Pharmacist’s Perception of Forensic Pharmacy Services

Goal: To illuminate the pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is cross-sectional of convenient sampling and planned number of the subject with power eighty. An electronic survey was dispersed to the pharmacist and pharmacy intern, excluding pharmacy students and other healthcare professionals. The survey entailed of demographic data, pharmacist’s perception of forensic pharmacy, and barriers preventing implementation of forensic pharmacy. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used in this study. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75%) were male, while 200 (50.25%) were female, with statistical significance between them ( p <0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor’s degrees 303 (75.56%), with statistically momentous among all pharmaceutical degrees ( p <0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy services were (3.93). The high scores element was under-working in forensic pharmacy in the healthcare institutions (4.15). On the contrary, the lowest score medical staff feel like their mistakes are held against them when an event is stated (3.35). The total average scores of barriers prevent the implementation of forensic pharmacy services were (3.41) with high scores element was lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about forensic pharmacy (4.13). At the same time, the lowest score aspect of forensic pharmacy was the pharmacist shred in forensic sciences is too trivial to work (1.88). The most suggestions for facilitating forensic pharmacy implementation were implementing an electronic forensic pharmacy 306 (77.86%) and raise the number of forensic pharmacist staff by 319 (81.17%). Conclusion: The pharmacist had a positive insight of forensic pharmacy. However, various barriers are requisite to eliminate to start the implementation of forensic pharmacy services. Therefore, education and training are indispensable elements for establishing forensic pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.


INTRODUCTION
The attitude and perception are the keystones of knowledge and practice of pharmacy services, containing forensic pharmacy.The perception entailed of general perception or factors preventing the innovation of pharmacy services.If the pharmacist had good perception lead to the outstanding performance of knowledge and practice and trance versa.As a result, pharmacists' perception of forensic pharmacy is vital to create this kind of pharmacy service as a new project.Forensic science since created before more than 100 years until now. [1]It developed to be standardized and electronic documentation. [2,3]They discussed the perception of forensic science from a different angle.[6][7] Most of the studies did not comprise the pharmacist.Moreover, the authors are not familiar with any investigation about pharmacists' perception of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia, Gulf and Middle East countries, or the rest of the world.The contemporary study goals to declare the pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

METHODS
It examines a cross-sectional survey that debated pharmacist ' s perceptions of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.It self-reported an electronic survey of dentists, counting pharmacists from internship to consultant, pharmacist specialties, and Saudi Arabia.All non-pharmacist or students and non-completed surveys will be omitted from the study.The survey entailed of respondents' demographic information about pharmacists and perceptions of forensic pharmacy.The barriers to executing forensic pharmacy services in pharmaceutical care and suggestions for simplifying the implementation of nuclear pharmacy.The 5-point Likert response scale system was applied with closed-ended questions.According to the previous literature with unlimited population size, the sample was planned as a cross-sectional study, the confidence level 95% with z score of 1.96 and margin of error 5-6.5%, population percentage 50%, and dropout rate 10%.10] The response rate obligatory of calculated sample size at least 60-70% and above. [10,11] e survey was dispersed through social media of what's applications and telegram groups of pharmacists.The prompt message had been sent every 1-2 weeks.The survey was authorised through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing.Besides, various tests of reliability McDonald's ω, Cronbach alpha, Guttmann's λ2, and Guttmann's λ6 had been finished with the study.The data analysis of the pharmacist ' s perceptions of nuclear pharmacy is done through the survey monkey system.Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery's Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), Microsoft excel sheet version 16 with description and frequency analysis, good of fitness analysis, correlation analysis, and inferential analysis of factors moves pharmacist ' s perceptions of forensic pharmacy.The STROBE (Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies) showed the reporting of the current study. [12,13]

RESULTS
The total number of responding pharmacists was 402, with most of them coming from the south area 252 (62.69%) with statistically noteworthy among the regions (p<0.001).Of those, 198 (49.75%) were male, while 200 (50.25%)were female, with statistical significance between them (p<0.001).Most of the responders were in age (24-30) years 269 (67.08%) with statistically significant between all ages level (p<0.001).Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor's degrees 303 (75.56%), with statistically weighty among all pharmaceutical degrees (p<0.001).The majority of responders worked at community pharmacy 124 (30.85%),MOH hospitals 107 (26.62%), and military hospitals 76 (18.91%).Most pharmacists were staff pharmacists 284 (70.65%), and half of the responders had experienced three years and less 213 (53.25%) with the majority of their practice at the community pharmacy 115 (31.86%) and outpatient pharmacy 88 (24.38%) with statistically significant between them (p<0.001).There is a strong positive correlation between Age (years) and Years of experience at pharmacy career Kendall's tau_b (0.699) or Spearman's rho (0.747) with statistically significant difference (p<0.001).On the other hand, there is a negative medium correlation between position and age or Years of experience at pharmacy career with Kendall's tau_b (-0.447) or Spearman's rho (-0.488) or Kendall's tau_b (-0.460) or Spearman's rho (-0.511) respectively with statistically significant difference (p>0.05) as explored in Table 1 and 2. The total average scores of pharmacist awareness of forensic pharmacy services were  Continued... the perception of forensic pharmacy without any statically significant differences (p=0.061).
The gender factor exaggerated the perception of forensic pharmacy with the highest score with females (4.0689) with statically significant differences (p=0.001).There are nonstatically significant differences in swaying the perception of forensic pharmacy in position (p=0.070).Finally, there were six levels of the number of years experiences that affected the perception of forensic pharmacy without statically momentous differences (p=0.103).
The various factor might impact the reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementation.significant differences (p=0.272) as explored in Table 6.
The relationship between the insight of forensic pharmacy and factors location, site of wok age (years), pharmacist gender, years of experiences at pharmacy career and position held verified through a multiple regression model and measured the perception of forensic pharmacy dependent variable and factors were regarded as expletory variables.As a result, there was a weak relationship R (0.209) with (p=0.008) between the perception of forensic pharmacy and factors.All factors were non-significant differences (p>0.05).However, there was one factor only; the pharmacist gender explained 12.8% of the positive relationship of the in the perception of forensic pharmacy with a statistically significant (p=0.014)through multiple regression model and confirmed by Bootstrap model.Therefore, the relationship between perception of forensic pharmacy and one factor confirmed by the non-existence of multicollinearity with gender factor Variance Inflation Factor (VIF=1.088)was less than the three [14][15][16] as explored in Table 7 The relationship between the perception of reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementation and factors location, site of wok age (years), pharmacist gender, years of experiences at pharmacy career and position held proved through a multiple regression model and considered the perception of reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementationdependent variable and the factors were viewed as expletory variables.As a result, there was a weak relationship R (0.209) with (p=0.008) between the perception of forensic pharmacy and factors.However, there were two factors only; the location elucidated 12.9% (p=0.011), and position explicated 19.3% (p=0.001) of the positive relationship of the variation in the perception of reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementation with a statistically significant through multiple regression model and established by Bootstrap model.Therefore, the relationship between perception of reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementation and two factors tested by the non-existence of multicollinearity with location factor Variance Inflation Factor (VIF=1.054),position factor (VIF=1.278) was less than the three [14][15][16] as explored in Table 8.The majority of responders were an equal sample of gender to reproduce both gender opinions with varying positions of a pharmacy career.The results exposed that the average score of perception of forensic pharmacy was good in the current examination.The highest perception was about the pharmacist, the forensic pharmacy under working at healthcare institutions; they decide that forensic pharmacy is for justice and investigation factors of the crime problem.The pharmacist had a positive outcome perception of forensic pharmacy and vindicated demand for the services.However, the pharmacist disagrees with the mistake that they hold against them or pharmacists promote position as responders to medication errors, and the policy and procedures might to avert mistakes.It is a good perception of pharmacist onset towards medications errors involved in the forensic pharmacy system.
The pharmacist settled with numerous factors preventing forensic pharmacy; for instance, forensic pharmacy education and training were weak compared to earlier forensic medicine and dentistry. [5,17]Forensic pharmacy was not correctly taught during pharmacy school, and the level of clinical knowledge of forensic pharmacy was not tolerable.The pharmacy schools recommended that the forensic pharmacy education and healthcare institutions or forensic medicine department deliver several courses about forensic pharmacy, highlighting the founded residency program about forensic pharmacy cooperation with the board of forensic medicine residency program.In contrast, the pharmacist disagrees with various barriers and does not deliberate them as barriers preventing forensic pharmacy implementation.
For instance, the barriers, the importance of forensic pharmacy, lack of time working in a forensic pharmacy, or lack of confidence for physician's discussion about forensic pharmacy.They were not measured natural barriers.Most pharmacists suggest various references to offer forensic pharmacy, counting starting the implementation of electronic forensic pharmacy, cumulative the number of forensic pharmacy staff, standardized forensic pharmacy, and connecting the medications safety issues with forensic pharmacy.All four suggestions were grave and echoed an excellent perception of forensic pharmacy in the future.Various factors might disturb the perception of forensic pharmacy or barriers preventing implementation for the site of work, age, and several years of experience do not affect pharmacist perception.In comparison, location and gender exaggerated the perception of forensic pharmacy and barriers.The north and south more pretentious the perception than other locations, which lowered the perception score related to minor services of forensic medicine-related issues.
Besides, the central region had the lowest score of seeming barriers because most forensic medicine services are situated in the central area, and they will remark many obstacles in the survey.In contrast, the south region had more barriers than the central region due to few forensic medicine services.The location might be exaggerated by a 12.9% surge if the location is changed.The females have more positive perceptions than males without apparent reason or are more willing to work at the forensic pharmacy than males.The position does not affect the perception of forensic pharmacy but can affect the barriers of implementation with lower perception.It might be associated to being busy with their current work and focusing on their work or not updating their forensic pharmacy knowledge and declining by 19.3% of perception of barriers preventing forensic of each one surge in their positions.

Limitations
Although very informatics knowledge had been discovered from the existing study, various limitations encompassed the responders mainly from one region only and not equal distribution of responders.In addition, the age levels came from a young age with few years of experiences not equal distribution among responders with age or experiences.Besides, unequal distribution of positions career.All those factors affected the answers of responders and representative them.Further studies are mandatory with equal distribution of previous elements.Besides, there is no study to compare the contemporary with them.

CONCLUSION
The pharmacist's perception of forensic pharmacy was optimistic.Various barriers prevent the forensic pharmacy implementation, for case, under pharmacy staff, undergraduate during the pharmacy school, postgraduate education and training, vision, mission, and absence of strategic forensic pharmacy plan.
No factors disturb the responder's answers except the gender emphasizing female, and career positions affected positively.Removing the barriers will simplify the implementation of a forensic pharmacy foundation in Saudi Arabia.
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021

Table 1 : Demographic information.
(3.3807)and south (4.0330) with p=0.010.Thirteen levels of the site of work affected the perception without statically significant differences (p=0.693).Six groups of age affected International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021

Table 4 : Perception of barriers or factors that may prevent to implement of Forensic pharmacy.
pharmacy services.The current study states most of the formerly said aspects.The study with an adequate sample size of a convenience sample, high-reliability tests, and good validation of expert pharmacists.Most of the responders are from the southern region, where the author is working.Most of the responders

Table 6 : Factors influencing the perception of forensic pharmacy services and Reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementation. (average scores) Perception of forensic pharmacy services Perception Reasons preventing forensic pharmacy implementation
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021