Open Science in Addressing Responsible Research and Innovation: Evidence from India and other Countries

This paper highlights the brief background of the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). The RRI concept has some key issues, one of which is open access that brings forth the concept of Open Science. The global trend of Open Science research is presented here on the basis of data obtained from Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. The global Open Access movements got strengthened after the release of the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) public statement on February 14, 2002, supporting the principles relating to open access to the research literature. The state of India in production and dissemination of open access resources, in comparison with other BRICS nations is pointed out here. The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and the Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) have recorded a significant number of open access journals and open access repositories from India, one of the best from the developing nations. However, in other Open Science areas such as ensuring open research data and publishing research publications with an explicit Open Licensing term, India needs to take the lead in the developing world. The recent advancements in open science frameworks in the world vis-à-vis the open science strategies and practices in India as compared to other emerging economies are highlighted.


INTRODUCTION
Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) indicates an integrated research and innovation process that encounters effects and potential impacts on the environment and society. By June 2014, there were at least a dozen international research projects, most of them funded or co-funded by the European Commission, that were involved in developing a Responsible Research and Innovation governance framework. [1] The Leaflet of European Commission [2] declared in 2012, "The Directorate-General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission is determined to bridge the gap between the scientific community and society at large. In 2001, the «Science and Society» Action Plan was launched to set out a common strategy to make a better connection between science and European citizens. In 2007, under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), «Science and Society» became «Science in Society (SiS)» with the primary objective to foster public engagement and a sustained two-way dialogue between science and civil society. Since 2010 the focus of SiS has been to develop a concept responding to the aspirations and ambitions of European citizens: a framework for Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI).
The European Commission (EC) described RRI as a framework that consisted of six Key Action Points: [2] 1. Engagement: It implies that societal challenges should be framed by widely representative social, economic and ethical concerns and common principles on the strength of joint participation of all societal actors -researchers, industry, policymakers and civil society. S15 Figure 1: Open Access as an Element in RRI Framework.
knowledge and tools to fully participate and take responsibility in the research and innovation process.

Open Access:
States that RRI must be both transparent and accessible. Free online access should be given to the results of publicly funded research (publications and data).

Ethics:
Requires that research and innovation respect fundamental rights and the highest ethical standards to ensure increased societal relevance and acceptability of research and innovation outcomes.
6. Governance: Addresses the responsibility of policymakers to prevent harmful or unethical developments in research and innovation. The latter is a fundamental basis for the development of the rest of the dimensions. [2] Figure 1 indicates Open Access as an integral part of the RRI Framework, as suggested in the Horizon 2020 strategy documents. More recently in September 2018, eleven research funders in Europe unveiled 'Plan S' to make all research publications open access as soon as they are published. [3] The Delhi Declaration on Open Access 2018 recommended similar provision for the public-funded research outputs. [4] Open science efforts are now accelerated to engage the citizens in the research processes as well as to ensure public engagement of the informed citizens.

Brief Background of Responsible Research and Innovation
According to Stilgoe [5]  The Responsibility, in a true sense, indicates some sort of reliability or dependability. As Wikipedia [6] said, the "term RRI was coined in Europe and the United States in the first decade of the 21 st century. Among the first authors who developed this concept from 2003 onwards, were Hellstrom, Guston, Owen, Robinson and others". [6] But Research is an old and classical concept of the society. The earliest recorded use of the term dates back to the year 1577. Now, an interesting question may instinctively arise, i.e., was the Research before the year 2003 held no Responsibility at all? At this juncture, let us recall that the main glue functioning behind the amalgamation of Responsibility and Research is its interactions with the Society. [7] The Atomium European Institute [8] declared, "Citizens have a right -and are expected -to be involved in the crucial decisions of what their futures will look like and how science and technology can contribute to its betterment. The framework for Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) stresses the fact that grand societal challenges will have a better chance of being successfully tackled if all societal actors are fully engaged in the co-construction of innovative solutions, products and service. Thus, RRI is being developed to foster the creation of a research and innovation policy driven by the needs of society and engaging all societal actors via inclusive, participatory approaches." As outlined by Nobel Laureate and former Director General of CERN, Professor Carlo Rubbia, the most severe scientific problems are those responding to long-term issues, like cancer, climate change or changing demographics. We need to critically assess how society and the different stakeholders can be engaged in the whole governance process to avoid the risk of investing only in short-term solutions; as Michael Faraday tells us "electricity was not invented by improving candles".

Responsible Research and Innovation as a Movement
Keeping in mind the reciprocities between research and society, the former gradually was shaped into a movement to emphasize the impacts of science on society and the influences of society on science. As Angelaki [9] mentioned in 2016, Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a key action of the "Science with and for Society" programme of Horizon 2020 (H2020). The European Commission defines RRI as "an approach that anticipates and assesses potential implications and societal expectations concerning research and innovation, with the aim to foster the design of inclusive and sustainable research and innovation". This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of this increasingly topical concept while focusing on one of its core features: Open Access. This program highlighted the major role of Open Access within the RRI framework. The responsibility issues are contemplated with research functions at the crossroad when the society marches towards democratization. As the democratization radically demands sustainability issues, therefore RRI is the key factor in today's research scenario.

Open Science Movement
Why does science need to be open? Perhaps one of the most burning issues of today's society. In this context, let us recall Swartz's [10] famous quotation, "Information is Power". But like all power, there are those who want to keep it for themselves. The world's entire scientific and cultural heritage, published over centuries in books and journals, is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations.
Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, elaborates the importance of Open Science: [11] "To overcome the knowledge divides, we need more cooperation across disciplines and across borders to help governments develop more effective and inclusive policies, North and South. International networks, open data sources, co-creation of knowledge, open access to publishing and software -these are all vital to achieving this." Since the birth of science journal in the year 1665, scientists have been publishing papers without remuneration. Usually, the scientists get royalties for their textbooks and monographs. But generally, the papers are published in journals to bring the scientists even more valuable rewards, i.e., the citation, the time-stamp or other forms of impact. For more than 350 years, the papers contributed by authors are being distributed in print journals, whose costs were covered by subscription fees. The rise of internet ensured free distribution of scholarly content to readers, a new environment in the academic world, known as Open Access. It is interesting to note that the price of journals began to escalate steeply as the internet was born. The average price hike of a science journal was about four times in the internet era compared to only one/two decades back. This resulted in an access crisis while hardly any institution could access scholarly content particularly in developing nations like India and South Asian countries. At this cross-point the open access movement started, which eventually persuaded 80% of non-OA journals to let their authors deposit the peerreviewed versions of their work in OA repositories. Today, open science movement is gathering high momentum. There are several thousands of OA journals and repositories. Besides the well-known subscribed bibliographic cum citation databases like Scopus and Web of Science, there is also OA database like PubMed or CiteSeerX. The notable feature is that there are so many facets of open science publication and dissemination. Canessa and Zennaro [12] pointed out six key features that researchers need to know about open science. Hippel and Krogh [13] described two prevalent models of innovation in open science organization, i.e., the private investment model and the collective action model and assessed the role of open source software in implementing the same. Gonzalez [14] highlighted licensing issues involved in open science movement. Atkins [15] et al. discussed the role of openeducational resources in open science movement. Ruth [16] developed the concept of the Open Science Grid (OSG) that provides a distributed facility where the Consortium members provide guaranteed and opportunistic access to shared computing and storage resources. Nosek [17] described transparency, openness and reproducibility as vital features of open science research. Boulton [18] described the open science movement as an open enterprise.

Research in Open Science: Global Scenario
The open science movement gained momentum particularly in recent years, i.e., since the beginning of the second decade of the 21 st Century, as also evident from Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. The gaining momentum of Open Science concept endorses itself as a self-sufficient subject domain that is also clear from these three bibliographic databases. We have searched these databases by the search term "Open Science" OR "Open Science Movement". The results of the retrieved   data are presented below. The growth pattern of global research on Open Science is presented in Figure 2.

Growth of Literature
It is interesting to note that Scopus records a maximum number of Open Science research output followed by Web of Science and PubMed. The PubMed records a minimum number of output though it is an open-access database, while the other two are a subscription-based database. An exponential growth of outputs is observed after 2010 for all the three databases.
The growth patterns of open science research at per three databases, viz. WoS, Scopus and PubMed are hereby analysed by non-linear regression method ( Figure 3).
The open science growth of literature since 1989 to 2017, as observed in Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed are hereby fitted by regression method. [19] In all three databases, the best fit curve found is exponential of the form Y = a*Exp(b*X), where, a and b are constants, Y represents a number of publications over the years (dependent variable) and X represents years (independent variable. The values of a and b for three databases are presented in Table 1.
It is observed from Figure 3 that Open Science growth was started more of less since 2009 that touched the crest after 2015.
The sudden hike took place actually during the last three/ four years. This growth pattern agrees with Price' growth model. [20] The open science research is on the full swing right now, which is signalled by the exponential growth pattern (Table 1).
In the context of long-term growth, Price suggested Logistic curve, that is S-shaped to follow a saturation or decaying phase (third phase) after the exponential growth phase. It is thus clear that in the case of open science the third phase is yet to come in future.
Core Parameters associated with Global Open Science research.

Subject Areas Covered
The main subject domain attached with Open Science research is computer sciences followed by information sciences, social sciences, etc. No similarity is observed between the ranking of the results from Scopus and Web of Science other than the first one. However, the dominating subjects in Global Open Science Research are computer sciences, library and information sciences, social sciences, physics, astronomy, mathematics, etc. (Table 2) Core Journals The ranking of journals is also varying widely between two databases. The core journals are, however, include, eLife, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Research Policy, PLOS One, ACM International, etc. (Table 3)

Core Countries
The list of top 20 countries is given in Table 4. The ranking here particularly for the top ten countries is nearly the same.
In Scopus' list, India is absent, while secured 20 th position in  A research data repository facilitates archiving processed research data, while an OA repository facilitates self-archiving of publications in pre-print, post-print, or published format.

Declining of OA Journals on DOAJ Database
In June 2016, DOAJ announced the engagement of DOAJ Ambassadors for streamlining inclusion of new OA journals from the Global South, while they recruited 15 ambassadors from 10 countries. Due to certain changes in the journals inclusion policy as well as the inclusion process on DOAJ, OA journals from India and few other countries started delisting. Unfortunately, many scholarly journals published by the science academies in India and other public funded institutions, although publishing freely accessible online journals for many years, had shown little interest in the inclusion of their journals in this directory. Surprisingly, many of these Indian journals are indexed on Scopus, Web of Science and other abstracting and indexing databases, but they consciously are not taking part of the DOAJ database. DOAJ Ambassadors in India are still trying to figure out how OA journals published by the public-funded institutions (including science academies in India and CSIR-NISCAIR) could be included in the DOAJ

Global Collaborative Projects in Open Science
This section records some of the significant OS projects implemented in the Global South, while many international organizations are collaborating with the national and local scientific institutions for rolling out open science platforms for the benefits of the scientists and researchers in the respective region or the country.    imparting training and spread awareness about benefits of data sharing and reuse amongst social science research community in India; and interacting, cooperating and collaborating with other national and international data services and repositories for data and resource sharing and improved management of data services.

Self-Archiving of Scientific Data in Data Repositories
The scientific communities are aided with different global online platforms for self-archiving open research data after fully or partially completion of their respective research studies. Some of the popular platforms are briefly mentioned here.
• Figshare (Figshare.com): It securely stores and manages your research outputs in the cloud, or makes them openly available and citable (with a DOI) for free. It helps in fulfilling the research data management (RDM) policy of many research institutions and scientific journals.
• Dryad (DataDryad.org): It is a curated repository that makes the data underlying scientific publications discoverable, freely reusable and citable. This portal also helps in fulfilling the research data management (RDM) policy of many research institutions and scientific journals.
• Dataverse.org (Dataverse Project): This site provides a web application for sharing, citing, analyzing and preserving research data, created by Institute for Quantitative Social Science (IQSS) at Harvard University, in the United States. This portal also helps in fulfilling the research data management (RDM) policy of many research institutions and scientific societies.
• DataCite.org: It is a leading global non-profit organisation that provides persistent identifiers (DOIs) for research data. Its goal is to help the research community to locate, identify and cite research data with confidence.
It is a member-based organization that helps make data and other research outputs more accessible by developing/ supporting methods to locate and cite them.

CONCLUSION
This paper highlights the brief background of the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). The RRI framework has six key elements, one of which is Open Access. This key element brings forth the concept of Open Science. Today, the idea Open Science itself bloomed as an individual subject domain in the universe of knowledge. The Global trend of Open Science research is presented here by data obtained from Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. It shows an overall growth of Open Science initiatives in the BRICS nations. In some areas, BRICS countries have been stagnated and could not reach the mark of global 10% share. The advocacy from the scientific and professional societies needs to be strengthened to overcome the stagnation. Some of the takeaway points and recommendations from this paper are shown in the bullet points for the easy grasp of the situations by the targeted stakeholders of local open science movement. A sustained Advocacy is required to pledge to use OA resources as users and authors; to encourage researchers to share their research data and publish OA publications and to introduce Research Data Literacy programmes for the researchers and research scientists.
It is expected that research outcomes of the public funded research be made available through the Open Access publications with open licensing. Archiving of research data from public funded research in open data repositories and research journals maintained by the public-funded institutions need to be encouraged. Journals published by the publicfunded institutions usually don't have any APC for publishing.
There is a need to have a cross-country collaboration between the research academies and research funders in developing countries (i.e., the Global South) to curb the menace of predatory OA publishers and journals. The menace of plagiarism also needs to address. There is a need to make use of OA knowledge repositories/open data repositories, both at the institutional and funders' level and also subject-specific OA repositories (e.g., AgriXiv for agricultural research literature, or IndiaRxiv -Preprints Server for India