Development, Immigration, And Social Harms Of Iranian Small Towns: A Case Study

Immigration is compelled by social, political and economic factors. One reason for immigration is claimed to be seeking better future. Then the mentioned transitions could be daunting, affecting social marginalization, loss of social networks, health care access issues and adverse health consequences, including depression and anxiety. It is claimed that immigrants encounter challenges while acclimatizing to their new country and a majority of them might be influenced by the process of immigration. It is claimed that the Islamic revolution, political changes, war, and sanctions from the United States of America have obliged many Iranians to flee their homeland over the last three decades and social harms of this immigration; especially through Iran was required to be studied. This research was a survey conducted in Qiamdasht which is a small town in Ghaniabad Rural District, in the Central District of Rey County, Tehran Province, Iran. In this study, systematic random sampling was applied, resulting in 245 participants to be interviewed and respond to the questionnaires. The design of this research included Survey Research and Ex-Post Facto. Since this was a survey in which the selected families were investigated in terms of economic, cultural and social aspects, interviews and questionnaires were used. To measure the dependent and independent variables through questions, a questionnaire in 8 pages containing 69 open-ended questions on 9-point Lickert scale was established. The data were transferred to SPSS version 21 for further analysis. The results revealed that Immigrants observe the codes of ethics less than the others. Immigrants have lower Socio-economic status. Immigrants play a smaller role in solving the social affairs. Immigrants own low-level desires and wishes. Immigrants apply rationality in their life affairs less than the others. By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants better observe the codes of ethics, their rationality improves, their social mobility improves, their role in social affairs improves, moreover, it was found that by improving their economic development, qualitative development increases and finally immigration rate was found to have a diverse relationship with qualitative development.


Introduction and Statement of the Problem
asserts that over the last four decades there has been a considerable expansion in global trade and capital movements across countries.Simultaneously, the gap between per-capita incomes in low-income and high-income countries has not closed and this is why there is a need for new approaches to eliminating global poverty.On the development agenda, a strategy is to encourage international flows of individuals from low-to high-income economies.Obviously such migration will advance the economic circumstances of the immigrants; yet, it is important to know in what ways the augmented migration influences the incomes, growth and development in underdeveloped countries.Rosenzweig (2005) further claims that in evaluating the relationship between out-migration from low-income countries and their economic development we need to differentiate between two immediate factors determining the income of a worker in a certain country and the amount each unit of skill is valued in the economy of that country.After proving the existence of significant differences in wages and skill prices across countries, Rosenzweig (2005) acclaims that there is an immense global mis-allocation of resources.
With rising immigration and the resulting ethnic diversity, many Western nations are concerned with the effect on social cohesion.There are two policy agendas that governments can pursue regarding this issue (Soroka, Johnston, & Banting, 2007).One approach is to celebrate diversity, respect cultural differences and allow minorities to express their distinctive culture.The second agenda is to focus on social integration and assimilation, and to try to build a common national identity.These agendas can be pursued simultaneously, but often the balance shifts between the two.In the very recent past, events in many European nations have led them to consider what agenda might be most effective in maintaining social cohesion in the face of rising ethnic diversity.Demonstrations and violent confrontations have prompted concerns regarding social cohesion in some European nations.
As put by Panahi (2012), Iran's immigration process can be divided into three periods.First, during the 1960s and 1970s, the victory of the Islamic revolution resulted from communication with western countries and the economic and cultural policies of the past system.Second, 1978 and1979 began with the war between Iran and Iraq, and included most people who disagreed with the revolution.This process intensified while the Cultural Revolution erupted.Third, the new era of migration began in 1988 and has recently accelerated.Panahi (2012) then states that too much immigration caused detrimental impacts on the economic growth of the immigrants' country of origin.In his study, Panahi (2012) reports that Iran now ranks first in the statistics for the elite from among 91 developing or underdeveloped countries in the world and that this educated elite immigration means the departure of 50 billion dollars annually.
It is claimed that immigrants encounter challenges while acclimatizing to their new country and a majority of them might be influenced by the process of immigration (Schweitzer, Brough, Vromans, & Asic-Kobe, 2011).It is claimed that the Islamic revolution, political changes, war, and sanctions from the United States of America have obliged many Iranians to flee their homeland over the last three decades (Gholamshahi, 2009).Therefore, it seems essential to focus on the processes and outcomes of immigration due to the swelling trends in migration worldwide.Yet, to date, there is limited research and information available that describes immigration, especially in Qiamdasht, Tehran.Our aim in conducting this review was to explore the social harms of immigration in Iranian small towns.Shishehgar, Gholizadeh, DiGiacomo, and Davidson (2015) confirm that immigration might cause adverse psychological outcomes.They admit that social issues, including experience of discrimination, language barriers, lack of information about health care services, lack of social support, and unemployment can have adverse effects on immigrants' health.Similarly, cultural issues including intimate partner violence and culture shock increase their risk of developing physiological problems.These key factors are discussed in relation to the health of immigrants.The also admit that Iranian immigrants are likely to be particularly at higher for mental disorders.Pre migration experiences, such as the Islamic revolution of Iran, the eight-year Iran-Iraq War, and the recent economic sanctions against this country can negatively affect Iranians' mental health (Shishehgar, Gholizadeh, DiGiacomo, & Davidson, 2015).This calls for further detailed studies about the condition of immigrants and this study is an endeavor to do so.

Objectives and Hypotheses
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the immigrations which have occurred due to development.In details, the paper was an endeavor to explore the development, immigration, and social harms of Iranian small towns through running a case study in Qiamdasht, Tehran.Having this in mind, the following hypotheses were formulated: 1) Immigrants observe the codes of ethics less than the others.
2) Immigrants have lower Socio-economic status.
3) Immigrants play a smaller role in solving the social affairs.4) Immigrants own low-level desires and wishes.5) Immigrants apply rationality in their life affairs less than the others 6) By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants better observe the codes of ethics.7) By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants' rationality improves.8) By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants' social mobility improves.9) By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants' role in social affairs improves.10) By improving their economic development, qualitative development increases.

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) Immigration rate has a diverse relationship with qualitative development.

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Factors responsible for Pull and Push o f Immigrants Immigration happens with the aim of improving the quality of life.In actual fact, low standards of living in along with poor social, economic, and political needs urge the immigrants to seek a better life and leave their homelands (Mirlotfi & Jahantigh, 2016).Therefore, pull factors in terms of security and satisfaction of socio-economic needs drive immigrants to stay in new places (Vothughi & Hojjati, 2012).

• Economic Effects of Immigration
Typically, the immigrants are economically poor and have to take care of huge expenses for housing, education, health, transportation, among others (Mirlotfi & Jahantigh, 2016).Furthermore, they are mostly added to the low-income population and accordingly directly affect deprivation of the society (Balbo & Marconi, 2006). •

Socio-Cultural Effects of Immigration
Immigrants are responsible for many social crimes among which drug trafficking, rape, street misbehavior, and so forth (Wagner, 2005).In effect, by violating the cultural norms of the society, immigrants aggravate annoyance in the populaces of the host country (Mirlotfi & Jahantigh, 2016).For example, Bazzy (2006) highlighted that immigrants in the eastern areas of Iran are introduced as the main factor behind insecurity, corruption, crime, and drug trafficking.

• Political Effects of International Immigration
Politically the immigrants can affect he host country through political instability, combination of immigrants' ideologies, violence due to xenophobia (Waters, 2009), weakened cultural identity, lack of integrity, and ethnic-racial conflicts.Such negative political elements might endanger the host country, encountering internal threats.It is asserted that the conflict of different ideologies of immigrants and host country residents might be a threat to the political identity of the host country (Zarghani & Mousavi, 2012).

• Physical and Environmental Effects of Immigration
A rise in water consumption, environment destruction, and change in the physical appearance of settlements by immigrants could be some important effects.Indeed, immigrants do not for sure know about consumption standards of the host country.At times they may not cooperate with the host country to prevent the waste of resources (Mirlotfi & Jahantigh, 2016).

Population and Sampling
The population under study included the families residing in District 7, Region 15 of Tehran Municipality covering around 50000 residents.In this study, systematic random sampling was applied, resulting in 245 participants to be interviewed and respond to the questionnaires.

Design
The design of this research included Survey Research and Ex-Post Facto.The former was used to investigate the distribution of the Characteristics of the population with the aim of identifying the current status and how the events are related while the latter was employed to explore the causes of the events after they have occurred.Ex post facto design is a quasi-experimental study examining how an independent variable, present prior to the study in the participants, affects a dependent variable.

Instrumentation
Since this was a survey in which the selected families were investigated in terms of economic, cultural and social aspects, interviews and questionnaires were used.To measure the dependent and independent variables through questions, a questionnaire in 8 pages containing 69 open-ended questions on 9-point Lickert scale was established.This questionnaire contained questions on families' status including: 1) Ethnographic data (age, gender, education, birthplace, job, marital status, and income) 2) Their offspring educational and health status 3) Their Housing condition 4) The condition of the immigrants before and after immigration 5) Leisure time activities 6) And questions on assessing development assumptions (motivation to progress, Fatalism, wishes and desires, social mobility, participation, rationality, observing the codes of ethics).

Results and Findings
Some demographic and descriptive statistics are introduced first.As for age, 96.3% of the participant ranged in age from 21 to 60, of which 77.5% belonged to the ones ranging in age from 21 to 40.It can be concluded then majority of the participants were young and ready to work.As for marriage age, 88.5% of them were under 20.72.7% had up to 4 children while 15.9% had 5-6 children, 11.4% more than 7 children and 2.9% reported to have no children.
Concerning the birthplace, 79.2 were immigrant while 20.8% originated from Tehran, and 9.8% were foreigners from Iraq and Afghanistan moving in due to war.About the residency before their immigration to this town, more than half of them reported that they previously resided in Tehran while another half (48.1%) confirmed that they moved in from villages, small towns and cities, Afghanistan, and Iraq.By this it is concluded that 76 persons had immigrated to Tehran but owing to financial and housing problems they moved into Qiamdasht.About how long residing in Qiamdasht, 66.5% said they had immigrated during the last ten years while 19% moved in between 11 and 15 past years, 12.3% also said they moved there from 1977 to 1982.To sum up, 99% of them had moved in since 1977.Indeed, 2% of them had lived there for more than 20 years.
Another question focused on the facilities/properties they had access to in their homeland prior to their immigration.In response to this question, 13.1% of the participants said they owned a land/estate while 23/3% owned a house.Nonetheless, a big portion (76.7%) confirmed they did not own housing and 86.9% had no land/estate prior to their immigration.In fact, it was found out that a majority of the participants had problems with housing and subsistence.
As for the reason to immigrate, less than a half (42.5%) highlighted that their immigration had been because of having next-of-kin and/or relatives.A third (33.5%) immigrated for seeking a job and 24% for other reasons such as marriage, war in Iraq and Afghanistan, or their next of kin's death, etc.They were also asked whether they will be willing to return to their homelands or not.While more than a third (36.7%) said they would not return under any circumstances, 38.2% confirmed that they would if their economic status improved.Another 12.7% pointed out that if their husbands retire, they would be willing to flock back and 11.4% stipulated ceasefire and other reasons.
As about the housing these immigrants were living in, 60% had a private housing, while 39.6% were living in places being shared with parents or relatives.Only 27.3% of them were urged to pay rents.Another interesting finding was that about two thirds of them (68.6%)confirmed that their families were staying in houses with 1 to 2 bedrooms whereas a proportion around a quarter (24.9%) had houses with 3 bedrooms.Only a small portion of 6.5% had more than 4 rooms.About the space of the place they were living in, 66.1% said their housing is 100 sq m or less, while 17.1% enjoyed having a space between 101 and 150 sq m, and another 12.3% in a space between 151 and 200 sq m.Only 0.08% had housing larger than 200 sq m.
About job, majority of them confirmed that the Heads of households had an occupation (94.7%) whereas 4.9% were unemployed.Of this working population, 7.3% were retired, while around half of them (44.4%) had low-paying jobs as laborer, janitor, warehouse keeper, etc.Also, 8.6% of them were employed by the government, while 24.5% had businesses such as shops, or being in sales.Only a small portion of 1.6% had jobs as physicians and tradesmen, etc.
In response to the reasons why they were unemployed, they listed the reasons as diseases, aging, Disability, or disinterest in working.Yet, for those who had a job, 64.9% confirmed that they had been doing that job for less than 20 years.This indicates that immigration happened due to unemployment and financial problems.As for working two jobs, 81.6% of the respondents said that the head of the household did not have a second.Concerning the income, and the expenses per month, it was reported by 92.6% that they did not have a good economic status and by this 95.5% confirmed they did not have any other financial resources to access to.
When it comes to savings or income, 44.9% confirmed that they were in debts and that they had to allot a portion of their income to waiving their debts.Yet, 4.9% spent a portion of their income on recreation or purchasing the most essential items for their house.48.1% of the participants also spent money on food, clothes, and their offspring's education.The reason for being in debt summarized to obtaining a loan to buy a house or to pay as the deposit for the house they were renting.
As for the furniture and home appliances, 97.6% did not have a telephone set at their homes, and 92.7% lacked a freezer, while 75.1% did not own a vacuum cleaner and 59.2% lacked a washing machine.Moreover, 89.4% did not have a car but 75.9% said they had handmade carpets.
About hosting and receiving guests, 84.5% pinpointed that they would surely have guests once month or more but the fact is that they confirmed having vary simple parties.Although a small portion of 16.7% said they would have no problem hosting, a huge portion (81.3%) reported to have problems receiving guests even though the parties are held as simple as possible.
As for diseases, 22.9% suffered from Psychiatric disorders while 46.9% had Joint disorders.Concerning their offspring's failure at school, 38.8% confirmed that the education quality is low.The main reason for students' failure was attributed to personal problems.Moreover, 45.3% of these families had children who quit schooling.Yet, the most related problem has been affirmed to be lack of educational facilities and shortage in experienced teachers.
Regarding the amusement and entertainment, 73.2% confirmed they were interested in family dramas or war films.Shockingly, 46.1% of the participants said that nobody in their house would ever read a book or a magazine against a portion of 26.6% who said they would read daily or magazines.In leisure time, 82.4% of the parents would watch TV while 53.5% would meet up with relatives or neighbors.
About ethical problems of the studied town, Qiamdasht, 55.9% highlighted drug addiction whereas 46% considered theft as a big problem.Also, 40.4% mentioned Insults and abusive and 51.4% highlighted street fights and assaults.Another 20.8% indicated that pornographic films are a problematic issue while 26.9% also considered women's dressing as a problem.
Concerning the security for women and children, 48.6% considered that there is insecurity in this place while 44.1% also confirmed that the town is being secure.For the reasons of insecurity, 13% blamed the police force.
The biggest problem faced by the youth were unemployment and Straying (32.2%) and lack of recreational facilities (35.9%), plus other problems that are not listed as they were so varied.
To solve the problems faced by the residents, they put the burden on the shoulder of municipality (35.3%), government (62%), city council (80%), the president (78%), and the parliament (82.9%).Yet, to answer what the authorities are expected to do for solving such problems, 89.4% of the participants said the authorities need to settle the problems.As for the participants' participation in solving such problems, 35% pinpointed that their participation would be high, while 42.1% confirmed a low participation.As for determining the most noticeable life problem, unemployment and financial problems were selected by 52.4% of the participants and to mitigate such problems, 51.4% confirmed that they would be unable to solve them.However, to overcome such problems as unemployment and financial problems, 9% believed that saving and contentment could be a solution versus another 9.7% who believed women's taking up a job would be a resolution.
Concerning what Happiness might be for them, 47.4% accentuated that running a good life would be a definition for happiness, while 18.8% considered being sound and healthy as a sign of happiness.And finally another 12.3% defined happiness as having great morality.
As for the future status of their children, 43.2% mentioned fate as the determinant of their offspring's future while 14.7% had no hope for the improvement of their future.Yet, 34.3% were hopeful foe a better future.
In response to the most important wish and want in life, a large portion of 55.9% wished luck for their children in future while 13.1% wished health in their lives and 13.4% wished to buy housing.
As to praise the children, 52.7% said they would buy a gift and 35.5% considered oral praises.Yet, for punishment, a large portion (39.6%) mentioned that they would use physical beating and torture while 32.7% just used oral reprimand.
Another section in the questionnaire dealt with the participants idealisms.As for the number of children, 66.6% pinpointed to have 1-2 children would be ideal for them whereas around a quarter (25.3%) considered having 3-4 children as ideal.As for the ideal place to live in, almost a quarter (25.7%) loved to live in Northern part of Tehran city (Uptown) if they could afford and totally 59.6% mentioned living in Tehran, regardless of the district.Therefore, it could be concluded that a majority of the participants loved immigrating to Tehran city, which is a better place than Qiamdasht where they were currently residing.
While 39.6% of the participants were content and pleased with the job they had, 22.5% longed for cultural jobs and 12.7% thought running a business would be ideal for them.Women, in response to an ideal job for their husbands, chose the same job as ideal (38%) whereas 11.9% longed for jobs like physicians and medical specialists and 16.3% of them wished their husbands to be government employees.Again, for the position ideal for their husbands, over half of them (53%) were hesitant by choosing "I don't know" choice or left it unanswered.Nonetheless, 18.8% longed for independent working and another 18.4% wanted their husbands to have any positions as employees.Ideal education for their husbands was another question and 42.9% considered holding a BA/BS or above as ideal for their husbands and 37.6% mentioned that at least holding a diploma would be ideal.For a big proportion (64.8%), holding an MA or beyond as ideal for their sons and 19.1% chose BA/BS.As for their daughters, biggest portion (60.4% chose beyond BA/BS while 19.2% considered BA/BS to be sufficient.
In this study, we combined and analyzed 9 questions from 67-75 in the questionnaire and the following results were obtained: 66.9% of the participants highlighted that they trusted their friends and acquaintances more than the other although they might have little education or expertise.Yet, to trust, 22.9% considered education and expertise superior to acquaintance.
To use the governmental cars/vehicles for personal use in emergencies, a half of them (51.5%)refused to do so while 38.8% agreed on using such vehicles for personal purposes.
To delay and arrive late as a common behavior, 36.3% said it would not be OK but 53.9% said it would be common not to be punctual.
In response to this question: "we should not trust the other unless they do something good for us", 27.3% disagreed while 64.1% agreed.Another question was people in the developing countries do not have a chance to progress and more than a half (53.1%) disagreed against a portion of 23.2% who agreed.
To pull the strings for the friends and acquaintances, more than two third (74.3) disagreed while 17.6% agreed to do so.
Another question dealt with predicting the ramifications of good and bad deeds in this community in advance, 33.1% disagreed and 42% agreed.
Interesting to know that a big deal of the participants (67.3%) disagreed that the number of children is out of control of the humans and it is in the hand of God while 27.8% agreed.43.7% agreed that chance determines our success in life while another 48.2% agreed on that.As for the size of family, 46.6% highlighted a size between 4-5 individuals, 27% chose 6-7, and 14.6% chose 2-3 people in the household.
For some variables, the indexes were integrated by combining questions to better understand those variables.The results are as follows: • Participation (integrating Questions 54 and 56): while 45% of the participants felt being capable in predicting the future conditions and deciding on their own social affairs, 26.9% thought their participation would be weak in these two.The remainder of the participants had average levels.
• Rationalism -rational action (integrating Questions 73,74, and 75): while a large portion of 58.3% of the respondents incline toward fatalism more than being willing to progress, 32.7% had high motivation to progress and had had little belief in fatalism i.e. the individuals attempt to take care of things by planning and anticipating what might follow next.The rest of the participants had average levels.
• Motivation to progress (Question 17): such motivation was high for only 23.2% which means they are prepared internally to accept and welcome new experiences and are competent at change and innovation in both mental and practical aspects.However, a large number (56.4%) failed to have such competency at changing their mentality and practicality.The remainder of the participants had average levels.
• Desires and wishes (integrating Questions 57,58,59,61,62,63,64,65,and 66): interestingly, a great deal of the respondents (69.5%) had low levels of wishes and desires versus a portion of 18.7% who held high levels of wishes and desires which means they are more optimistic for a better future.The rest of them had average levels.
• Rationality (integrating Questions 67,71, 73, 74, and 75): only 34.6% of the participants said they would decide and act on the basis of rationality and evaluating the ramifications of a certain behavior which means they had high rationality but a large portion (60.9%) said they would not do so as their rationality level was low.The other 4.5% had average levels of rationality.
• Ethicality (integrating Questions 68, 69, 70 and 72): only 37.5% highlighted that they would observe the codes of ethics and held high levels of ethicality i.e. being observant for following the rules and regulations, being disciplined, trusting to others, etc. on the other hand, 43.3% had low levels of ethicality meet the social expectations and observe the others' rights.The remainder of the participants had average levels.
• Seeking science: (Questions 67): more than two third of the respondents (67%) expressed willingness to progress and further their education and were eager to develop their expertise.Yet, 24.8% felt little importance for holding expertise and skill for their jobs.A small portion of 8.2% had average levels.
The following sections deal with inferential statistics.By testing hypothesis 1, "Immigrants observe the codes of ethics less than the others", through ETA test, it was found that the correlation between immigration and observing the codes of ethics was significant (alpha 0.05%) and the hypothesis is accepted.Hypothesis 2, "Immigrants have lower socio-economic status", was also tested through ETA test.The results indicated that the correlation between immigration and socio-economic status was significant (alpha 0.05%) and the hypothesis is accepted i.e. immigrants have low socio-economic status.As for hypothesis 3, "Immigrants play a smaller role in solving the social affairs", C test was employed, proving that the correlation between immigration and participation in solving the social affairs was significant (alpha 0.05%) with a value of 0.6 and the hypothesis is accepted i.e. immigrants have little participation in solving the social affairs.Hypothesis 4 "immigrants own low-level desires and wishes" was tested by ETA test in which the correlation between immigration and desires and wishes was significant with a value of 0.8.Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted.By testing hypothesis 5, "Immigrants apply rationality in their life affairs less than the others", through ETA test, it was found that the correlation between immigration and applying rationality was significant (alpha 0.05%) and the hypothesis is accepted.

Conclusions and Discussion
As for hypothesis one, it was found that immigrants observe the codes of ethics less than the others.It can be claimed that immigrations have gradually resulted in unbalanced development of the cities and this has faded morality and ethicality in such places.In this way, the individuals show less commitment to observing rules and regulations, being disciplined, and trusting each other.Emergence of "the New Human" largely depends on having commitment and being responsible for all the individuals and the more comprehensive the sense of commitment, the more observant of social rights and expectations.
As shown by hypothesis two that immigrants have lower socio-economic status, it is of note that the index for the socio-economic status is a combination of income rate, education level, type of job, type of housing, and the size of housing.Rostow (2001) considers the conditions before immigration a transition from a traditional society with the purpose of obtaining social welfare, attention to education, and saving and so forth.Nonetheless, immigration has just happened while the immigrants are not at a normal status in respect to financial status, job, and education, etc.
Regarding the third hypothesis, it was found that immigrants play a smaller role in solving the social affairs and their participation is low.Alexis Ineckles (2010) considers the appearance of "human being" as the beginning of development, the being who takes into account his internal readiness to accept and adopt new experiences and talents for innovation and change, whether practically or mentally while considering himself an important element for creating a predictable future.
By testing the fourth hypothesis, it was revealed that immigrants own low-level desires and wishes.It is believed by Rogers, Anderson and Clark (2009) that the individuals must be mentally ready to welcome new changes while nuance cultural and traditional elements hamper innovation and modernization.These elements include lack of innovation, fatalism, low level of wishes and desires, lack of Empathy, and the like.
According to the finding related to hypothesis five, immigrants apply rationality in their life affairs less than the others.Indeed, decision making and acting should be based on assessing the ramifications of the behavior and rationality with the intention of progress considering the enhancement of knowledge as well as boosting the level of desires and wishes.
Another finding was that by improving their socio-economic status, immigrants better observe the codes of ethics.
It is admitted that enhancement of the welfare, education, geographical and social mobility, and alteration of mental structures all requirements of ethicality and observing the others' rights and meeting social expectations.
Moreover, it was revealed that by improving their socio-economic status, immigrants' rationality improves.Indeed, enhancement of the welfare, education, and social mobility are requirements of decision making and acting based on rationality as well as anticipating the ramifications of the behavior with the purpose of progress considering the enhancement of knowledge as well as boosting the level of desires and wishes.
Furthermore, it was revealed that by improving their socio-economic status, immigrants' social mobility improves.Again, it is admitted that enhancing the welfare and education is a requirement of social mobility to gain more financial benefits and social prestige.
By testing hypothesis nine, it was demonstrated that by improving their socio-economic status, immigrants' role in social affairs improves.Seemingly, improving the welfare, furthering the education and occupational mobility are requirements of mental mobility and mental readiness to renovate, urbanizing, and participation so that as Lerner has asserted it will trigger the modernity.
Another finding was that qualitative development increases once immigrants' economic development increases.
As shown by Karl Gunnar Myrdal, development is deviation from being undeveloped i.e. to set free from poverty on one hand and on the other hand there is a process by which changes on human aspects such as perception, cognition, values and attitudes, abilities, and beliefs would instill a spectacular character within them which is a result of these specific beliefs, abilities, behaviors, and actions suitable for development.In other words, they are the result of cultural development is to put aside the improper nuances of the culture.Development is a process in which past traditions and experiences are revised and reconstructed on the basis of needs and new conditions and by this, the society would believe in itself while the human's potential abilities would blossom.
Finally, it was found that immigration rate has a diverse relationship with qualitative development.Each culture can be divided into its materialistic and non-materialistic elements.Apparently, individuals would take up modernity in technology which is a segment of materialistic aspect of the culture.However, they would be less willing to change their Norms, values, and beliefs of their social structure.This Inconsistency leads to cultural Backwardness.Although immigrants have had a geographical mobility due to economic growth and have settled at the edge of large cities, there is a cultural backwardness and delay in the process of modernization and qualitative development.The reason might be attributed to the lack of elements fundamental to modernity such as rationality, being disciplined and organized, participation, not being fatalism, etc.

Table 1 .
Relationship between Immigrants and codes of ethics

Table 2 .
Relationship between Immigrants and socio-economic status

Table 3 .
Relationship between Immigrants and participation

Table 4 .
Relationship between Immigrants and desires and wishes

Table 5 .
Relationship between Immigrants and rationality

Table 10 .
Relationship between socio-economic status and qualitative development