Pharmacological and Biochemical Aspects of the Lamiaceae Family used in the Treatment of Intestinal Parasitosis in West and Central Africa

Lissette Houedénou Degla1,2, Pascal Abiodoun Olounlade1,3,*, Abdou Madjid Olatoundé Amoussa4, Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando2,3, Mawule Sylvie HounzangbeAdote2, Latifou Lagnika4 1Zootechnical Research and Livestock System Unit, Laboratory of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, Doctoral School of Agricultural and Water Sciences, National University of Agriculture, 01 BP: 55 Porto-Novo, BENIN. 2Laboratory of Biochemistry and Bioactive Natural Substances, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 04BP 0320, Cotonou, BENIN. 3Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, BENIN. 4Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, 01 BP 123, Parakou, BENIN.


INTRODUCTION
Intestinal parasitosis is a real health problem in both veterinary and human medicine. [1][2][3] In small ruminants, they cause production loss while threatening food security. [3,4] In humans, they contribute to the perpetuation of poverty by compromising the physical and intellectual development of children and reducing the work capacity and productivity of adults. [5,6] In general, the treatment of these intestinal parasitoses relies on the administration of synthetic drugs (including anthelmintics). However, these drugs have more and more limitations related to side effects and reported parasite resistances. [7][8][9] It is then convenient to search for new substances, effective, accessible, without toxicity and with a wide spectrum of action, to face these parasitoses and medicinal plants are a great asset. [2] Thus, an ethnobotanical survey conducted in Benin targeted the species Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum which are used in the treatment of human and small ruminant intestinal parasitosis. The aim of this work is to make a bibliographic synthesis of the uses, compositions, biological activities of the species Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum for a better exploitation in the treatment of human and small ruminant's intestinal parasitosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material consists of published scientific journals. The collection of these articles was done in the Google scholar engine. The articles are selected according to their relevance to the subject. Some data were summarized in tables for a better visibility and analysis.

Generalities, Biochemical and chemical composition
Hyptis suaveolens is a perennial, aromatic branching herb 0.4-3m long with a hairy, hollow stem that bears glandular and non-glandular hairs characterized by a minty odor. [10][11][12] In most countries in which it is distributed, H. suaveolens is considered an invasive weed. [10,[12][13][14] However, it has reported applications in traditional medicine. It is used in Variability of chemical compositions of essential oils Essential oils extracted from Hyptis suaveolens and ocimum gratissimum experience a high variation in compounds. The essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens leaves collected in Benin are rich in β-caryophyllene, Eucalyptol, Sabinene, Fenchone. [37,38,22] It is noted a variation in chemical composition of essential oils. Indeed, according to the work of, [37] the predominant compounds are: β-caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, caryophyllene oxide and bicyclogermacene. Following him, [38] reported: Sabinene, Eucalyptol, β-caryophyllene. And recently, according to, [22] the essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens leaves harvested in the south of the country are rich in monoterpoique compounds (Eucalyptol: 12.11%; fenchone: 11.81%) while those harvested in the center and north of the country are rich in sesquiterpenes with β-caryophyllene as the predominant compound (20.69-12.45%). However, there is a correlation between compound contents: when β-Caryophyllene content is low, Eucalyptol content is high (vice versa). [22] The variation in chemical compounds of Hyptis suaveolens essential oils is also observed in other countries of the world. [13,40] The oil of leaves and fruits from Vietnam was predominated β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, phytol and a-humulene. [41] The oil of leaves from Burkina-Faso was predominated Sabinène, β-Caryophyllen, Terpinolene. [39] This variability is due to the harvesting period, the edaphic characteristics related to the sampling station, the age of the plant. [22,38] It also influences the results obtained during the research work. [41,22] The essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum harvested in Benin, are rich in thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene. [29,[42][43][44][45][46] Depending on the geographical areas, the harvest period, the chemical composition contents of Ocimum gratissimum essential oils experience a variation. [29] The stage of flowering, time of harvesting of the plant were also reported by [30] as factors of variation in the chemical composition contents of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum. However, the compounds p-cymene, thymol, and g-terpinene present in the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum can be easily converted to one or the other during the growth process, during the day, and after the plants are harvested. [30] The essential oil of leaves of Ocimum gratissimum from Brazil was predominated by Eugenol; 1, 8-Cineole; [71] by Thymole, γ-Terpinene, p-Cymene. [77] In Ivory Coast, the predominant compounds were Thymole, p-Cymene. [99] In Thaïlande it were Eugenole, cis-Ocimene, γ-muurolene. [98] Pharmacological activities Antimicrobial activities Table 1 presents the antimicrobial activities evaluated on Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum. Different strains of micro-organisms are used to demonstrate the possible uses of extracts or essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum grtissimum. The result is that Hyptis suavelons and Ocimum gratissimum have a wide spectrum of action on pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The leaves are the most stressed organ. Figure 1 summarizes the most used micro-organisms in the evaluation of antimicrobial activities: Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Fusarium oxysporum; Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Hyptis suaveolens are mostly used. Table 2 presents the different antiparasitic activities that were evaluated on essential oils and extracts of Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum species. The parasites involved are protozoa (Herpetomonas samuelpessoai), [76] Leishmania amazonensiss; [67] mites Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguinneus; [68,69] ectoparasites [10] and helminths Ascardia galli, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei. [70,72] The essential oil of O. gratissimum, were efficient in inhibiting eclodibility of H. contortus eggs [78] while the extract had a moderate action on adult Haemonchus placei worms. [72] The anthelminthic activity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum would be due to Egenole. Hyptis suaveolens extract had paralyzed adult worms of Ascardia galli and Pheretima posthuma. [73] Bioinsecticidal activity The species Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissium can be used as bioinsecticides against field or food insect pests [11,39,79,80] and mosquito vectors of parasites. [25,[81][82][83][84][85][86] Antioxidant activities Through the different techniques (DPPH; FRAP, ABTS), total phenols assay, it has been reported that the extracts and essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum are endowed with the free radical scavenging abilities. [24,26,32,34,40,55,60,87] The antioxidant capacity average for all oil samples was about 75% of the thymol activity. [77] Other activities Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum have also been reported to have antidiarrheal, [88,89] antidiabetic; [16,19,90,91] anticancer; [40,92] antinflammatory, [15] antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, and in wound  healing. [12] Ocimum gratissimum is reported to have beneficial actions on the immune system. [94] Toxicity Toxicity tests conducted on rats, showed that Hyptis suaveolens is not toxic. [16] According to the work of, [40] the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens is toxic. However, according to the same author, this toxicity is beneficial in the treatment of cancers. It has been reported for Ocimum gratissimum, that it can be toxic. [61,93,95,96]

DISCUSSION
The species Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum of the Lamiaceae family have proven through various tests that they are endowed with antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic and insecticidal properties. Thus, these two species can be used in several areas of life such as agriculture, industry, agri-food, health and livestock. Indeed, Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum can be used as bioinsecticides in the control of insect pests of fields [47,79,97] against insect vectors of parasites. [86] In Agrifood, Hyptis suaveolens can be used as a cereal preservative against aflatoxins [50, post-harvest protection of cabbage, [53] beef preservation [55] in the same way that Ocimum gratissimum can be involved in the protection of yam against rot, [81] conservation of local cheese "Wagachi". [29] It is noted that there is a correlation between the different results obtained. Indeed, the different micro-organisms used in the evaluation of antimicrobial activities, are responsible for the degradation of several food products, food and the cause of several diseases. Thus, the wide spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity of Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissium can justify their use in infectious diseases. These two species have not been studied as much for their antiparasitic activities. [70,76,68,10,69,72] According to an ethnobotanical study conducted in the DONGA, the species Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum are used in the treatment of human and small ruminant intestinal parasitosis in Benin. These observations are justified by the work of [73] and [76] who respectively demonstrated the anthelmintic activity of Hyptis suaveolens on Pheretima posthuma and Ocimum gratissimum on Haemonchus contortus. Pheretima posthuma is used as a model for studying human helminths. Also, anti-diarrheal activities of these two species have been reported.  Diarrhea is a manifestation but not specific to intestinal parasitosis. Diarrhea can also be associated with bacterial infections with Staphylococcus aereus; Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium [72]  results from the trials differ depending on the plant organ studied, the substance studied (extract, essential oils) the extraction solvent if it is an extract and also the type of micro-organism (Gram Positive bacteria, Gram Negative; fungus), parasites, insects involved. [56,52,23,54,41] It is in this vein that a harmonization of laboratory research is important to quantify the level of research progress and its directions for useful purposes. There is also a wide variation in the composition of essential oils, even within a given country. [13,22] These observed differences could be related to edaphic conditions and explained by chemical polymorphism. [98] According to, [13] latitude would be the most important environmental factor influencing the essential oil content. However, in Africa the essential oil of Hyptis suaveoloens seems to be characterized by the presence of βcaryophyllene. [101] It would be very important to map the essential oil chemotypes of each aromatic plant with interesting biological properties; this would allow valuation and large-scale use of these aromatic plants.

CONCLUSION
The species Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum are endowed with several biological activities which justifies their uses in several fields. They are used by the populations in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis in Benin. The evaluation of their antiparasitic properties against intestinal parasites is important for their better use.