STI Performance in Indonesia: Policies, Indicators, Current Achievements, and Recommendations for 2045

The national (Indonesia) long-term development plan 2005-2025 has approached its final step. Currently, the Ministry of National Development Planning is preparing a technical text for the policy, including in the fields of science and technology. Referring to this notion, we have compiled this paper aiming at providing recommendations towards the applied indicators to measure efforts to achieve Indonesia’s 2045 target. This paper is divided into four discussions, which consist of: STI Indicator Comparison, Achievements of the STI Indicator, Notes for STI Indicators in the RPJPN, dan Author’s reflections/ insights.

Indonesia since 2018 has implemented a measure to navigate the development of STI, as outlined in the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 38 of 2018 concerning the National Research Master Plan for 2017-2045. [8] In the 2017-2045 National Research Master Plan, achievement targets for each indicator are set, which are evaluated in each five-year timeline until 2045. In addition, the Indonesian government has reaffirmed the achievement targets in the STI sectors through Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2020, concerning the National Medium-Term Development Plan of 2020-2024. [9] Prior to the enactment of these two regulations, the Indonesian government in the era of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration had additionally provided a number of achievement indicators as a measure of innovation performance. The STI indicators and targets are set through Presidential Regulation Number 32 of 2011 concerning Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development for 2011-2025. [10] Based on these three regulations, the indicators and targets of STI in Indonesia are compared. Further, the discussion is progressed with depicting the achievements of the STI indicators, as well as providing the recommendations for indicators which are implemented as reference in the future.  c) The reputable international publication. RIRN targets 8 (eight) reputable international publications per 100 science and technology human resources in 2025, and RPJMN targets 31,159 articles in international publications by 2024. Efforts are undertaken to increase the number of publications, including research collaborations between study programs, faculties or between universities, academic writing, formation of a higher education trainer team tasked with providing technical clinical services for international journal writing, coaching clinics, article workshops, and organizing international conference funded or subsidized by the university either as an organizing committee or as a partner. [12] d) The development of the STP area. MP3EI targets 6 STPs with potential based on natural wealth and technology, while RPJMN targets STPs based on Higher Education (5 STPs), and non-university-based STPs developed by ministries/government agencies (3 STPs). Efforts to develop STPs in Indonesia are embodied in Presidential Regulation Number 106 of 2017 concerning Science and Technology Areas. STP development programs in Indonesia are generally conducted in collaboration between universities and national research institutions, development of start-up incubators, and development of dissemination of research results. [13] e) The development of strategic science and technology infrastructure facilities. RPJMN targets to establish the 10 facilities by 2024, while MP3EI has not stated the targeted plan. Efforts have been made by the Indonesian government by allocating a budget sourced from State Sukuk to finance 19 strategic infrastructure projects in the field of research and innovation in Indonesia since 2018-2021. [14] Achievements of the STI Indicator

STI Indicator Comparison
For the duration of 2020 and 2021, Indonesia has recorded several achievements from the STI indicators as illustrated in Table 2. Indonesia R&D investment utilizes the data from global R&D forecasts. [15] Meanwhile, data regarding the percentage of science and technology human resources with doctoral qualifications, reputable international publications, development of STP areas, and construction of strategic science and technology infrastructure facilities are obtained from official data submitted by President Joko Widodo in the Speech of the President of the Republic of Indonesia at the Annual Session in the Context of the 76 th Anniversary of the Proclamation of Independence.
To achieve the qualified science and technology human resources, capacity and capability improvement is executed by organizing the learning programs through research and scientific scholarships. Until 2020, these two programs have funded approximately 1,128 students. The number of participants from the program by research for two years reached 234 awardees, while the participants of the scientific scholarship for ten years reached 894 awardees. [15] The enforcement of strategic national science and technology infrastructure serves as one of the indicators in Indonesia's 7 future development agendas and 17 targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the 2020-2024 RPJMN, there are several strategic issues related to increasing productivity and competitiveness, one of which is the limited R&D infrastructure. The number of established research infrastructure, research, development, assessment and application in Indonesia throughout 2020 includes the two facilities, which are Cibinong Science and Technology Park (C-STP) Productive Infrastructure and Marine Bioindustry Laboratory in Mataram.

Notes for STI Indicators in the RPJPN
The national long-term development plan (

Author's reflections/ insights
The creation of an innovation ecosystem in Indonesia has been inseparable from the efforts and policies of the Indonesian state. The policy will be set out in the national long-term development plan of 2026-2045. In the field of research and innovation, we propose the 13 indicators as consideration for the Indonesian government in setting the STI Indonesia 2045 indicator. The indicators we propose are in accordance with The Global Competitiveness Index by regarding a number of policies in Indonesia. Indonesia's experience in implementing the achievement of targets based on Table 1 has always been inconsistent with one another, hindering the implementation of the target achievement program due to changes. Therefore, our recommendation through these 13 Indicators provides a solution dealing with the inconsistency problem to be implemented until 2045. per GDP 0.31% [15] 0.31% [15] 2.