looping photons would no longer be on a curving trajectory. And therefore, by definition, it would have no kinetic energy. However, because of the energy conservation law, we need to account for the lost mass energy. All the energy of the mass has gone into the energy of what are now unconfined photons. (But, of course, the energy was in those Williamson photons all along.) Each photon represents a packet of pure energy E = hf = c/λ.
What this means is that a "mass object" travelling at lightspeed is but a stream of photons and is equivalent to a 100% conversion of mass to radiant energy -and is no longer a mass object.
Although the conversion of mass to energy in this manner, with lightspeed objects, is purely conceptual, the converse is not. The conversion of photonic radiation into mass is a reality and commonly occurs with the formation of electron-positron pairs.

Restoring the Physical Meaning of Time, Length, and Momentum
According to Einstein's theory, a relatively moving clock will appear to slow down and a relatively moving object will appear length-contracted. As for the object's momentum, it will appear to be nonclassical. Such measures of time, length, and momentum are not necessarily real -not real in the sense that they depend on the motion of the observer rather than on the intrinsic motion of the clock and the object. Using Einstein's theory, different observers are permitted to make conflicting claims. But what about the corresponding observer-independent attributes?
Clock-time, length, and momentum may be expressed in real terms by simply replacing the conventional γ-factor, also known as the Lorentz factor, with the aether-referenced γ abs -factor. That is, one simply replaces the relative expression It should be pointed out that not all lengths have equal status. Under Einstein's theory all lengthsspatial distances (empty space) as well as object lengths-may appear contracted. In the DSSU interpretation of the real world, only physical entities are subject to real length contraction.

Conclusion
The physical meaning of energy and mass, as well as the physical meaning of clock time, object length and momentum, depends on the ubiquitous presence of an aether medium -to which all motion is referenced and in which ALL matter is conducted.