A Comprehensive Review of Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants: Status, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties, Cultivation, and Demand

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INTRODUCTION
Plants are a rich source of potential novel medications that have been utilised medicinally throughout history and in many cultures.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of people worldwide strongly rely on botanical medicine for their basic healthcare. [1]Indian Traditional Systems of Medicine (ITM) include those that are believed to have originated in India or those that have entered India from another country and absorbed into Indian culture. [2]India holds the distinction of having six of these recognised medical systems.Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Yoga, Naturopathy, and Homoeopathy are among them.Although homoeopathy arrived in India in the 18 th century, it fully integrated into the local culture and developed alongside other traditional medical systems, earning its place among the Indian Systems of Medicine. [2]In addition to these systems, there are several healers in the folklore stream who are not classified in any way.There is also a gold mine of medications in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which have been widely disseminated and used in more than 100 countries to treat a variety of disorders. [2]e most popular system of ancient Indian medicine, Ayurveda, places a strong emphasis on holistic care, which treats the body, mind, and spirit as a whole.It is founded on the idea that maintaining harmony with nature is the key to achieving human health on all levels; physical, mental, and emotional. [3]India has a population of 1.38 billion people, more than 70% of whom reside in rural regions.The national health system is said to only be able to offer services to up to 30% of the population, with the remaining population relying on local Ayurvedic medicine, despite the government having developed a multi-level network of health institutions in states, counties, districts, and villages.In modern general hospitals are also having few traditional medical departments.2,827 hospitals and 15,520 pharmacies practice Ayurvedic treatment, according to Minister of State Shripad Yesso Naik. [4]endrapati, et al.: Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties, Cultivation In India, natural resources account for roughly 70% of contemporary pharmaceuticals, and several synthetic counterparts have been created using prototype chemicals extracted from plants.According to reports, more than 60% of anticancer medications either on the market or through clinical trials are derived from herbs.Currently, nearly 80% of cardiovascular, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer medications are derived from plants.Over 70% of the 177 licensed anticancer medications are imitations or natural compounds.There are over 121 plant-based prescription medications in use worldwide, accounting for around 25% of all pharmaceuticals. [5]According to estimates, 1200-1800 plant species are used in Ayurvedic medicine, while more than 7500 plant species are used in various remedies by Indian folk therapists.Indian traditional medicine research is now conducted by more than 400 organisations, including the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), the Indian Ayurveda Scientific Research Centre, and a number of commercial research institutes like private research centers, institutions, and universities. [5]The present research hotspot spans a variety of disciplines, including fundamental research, preclinical or clinical research, standardized research, and ITM development.The Indian government also supports many research and development (R&D) initiatives pertaining to the study of medicinal plants.
In the process of new drug development based on the ITM, we are selecting the 5 traditional medicinal plants i.e.Rubia cordifolia L. (Manjistha), Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (Shankapushpi), Piper longum L. (Pippali), Boerhavia diffusa L. (Rakta Punarnava) and Uraria picta (Jacq.)Desv.(Prsniparni) to review habitat, description, Status of traditional systems of medicine, phytochemistry of traditional medicinal plants with their reported biological properties and medicinal utility, demand of selected medicinal plants in herbal and Pharma industry, new cultivation methods in present scenario for the productions and supply of plants.
Indian madder, or Rubia cordifolia, is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants, which also includes coffee. [6]It has been grown for its red colour, which comes from the roots.It can grow to 1.5-12 m height, the evergreen leaves, which are formed in whorls of four to seven star-like around the central stem, are 5 to 10 cm long and 2-3 cm wide.Tiny (3-5 mm in diameter) pale yellow-petalled blooms occur in thick racemes from June to August.They are followed by tiny (4-6 mm in diameter) reddish-black berries.The roots may grow up to 12 mm thick and more than 1 m long.Rheumatism, menstrual discomfort, urinary system illnesses, dropsy, paralysis, amenorrhoea, and jaundice are all treated with this medication in India. [7,8]R. cordifolia has been utilised in Ayurveda as a colouring agent for medicinal oils, as well as administered topically to inflamed regions, ulcers, and fractures.The root of R. cordifolia has been used to treat a variety of chronic inflammations. [9,10]nvolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (Convolvulus prostratus) is an herb found in northern India and Burma which commonly grows on the roadside that is used in Ayurveda medicine as therapeutic agents.[11] The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India considers the use of the whole plant of C. pluricaulis.[11] The perennial plant C. pluricaulis resembles morning glory.Its branches, which may reach lengths of over 30 cm, are dispersed throughout the ground.The leaves are elliptic in form (2 mm) and positioned sporadically with branches or flowers.The blooms are blue in colour (5 mm).The plant, frequently referred to as "aloe weed" in English, is widespread in India, particularly in the state of Bihar.[12] Piper longum (family Piperaceae), sometimes known as "long-pepper" or "Pippali," is a perennial shrub or a herbaceous vine that grows as a perennial shrub or as a perennial vine. It i indigenous to the Indo-Malaya area and is found across the tropical and subtropical world, including the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, and North America.Scandent or straggling bushes that occasionally rise and climb.Leaves oblong, sharp at apex, cordate and strongly oblique at base, 7-nerved, membranous, shiny above; nerves impressed; petiole 1-3 cm long. Femae spikes are sturdy and upright, with a 1.5 cm long peduncle and peltate, orbicular bracts.Male spikes are up to 7 cm long, upright, and thin, with 2 stamens.Glabrous, black or deep crimson berry 2 mm across.The roots are primarily employed as a strong cure in several traditional medical systems for bronchitis, cough, cold, snakebite, and scorpion-sting, as well as a contraceptive.[13] Various bioactive-phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, esters, and steroids, were identified from plant extracts, and essential oils from the roots and fruits were reported to be antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, mosquito-larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, neuropharmacological, antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective and anti-hyperlipidaemic.
Boerhavia diffusa Linn.(Family: Nyctaginaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant in traditional Indian medicine as well as in other regions of the world, such as Southern America and Africa. [14]lowers are tiny, measuring around 5 mm in diameter.Pollens are spherical, measuring around 65 microns in diameter.The vast spread of pollen is explained by its little fruit, which are highly sticky and grow a few inches from the ground, well positioned to hook on to small migrating birds as they pass by.A root is a creeping, perennial plant with a dense fusi shape.The leaves are opposite, oblique, oval or suborbicular, rounded, whole, with and include endosperm.The embryo is bent. [15]Its different components, particularly the roots, have been utilised for gastrointestinal, hepatoprotective, and gynaecological purposes in the aforementioned sections of the world, as well as in India.
It is a prominent element in over 35 distinct types of ayurvedic medicines.
Prsniparni is 60-75 cm tall, upright underbrush with many branches.A typical leaf can have three to five leaves, or up to nine leaves per leaf.Leaflets are pubescent below and white-clouded above, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate at apex, and imparipinnate. [16]Bone fractures can mend more quickly when the Uraria species is used.It possesses diuretic, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory qualities in addition to being utilised as a cardiac and nervine tonic.One of the components of Ayurvedic "dasamoola" is the plant's root Manjisthadhya tailam Useful in Pidika.[139]   Mukhakrantimkar lepa Improved the face glow.
Haridradavy tailam Improved the face glow.
Manjistha with honey Increases complexes on.
Majoon Dabeedul ward General weakness, loss of appetite, liver and spleen enlargement, jaundice, anorexia, enlargement of liver, swelling of stomach, cirrhosis of the liver and sluggish liver.
Roghan Ahmar Jadeed Paralysis, rheumatism, rickets and bruises.Removes weakness and pain from the tissues and joints.

Phytochemistry of R. cordifolia L. (Root), C. pluricaulis (Whole plant), P. longum L. (Roots), B. diffusa (Root) and U. picta (Root) traditional medicinal plants with their reported biological properties and medicinal utility
Many people in developing and developed countries rely on medicinal plants as their primary source of healthcare, especially for the treatment of metabolic, chronic, neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and infectious disorders.Despite the extensive usage of medicinal plants, there is a paucity of research explaining the importance and hazards of phytochemical exposure from medicinal plants.R. cordifolia L. (roots), C. pluricaulis (whole plant), P. longum L. (roots), B. diffusa (roots), and U. picta (roots) have traditionally been used to cure a variety of ailments in the form of pastes, decoctions, and lotions.In this review, we will discuss the phytochemical present in the five traditional plants indicated above, as well as the pharmacological value and relevance of these phytochemicals.

Phytochemistry of R. cordifolia
Because of the widespread usage of R. cordifolia in Indian traditional systems and TCM, the chemical components and pharmacological effects of R. cordifolia have aggravated the interest of researchers worldwide.Hundreds of components have been isolated and identified from R. cordifolia roots.Table 3 shows the chemical components and pharmacological effects of R. cordifolia.

Phytochemistry of P. longum
Thorough research studies is done on phytochemistry of P. longum roots and enormous quantity of bioactive compounds and their biological and medicinal properties have been reported in Table 3 which are alkaloid, terpenes, essential oils, and lignins.
P. longum roots isolated above mentioned phytochemicals and bioactive compounds mainly finds its application in the treatment of essential oils for anti-inflammatory via PGE1 and antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibacterial activity; [65][66][67] alkaloid are used to treat preventive potentials of stress responses and pain, Central Nervous System (CNS), pesticidal, antifungal and antibacterial effects, anticancer activity and antioxidants and inhibiting volume-sensitive Cl-channel; [68][69][70][71][72][73] terpenes are potential benefits in the treatment of obesity, alzheimer's disease, dermatophytosis, and drug-resistant infections. [74]. diffusa roots isolated phytochemical and bioactive compounds mainly finds its application in the treatment of anticancer, spasmolytic, antioxidant, genoprotective effects, anti-arthritic and spasmolytic effects by using isolated rotenoids; [75][76][77][78][79][80][81] iso-flavonoids are used to treat on intestinal motility; [80,[82][83][84] lignans are Ca 2+ channel antagonists; [85] phenolic and phenolic glycosides are showed antiviral, diuretic, antifibrinolytic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial and antifibrinolytic effect; [80,[86][87][88] lipids are act as antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective agents. [89]ytochemistry of U. picta U. picta constitute available in few number of bioactive compounds such as Isoflavanones and Flavonoids are reported in the roots (Table 3).Seven Isoflavanones namely 4',5-dihydroxy-2',3'-dimethoxy-7-(5-hydroxyoxychromen7yl)-isoflavanone, 5,7-Dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavanone, stigmasta-4, 22-diene-3-one, ß-Sitosterol, lupeol and 40,5-dihydroxy-20,30-dimethoxy-7-(5-hydroxyoxychromen-7yl)-isoflavanone; [90] a flavonoid rhoifolin (Apigenin-7 -o-neohesperidoside). [91] Demand of R. cordifolia, C. pluricaulis, P. longum, B. diffusa and U. picta traditional medicinal plants in herbal and pharma industry Herbal and dietary supplements are in great demand.Approximately 80% of people on the planet now utilise herbal remedies, [92] and using dietary supplements is also prevalent. [93]here is growing evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of supplements. [94]Their sales have skyrocketed and they are becoming more and more popular; in 2009, the worldwide market was estimated to be worth €45-50 billion. [95]There have been reports of growing demand in the Middle East, especially in the countries that make up the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). [96,97]significant portion of therapies involve the use of native pharmaceuticals with natural origins; more than 1500 herbs are offered as dietary supplements or traditional medicines in various cultures. [98]Pharmaceutical corporations have updated their strategy to support the development and discovery of drugs from natural products. [99]For instance, AnalytiCon development has placed a focus on drug development based on the chemistry of natural products in Europe (http://www.ac-discovery.com ).MerLion Pharmaceuticals in Singapore offers the extensive structures and skills required for natural product-based drug research in the Asia-Pacific region (http://www.merlionpharma.com/index.html).China has effectively used a science-based strategy to market its own treatments all over the world.The substantial rise in the number of licensed Chinese medicine practitioners in the US is indicative of TCM's rising popularity.The Chinese government has promised to establish a number of TCM medicines focused on exports in the upcoming years. [100]CM is now in a praiseworthy position as a result of China's ongoing efforts to promote indigenous remedies.Ayurveda is becoming more widely accepted, and demand for Indian medicinal herbs has sharply increased. [101]The significance of traditional knowledge is also emphasised in the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Committee report of the Government of India's Ministry of Chemicals. [102] terms of trade potential, India is the world's second largest herbal exporter, after only China.India and China account for 70% of herbal medication exports internationally.According to a 2017 National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB) study, Indian people traditionally use just 1,622 medicinal plant species out of 6,500 totals.Nearby 1, 178 plant species are heavily exploited in the all-India trade, including herbs (42%), trees (27%), shrubs, and climbers (31%).[103] However, 242 herbal plants have top trade in the yearly list of over 100 MT. [104] Ayurveda, together with all other Indian systems and traditional systems from throughout the world, accounts for 80% of rural populations.Approximately 960 plant species are widely used by Indian herbal industry.Herbal-based businesses like as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) generate more than 80 billion dollars in revenue.[105] There is barely a 3% proportion in pharmaceutical exports.The annual revenue from crude drugs is around 10 billion rupees.The final items account for 30%.India accounts for less than 1% of the international market.We have an excellent chance to harness the world's natural riches.To build a solid global market, we required standard quality control methods at every stage.Our regulatory criteria for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) must be strict.[106] It is necessary to integrate farming techniques for herbal crops, collecting procedures, storage, transportation, and trade operations.[107,108] The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 must be resurrected in accordance with current GMP criteria.[106] India's locals refer to it as "Manjistha." The died samples of it are marketed as "Manjith" in the market.In the Indian states of Mahabaleswar, Amboli, and Maharastra, R. cordifolia is widely distributed at high elevations.] In China, a formula known as "Er-Xie-Ting granule" is likewise mostly composed of R. cordifolia and is used to treat acute infantile diarrhoea.In addition to encouraging wound healing, a honey paste is applied to the skin to get rid of freckles, brown spots, and other skin discolorations.[109,113] Rheumatism, hematorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and urinary problems are among the many traditional conditions for which R. cordifolia is used in Korea.[114] The dark red root of R. cordifolia is used in Unani medicine to soothe liver, stimulate the spleen, and treat a variety of skin ailments, blood detoxification, amenorrhoea, diuresis, paralysis, jaundice, and dysmenorrhea.The medication is used by traditional Ugandan healers to treat TB patients.R. cordifolia root decoction is used in Philippine medicine to treat urinary tract issues.[115] One of the most widely used dyes in ancient Europe was R. cordifolia, which was used to colour cotton, wool, silk, linen, and other textiles as well as materials for basketry.One of the key components in recipes for red inks is the plant's roots.The primary component of dyes is alizarin. [116]R. cordifolia is, all things considered, the world's first group of plants with known economic and therapeutic value.[117] The medication is widely prized for its industrial, cardioprotective, and pharmacological methods.The substance has a strong therapeutic value, but it also provides a significant amount of natural colouring that is utilised in the flavour and pharmaceutical sectors.Similar to R. cordifolia, R. tinctorum L. has been utilised for more than 2,000 years as a dye.[118] C. pluricaulis is commonly known as "Shankhpushpi" mostly utilised as a tonic for the brain.It is among the most effective and well-known natural medications for memory enhancement.It is used as a whole plant in medicine.Moreover, eating it keeps memory decline at bay. [119,120] An Ayurvedic composition is created by combining many plant extracts or powders with two or three Medhya plants, including C. pluricaulis medications are Remem from Zydus Industries in India, are used to treat illnesses of the stomach and intestine related to acidity; Ayumemo from Welexlabs in India is used to lower mental stress; Abana from The Himalaya Drug and Co. in India is used to treat hyperlipidemia; Tejras from Sandu Brothers, India ltd is used to treat anxiety, nervousness, stress, and loss of concentration; Shankhapushpi from Unjha Pharmacy in India ltd provides a mild laxative effect and Tirukati medicines are currently available in India.[121] Pepper (P.nigrum L.) is a member of the Piperaceae family and one of the most valued spices eaten globally.Pepper is well-known for its distinct flavour and pungency due to the presence of the alkaloid piperine.[122,123] The prefix "black," "green," and "white" is used to characterise the look of the product, although the crop plant is commonly referred to as "black pepper" to distinguish it from pepper of Capsicum spp.(i.e., chilli).[124] The global commercial output of pepper has been expanding at an estimated rate of 510,184-690,467 Metric Tones (MT) yearly.[125] Vietnam is the leading producer and exporter of pepper, with an annual production of 102,570-151,761 MT.In 2018, Vietnam produced 262 658 MT, accounting for nearly 30% of global production.[125] Africa's pepper output is predicted to be between 22,051-25,975 MT per year, with Tanzania accounting for 395-435 MT. [125] Pepper is grown for its fruits (berries), which serve as a cash crop with a variety of home and industrial applications.It is employed as a taste enhancer and preservative in food and beverages, [126] essential oil manufacturing, and the pharmaceutical and fragrance industries.[122,123] B. diffusa Linn. basedmedical goods are available in the market, made by many prominent pharmacies.Products include syrup, pills, churn, mother-tincher, quath, food supplements, grains, oil, and so on.These commercial goods are either created entirely by the Punarnava plant or employed as an effective active ingredient in formulations. These procts are used locally, throughout the country, and around the world to treat various disorders.For example, "Axiom Punarnava Panchang Juice" is made by B. diffusa and is used to cure calculi, weakness, weight loss, enlarged prostate, liver, and spleen issues. [127]unarnava Capsules" by "Arogyam" are also available on the market for renal disorders, liver function enhancement, urinary tract maintenance, arthritis prevention, and digestion and metabolism improvement.The "Arjun Punarnava Jatamansi Juice" is also available for general body regeneration.Many more goods are also available on the market, such as "Punarnava Mandur, Punarnava Sticks, Pitta Balance."Naturz Ayurveda punarnava 350mg capsule.Bliss wellness: kidney detox purifier basic Ayurveda Makoy and punarnava mixed juice, Ayur Champ punarnava kidney support.Punarnava root powder B. diffusa, Rencure formula.Merlion Naturals punarnava tablet and Healthvit Natural punarnava (B.diffusa) powder, Planet Ayurveda punarnava capsules. Ved Tattv punarnava kidney support capsule and SNC Punarnava extract capsule, Foresta Organics kidney detox includes Patharchatta, Varuna, Punarnava, and Ganoderma.Punarnava Swaras Ghan, Punarnava Swaras Ghan Vati, Punarnava Putpak Swaras, etc., [127] B. diffusa Linn. is promoted by the National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) and Ministry of AYUSH.It is on the list of priority medical plants that are farmed as subsidised crops, namely B. diffusa, 17,569 rupees was allotted by the NMPB up to 30% of the subsidy cost.It was approved by the NMPB in 2016-17. [103] U. icta (Jacq.)Desv.EX.DC. (Papilionaceae) is one of the most essential constituents of Dashamoola, an ayurvedic composition made up of 10 plants.Dasamula plants are the most widely traded category in ayurvedic medicine, with an annual demand exceeding 1000 metric tons.[128] Almost all parts of U. picta have medicinal potential and are used in Indian medicine to treat exhaustion, mouth sores, and a variety of gynaecological problems.[129][130][131][132] Aside from its usage in traditional medicine, it is extensively used in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors to create a variety of formulations.The quality and efficacy of herbs are determined by their physiologically active ingredient rhoifolin (Apigenin-7-o-neohesperidoside), which is employed as a chemical identifier, and the rhoifolin concentration is heavily impacted by the environment, genotype, season, and so on.[132] Prishniparni plant sells on the market for Rs. 1,500-200/kg, with regular adulteration and replacement of Desmodium gangeticum.Due to high demand and uncontrolled harvesting from the wild, the natural population of this plant is rapidly dwindling and has become a rare and critically endangered species, [133] as well as a threatened species on the IUCN red list.[134] WHO and modern pharmacopoeia place a high value on medicinal plant quality and efficacy in terms of physiologically active components.[135]

New Cultivation Methods for Traditional Medicinal Plants and their Necessity in Present Scenario
According to the 2019 British Retail Consortium (BRC) study, India has 4.2 billion Rs (US$ 56.6 million) in commerce and a target of 14 billion Rs (US$ 188.6 million) by 2026.The global herbal business is worth around 120 billion US dollars, but India's portion is extremely tiny, at 1%. India has a promising future in the sphere of herbal commerce, with a growth rate of 14.22% reported in past tenures. [127]Indian government is encouraging herbal-based companies and entrepreneurship as the demand for herbal-based goods, whether in medicine or food, is rising day by day.The NMPB, SMPB, Export Promotion Councils (EPCs), Forest Products Export Promotion Council (SHEFEXIL),  [136] Conventional cultivation methods may not suffice the current demand, therefore various cultivation methods like soil (Cuttings, grafting, layering, and tissue culture) and soilless (hydroponic and plant tissue cultures) are to be developed and used for the selected medicinal plants.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE REMARKS
In summary, this article provides a comprehensive review of selected traditional medicinal plants: Status of traditional medicine systems, phytochemistry with their reported biological and medicinal properties, demands in herbal and pharma industry and new cultivation methods and their necessity in present scenario.Further studies are still needed to compare the evaluation of field and hydroponic cultivation of selected traditional medicinal plants and also deeply explore the pharmacological mechanisms of these selected traditional medicinal plants and its compounds against different diseases.Meanwhile, future studies should focus on toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical research.We hope that this evaluation provides some fascinating information and beneficial ideas for future research.

Pharmaceuticals
Export Promotion Council (PHARMEXCIL), National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and other organisations are supporting herbal-based activitiescultivation, phytochemical analysis, quality assessment, marketing etc.Several institutions and organisations working on various areas of drug development and the preservation of medicinal plants derived from natural resources have recently been established in India.The Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), Jammu and Kashmir, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) have set up initiatives to uncover novel bioactive compounds from plants, fungi, microorganisms, and other sources.The Golden Triangle Partnership (GTP) is working with the Department of AYUSH, CSIR, and the ICMR to validate conventional ayurveda medicine as a useful tool for drug development.Two micropropagation Technology Parks have been established in the recent few decades by the Department of Biotechnology and the Government of India at the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) in New Delhi and the National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) in Pune.