Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br.: An Assessment of its Botany, Conventional Utilizaton, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Alstonia scholaris, a plant that belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is widely used around the world, exhibits pharmacological properties that are advantageous to human health. It is a widely used plant that has been used in traditional medicine for a very long time. Rheumatism, antileprosy, ulcer, antiseptics, different chronic inflammatory skin conditions, rheumatoid arthritis discomfort, broad-spectrum tonic, antidysentery, and vulnerary agents have all been successfully treated with A. scholaris. Along with treating fatigue, antipyretic, anticholeric, malaria fever, irregular and unbalanced menstruation, hepatic problems, diabetes, and dysentery, it has also been beneficial in treating these other conditions. It possesses astringent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. Additionally, it has cytotoxic, radioprotective CNS, anti-arthritic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-malarial, and anti-cancer effects. The numerous derivative metabolites were taken into account in the pioneering research on phytochemical analysis from the various plant sections. The plant displayed an abundance of metabolites, including tocopherols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carboxylic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. With a variety of biological functions, it also shown pharmaceutical efficacy. This evaluation seeks to acquaint the reader with the plant by adding to a clear overview of the botanical distinctiveness, typical uses, phytochemistry, and biological and pharmacological activities.


INTRODUCTION
Traditional medicine is a collection of information, acquaintances, skills (ability to apply learned knowledge), and performances based on theories, viewpoints, and understanding of various ethnic groups, whether they are understandable or not, and used for maintaining and securing wellbeing as well as for the treatment, mitigation, identification, and management of physical or mental illnesses.Because it is safe, affordable, and pharmacologically effective, conventional medicine is widely utilised to treat a wide range of illnesses in most nations. [1,2]  Alstonia, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is a well-known medicinal plant.This medicinal plant is widely used by humans all over the world to treat a variety of ailments.A. scholaris has successfully treated a variety of inflammatory chronic skin diseases, rheumatic pain, general tonic, antidysenteric agent, vulnerary agents, fatigue, anti-fever, anticholeric, malaria fever, unbalanced menses, hepatic disorders, diabetes, anthelmintic, stomach upset, bone fracture, skin disorders, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, inflammation, and urinary infections. [3-7]  It has astringent, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties.It also has anti-malarial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and cytotoxic properties, as well as radioprotective CNS and anti-arthritic properties. [8]

History
In history, Linnaeus named the plant systematically as Echites scholaris.Conversely, to admiration to Dr. Charles Alston (1685-1760), the Botany Professor at Edinburgh University, great scientific writer and King's garden custodian at Holyrood and amongst the few botanists who refused to accept the Linnaean taxonomic classification after its establishement.The common nomenclature was altered to Alstonia, while the genus name Scholaris was kept to indicate its utilization in schools in South East Asia, where its wood is conventionally utilised to craft slates and blackboards.The further synonyms of the plant comprise Tabernaemontana alternifolia Burm, Pala scholaris (L.) Roberty and Echites pala Buch-Ham ex Spreng. [3-10] Since the leaves are originate in swirls of seven; this plant is referred as sapthaparna or saptaparni (sapta meaning seven and parna or parni meaning leaves in Sanskrit).The leaves arrangement if A. scholaris is depicted in Figure 1.

Cultivation
A. scholaris is resilient tree and it has a preference of well-drained soils.It achieves adulthood in 8 to 10 years.Its propogation can be done by number of methods include cuttings (which root effortlessly in soil), air-layering and implanting (cleave and upturned T-grafting) and seeds (gathered from matured unsplited shells).It worked as moderator plant for Pauropsylla tuberculata, a category of psyllid that manufactures galls above folio exterior which appears an unattractive pocket.Sowing of seeds is one of the best propogation methods for elevating the harvest; generally no pre-treatment is necessary to grow the crop.Throughout summer, fruits may be collected prior to splitting of slender and stiff pods.Seeds are fluffy however incapable to disperse effortlessly and involuntarily.It may be cultivated under a variety of climatic situations in India, from tropical to sub-tropical.On the other hand, it flourishes healthy in vicinity having annual rainfall around 100 to 150 cm, since it favors a reasonably moist environment.The species thrives in the well-aerated red alluvial soil.It may also develop in black cotton soils; however its augmentation is sluggish because of the wet soil conditions that triumph during the rainy season. [3-10]

Parts Used
Each and every one components of the plant counting matured fruits, leaves, trunk, and flora can be utilized for the management of various diseases. [3-8]

Morphology
A. scholaris, an epiphyte with climbing and rooting branches.The A. scholaris is a middle-sized to large, glabrous tree that can grow up to 20 metres tall and 10 metres wide in urban areas, and up to 50 to 60 metres tall in its natural habitat.Rounded, denser, pagoda-shaped, and multi-tiered mature crowns are visible (Figure 2).Its adolescent twigs are abundantly lenticellate, rectangular flakes appeared on peeling off, and its full-grown outer bark is grayish-pale brown, smooth-scaly.Internal bark has a cream, golden, or straw hue and is covered in a lot of milky and bitter saps.The bark has a strong bitter flavour and almost no scent.
The tops of the leaves are glossy, while the bottoms are dull.The leaves are leathery, barely obovate to very scarcely spathulate with cuneate base and curved tip, and have 25 to 50 pairs of lateral veins that occur at an angle of 80-90° to the midvein.Cymes are intense and pubertal, with a stretched peduncle of 4 to 7 cm (1.6 to 2.8 inches).Pedicels are typically as long or shorter than the calyx.
The corolla is white and tubular, overlapping toward the left, 6-10 mm (0.24-0.39 inches); the lobes are mostly ovate or mostly obovate, 2-4.5 mm (0.079-0.177 inches); the lobes are predomintly oval or mostly obovate in shape, 2 to 4.5 mm (0.079 to 0.177 in).The ovaries appear inconspicuous and pubescent.Follicules have a distinct, linear appearance.Flowers bloom between September and October.The fragrance of the blossoms is strikingly similar to that of the Raatrani (Cestrum nocturnum) flower, which blooms at night (Figure 3).
A. scholaris seeds have an oblong shape and have ciliated edges, and ending in clumps of hair 1.5 to 2 cm (0.59 to 0.79 in) (Figure 4 a, b).
Fruits that mature from green to brown and have thin, linear, dehiscent follicles that are 20-40 (-63) cm long and 3-5 mm Phytochemical constituents [14-26] and pharmacognostic [27-32]  analysis of this species have been reported by numerous researchers.
In general A. scholaris is a plant that encloses alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarin derivatives, leucoanthocyanin, reducing sugars, simple   phenolics, steroids, saponins and tannins.The extract of Leaves comprises of different elements for example Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Cr, Mn and Cd. [33]  Primary and secondary metabolites were found in the current plant according to previous phytochemical screening.Some of the numerous secondary metabolites from the various plant components have been discovered by preliminary phytochemical screening.Table 1 lists compounds that were extracted from oils and other extracts of different A. scholaris sections.

Traditional uses
It is applied as astringent, antiseptics, used in rheumatism, antileprotic, ulcer, and to treat different inflammatory persistent skin disorders, general tonic, and rheumatoid pain.It also been used as anticholeric, antidysentery, antipyretic, antimalarial, vulnerary agents, aphrodisiac, antidiabetes, anthelmintic in conjunction with it also useful in stomachache, emmenagogue, fatigue, hepatic disease, irregular menses, skin diseases, swelling, bone fracture, urinary tract infections. [3-13]  The milky juice is useful on ulcers and on rheumatic pains; mixed with oil and dropped in the ear it alleviates otitis.The bark tincture acts in some cases as a potent galactogogue.Literature evaluation has exposed that extracts and isolated compounds of A. scholaris confirms antidiabetic, analgesic and antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticancer and cytotoxic activity, radio protective CNS activity and antiarthritic activity. [7]

Antidiabetic activity
Hypoglycemic potential of triterpenes from A. scholaris was studied and reported by Ragasa et al.They discovered hypoglycemic activity in betulin and lupeolus acetate. [78]  Hypoglycemic activity and antihyperlipidemic effects on diabetic induced by streptozotocin in rats by A. scholaris Linn.bark was reported by Bandawane and co-workers.The research suggested that the bark having important effects on lipid profile and A. scholaris bark potential in diabetes and associated cardiovascular impediments because of its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity. [79]  Arulmozhi and co-workers depicted antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential of A. scholaris Linn.R. Br.Leaves.
The study concluded that ethanolic extract of A. scholaris, along with the antidiabetic activity, it also having antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. [80]  Anurakkun et al., reported α-Glucosidase blockers isolated from Dita.The inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase has been observed in aqueous methanol extract from dried leaves of Devil tree.
Active principles were equipped from rat small intestine acetone powder, isolated and recognized against α-Glucosidase. [81]  Antidepressant A. scholaris and its effects on stress and cognition in mice were described by Kulkarni and Juvekar.They came to the conclusion that the methanolic bark extracts normalised all the stress-induced indicators, including cortisol levels, carbohydrate, protein, triglycerides, and cholesterol, when administered. [82]  Antibacterial Activity Maurya et al., reported the preparatory isolation of the A. scholaris' Logenetin, a bioactivator using rapid centrifugal chromatography.They reported isolation of Logenetin and its effects against gram positive and negative organism. [83-84]  According to Khan et al., Leea tetramera and A. scholaris have antibacterial properties.They came to the conclusion that the root bark portions of A. scholaris and L. tetramera were ineffective against the fungi examined. [85-86]

Antimycobacterial activity
A. scholaris's leaves, stem bark, and root bark were extracted in methanol, and Macabeo and others claimed that this had an antimycobacterial effect.Approximately 89% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv is blocked by in-vitro antituberculosis activity utilising the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) at a dosage of 50 g/mL. [87]  The current study [88] was conceded out to discover the vulnerability to butanol extracts of bark of A. scholaris of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.To report the inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Luciferase reporter phage (LRP)

Part used Extract/Oil Chemical Constituents
Ref.
When administered with the butanolic extract after 6 days of incubation, the in-vitro bioassay findings demonstrated complete vulnerability to the quick growth Mycobacterium species as compared to control.

Immunomodulatory activity
Inducing apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line and enhancing immunomodulatory activity in C57BL/6 Mice are two effects of combining the alkaloids and triterpenes of A. scholaris (Linn.)R Br leaves.These findings offer early proof that triterpenes and alkaloids both have immune modulation and apoptosis-inducing properties, and that their combination has a more potent effect than each class alone. [40,42]Pule (A. scholaris) bark extracts have an immunostimulatory effect.At dosages of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight in this investigation, the aqueous extract had no impact on the amount of primary antibodies.The aqueous extract stimulated cellular immunity at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight while inhibiting the delayed type of hypersensitive reaction at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. [89]

Retinoid-Induced Skin Irritation Inhibition Activity
A. scholaris Linn.R. Br. both in-vitro and in-vivo dramatically decreases retinoid-induced skin sensitivity.The findings indicated that A. scholaris is a potential substance that may improve the anti-aging properties of retinoids while minimising their capacity to irritate skin. [90]  Ursolic acid Strictamine Picranine Rhazimanine Β-Sitosterol

Anticancer activity
On several types of carcinomas, the chemopreventive impact of various extracts of A. scholaris was investigated. [77,91-104]The antitumor efficacy of the A. scholaris alkaloid fraction was assessed in-vitro and in-vivo.The antineoplastic activity of HeLa cells treated with ethanolic extracts increased over time in a time-dependent manner; the maximum activity was shown after the cells were exposed to the extracts for 24 hr. [92]  Part used Phytoconstituents Activity reported Ref.
Leaves pulverized to make poultice in treatment of ulcers.Used in snake bite and scorpion bite.
[  Logenetin They reported isolation of Logenetin and its effects against gram positive and negative organism. [127] Leaf and Bark Pronounced antibacterial activity against Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and the clinical strain Providence stuartii.Antibacterial activity was also tested against a large group of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria and it was found to reside maximum in the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extract of leaf and bark [128] The crude methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and root barks of A. scholaris The micro-organisms used were A.

Alkaloid fraction
In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of anticancer activity.Treatment of Cultured human neoplastic cell lines (HeLa, HepG2, HL60, KB and MCF-7) and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice.HeLa cells with 25 μg/mL of ethanolic extracts resulted in a time dependent increase in the antineoplastic activity and the greatest activity was observed when the cells were exposed to ethanolic extracts for 24 h [92] Ethanolic leaves extract Human cell lines, i.e. lung cancer cells (A-549), oral cancer cells (K3), breast cancer lines (MCF-7), neuroblastoma cancer lines (SW-N-MC), colon cancer cells (SW-620) [93] Different extracts from stem bark HeLa cell lines [94] Cytotoxic Different extracts from stem bark Echitamine chloride The benzo(a)pyrene induced for stomach carcinogenesis in mice.The ASE treatment not only reduced the frequency of splenocytes bearing one MN but also cells bearing multiple MN indicating the efficacy of ASE in inhibiting mutagenic changes induced by BaP.HeLa, HepG2, HL60, KB and MCF-7 cell lines in-vitro and in mice bearing EAC [95] Methanol extracts of root barks of A. macrophylla, A. glaucescens, and A. scholaris, collected from Thailand Human lung cancer cell lines, MOR-P (adenocarcinoma) and COR-L23 (large cell carcinoma), using the SRB assay [96] Alteration in phosphatase activity

Bark extract
Exposed to gamma radiation at the source to surface distance (SSD) of 77.5 cm to deliver the dose rate of 1.32 Gy/min [97] Chemomodulatory activity A. scholaris extract (ASE) studied in combination with berberine hydrochloride (BCL) EAC bearing mice [98] Combination of 120 mg/ kg of ASE with 25 mg/kg of CPA was most effective Mice transplanted with EAC [99] Hydro-alcoholic extract Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced forestomach carcinoma in female mice [100] Hydro-alcoholic extract Enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of echitamine chloride by vitamin A EAC cell cultures [101] Echitamine chloride Modulation of the impaired drug metabolism in sarcoma-180 bearing mice [102] Radiosensitizing effect Alkaloid fraction of A. scholaris Evaluated in various neoplastic cell lines, namely, HeLa, HePG2, HL60, MCF-7, and KB exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy of γ-radiation [103] Echitamine chloride from bark of A. scholaris

Inhibition of glycolysis and respiration of sarcoma 180 cells [104]
Activity Part/extract Animal model/cell line Ref.

Ethanolic extract, fractions and main alkaloids of A. scholaris leaf
The anti-tussive activity was evaluated using three different models including ammonia or sulfur dioxide induced mice coughing and citric acid induced guinea pigs coughing.The anti-asthmatic activity was investigated on guinea pigs' bronchoconstriction induced by histamine.The expectorant activity was evaluated by the volume of phenol red in mice's tracheas. [118]

Broncho-vasodilatory activity
Ethanolic extract of leaves Guinea pig trachea, ileum [119] Ethanolic extract of leaves Broncho-vasodilatory activity mediated presumably by prostaglandins calcium antagonism and endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s). [119] Anti-inflammatory and analgesic The leaf extract The analgesic activities were investigated using acetic acid induced writhing, hotplate and formalin tests in mice.
The antiinflammatory activities were determined in-vivo and in-vitro, including xylene induced ear edema and carrageenan induced air pouch formation in mice, and COX-1, -2 and 5-LOX inhibition [135] Alkaloidal fraction of leaves They concluded that the alkaloids fraction of Alstonia scholaris leaf, three main alkaloids, picrinine, vallesamine and scholaricine, may produce the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect peripherally based on several in-vivo assays. [44]

Benzene and methanolic extracts of the flowers and fruits
The analgesic activity of the flower and fruits were studied using the writhing assay and the tail fick assay in mice while the antipyretic activity of the inflorescence of A. scholaris was studied by yeast induced pyrexia in rats. [136]

Methanolic extract of Roots
Acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion test.[137] Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity

Ethanolic extract
The study indicated that have significant effects in hot plate methods and reduces inflammatory response in carrageenan induced inflammation. [122] Anti-arthritic activity Ethanolic extract of leaves A. scholaris has prominent antiarthritic activity which may be attributed to its analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressant activities [138] Stem bark extract The activity on human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was reported.In this study, stem bark extracts demonstrated in-vitro anticomplementary activity via the classical pathway.The anticomplementary action could help treat rheumatoid arthritis. [114]

Antiulcerogenic activity Ethanolic extracts
The ethanolic extracts had significant antiulcerogenic activity.[122] Ethanolic extract of leaves The study concluded that DCM fraction having peripheral analgesic activity and antiinflammatory activity with lack of ulcerogenic property.The ethyl acetate fractions didn't show any significant effects. [80] Wound healing Ethanolic and aqueous Extract of leaves Excision, incision and dead space wound healing models [139] Activity Part/extract Animal model/cell line Ref.

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic
Ethanolic extract of leaves Streptozotocin induced diabetic rat, also possess antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities [80] Bark Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.The bark having significant effects on lipid profile and potential of A. scholaris bark in diabetes as well as related cardiovascular complications due to its anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties [79] Antidiabetic Leaf powder Powder of leaves of A. scholaris causes a significant decrease in blood glucose level in human volunteers with Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [140] α-Glucosidase inhibitors

Aqueous methanol extract of leaves
Active principles against α-Glucosidase, prepared from rat small intestine acetone powder, were isolated and identified [81] Antihypertension Decoction of bark In patients with essential hypertension [141] Antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities Methanolic crude extract Method used was castor oil induced diarrhea for in-vivo antidiarrheal activity and rabbit jejunum in-vitro model for spasmolytic activity.Antidiarrhoeal and spasmolytic effects, mediated possibly through the presence of CCB-like constituent(s). [115] Antidiarrheal formulation Charcoal suspension (10%) was used to study the effect of kutajarishta on percent intestinal transit, while its effect on electrolyte, mainly potassium secretion, was studied using glibenclamide in castor oil induced diarrhea [116] Aqueous and the alcoholic bark extracts Castor oil induced diarrhea.Parameters under study were number of diarrheal episodes and mean wt. of stools of mice [117] Immunostimulating Bark extracts BALB/c mouse [89] In-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging Fraction from ethanolic etract of leaves 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, and ferric thiocyanate reducing [105] Methanolic extract of fruit and flower Extract showed significant antioxidant activity by inhibition of DPPH and superoxide production.Free radical scavenging activity is due to the presence of flavonoid [106] Methanolic extract of leaves DPPH assay and plasmid nicking assay [107] aqueous extracts of bark The study revealed highest antioxidant activity as compared to butanolic and ethyl acetate extracts in DPPH and ABTS assays. [108]

Flowers and fruits
The study revealed in-vitro model system like DPPH assay and Beta carotene Assay [109] Nitric oxide Scavenging Ethanolic extract of bark No scavenging activity [110] Stress and cognition Methanolic extract of bark Restraint stress model in mice, passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model [82] Anti-anxiety activity Ethanolic extract of leaves Elevated plus maze, open field, hole board, light dark, mirror chamber and foot shock induced aggression models [142] It was discovered that sapthaparna was efficient at controlling the benzo(a)pyrene induced stomach cancer in mice.Additionally, it has been shown that the ASE therapy decreased the frequency of both cells and splenocytes containing numerous MN, demonstrating the effectiveness of ASE in preventing mutagenic alterations brought on by BaP.The frequency of BaP-induced MN in the treated mice's splenocytes was considerably decreased by either pre-or post-treatment with ASE. [100]  Antioxidant activity [105-110]   A. scholaris's phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities were reported by Antony et al.In DPPH and ABTS assays, the study found that aqueous bark extracts had the highest antioxidant activity when compared to butanolic and ethyl acetate extracts. [108]  Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatoid and antiulcerogenic activity A. scholaris Linn.was found to have antinociceptive and antiinflammatory properties, according to Arulmozhi and colleagues.The study indicated that ethanolic extract have significant effects in hot plate methods and reduces inflammatory response in carrageenan induced inflammation.The ethanolic extracts had significant antiulcerogenic activity. [111]  According to Arulmozhi et al., the leaves of A. scholaris Linn.R. Br. have antiarthritic and antioxidant properties.According to the findings of this study, ethanolic extracts have strong antiarthritic properties that may be due to their analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressant, and antioxidant properties. [112]A. scholaris

Anti-malarial Methanol extracts prepared from various parts of A. scholaris, A. macrophylla and A. glaucescens
Anti-plasmodial activity against multidrug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum cultured in human erythrocytes [143] The petroleum ether extract and methanol extract of the bark Antimalarial activity in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei [144] Anti-fertility Lupeol acetate isolated from benzene extract of A. scholaris Body weights, weight of reproductive organs, i.e. testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate, were observed.Testicular sperm count, epididymal sperm count and motility were also evaluated using male albino rats [145] α-Amyrin acetate isolated from plant Male albino rats used to study the effect on fertility.[146] Bark extract Drug showed significant antifertility effect in male rat at this dose level.The primary site of action may be meiotic germ cells [147] Antileishmanial Plant extract Plants were evaluated for antileishmanial activity with Leishmania donovani infected hamsters [148] Hepatoprotective Plant extract Liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), β-dgalactosamine, acetaminophen and ethanol were investigated by means of serum biochemical and histopathologic examinations [149] Toxicological profile Different doses up to 2000 mg/kg The acute and sub-acute toxic effects of various doses of hydro-alcoholic extract of A. scholaris (ASE) were studied in mice and rats [120] Hydro-alcoholic extract Hematological analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease in RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, neutrophils, and monocytes, as well as a significant increase in lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.The presence of echitamine may explain the observed toxic effect of ASE. [150] Teratogenic effect Hydro-alcoholic extract The teratogenic effect was studied in the pregnant Swiss albino mice on Day 11 of gestation [150] lacked ulcerogenic properties but had peripheral analgesic and antiinflammatory activities.There were no discernible impacts from the ethyl acetate fractions. [112]  A. scholaris has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties by Xiao-Dong Luo et al.They came to the conclusion that the three primary alkaloids in the A. scholaris leaf, picrinine, vallesamine, and scholaricine, may have a peripherally acting anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. [113]  The activity of the stem bark extract of Alstonla boonei de wild on human complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was described by Labadie et al.Stem bark extracts in this study have in-vitro anticomplementary action that is mediated by the conventional mechanism.Rheumatoid arthritis treatment may benefit from the anticomplementary activity. [114]  Antidiarrhoeal and Spasmolytic Activities Varoius researchers reported the antidiarrhoeal properties of A. scholaris. [115-117]The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic effects of the methanolic crude extract of A. scholaris L. were described by Shah et al. and are mediated via calcium channel blocking.The study's findings suggest that the crude extract of A. scholaris has antidiarrheal and spasmolytic properties, which may be mediated by the presence of a compound similar to CCB (s). [115]  Antitussive, antiasthmatic and expectorant The anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic, and expectorant properties of A. scholaris were reported by Xiao-Dong Luo et al.They discovered that the alkaloids fraction of the A. scholaris leaf was an antitussive, antiasthmatic, and expectorant activity component.It may also be a useful lead material for the development of respiratory disorders drugs.The primary anti-tussive and anti-asthmatic chemical, picrinine, could be used to check the quality of goods made from A. scholaris leaf. [118]  According to Shabana et al., A. scholaris leaves have broncho-vasodilatory properties.They discovered that the A. scholaris leaves have broncho-vasodilatory activity that is apparently mediated by prostaglandins calcium antagonism and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (s). [119]   The acute toxicity and long-term safety of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Sapthaparna in mice and rats were reported by Jagetia et al.When compared to untreated controls, they discovered that the total protein, albumin, DNA, RNA, cholesterol, glucose, glutathione, and total thiols in the 240 mg/kg ASE-treated mice decreased.RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, neutrophils, and monocytes all showed dose-dependent declines in the haematological study, while lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils significantly increased.The toxic impact of ASE that has been noticed may be brought on by echitamine. [120]  Table 3 provides a review of the biological activities of isolated chemicals, while Table 4 lists the pharmacological actions of A. scholaris.

CONCLUSION
An ethnopharmacological approach is needed for thorough analysis of plants used in traditional medicine.As the plant A. scholaris has grown in popularity globally and has gotten quite wild in many regions of the world, it has been utilised as traditional medicine for decades.As the extracts from the various A. scholaris sections and their separated components display encouraging biological properties, there is need for more investigation.This has made natural product-based drug research interesting bio resource.Despite the plant's high traditional value and several biological functions, a thorough phytochemical investigation has not yet been adequately investigated.Consequently, a phytochemical examination of the A. scholaris plant is required.The plant A. scholaris has a wide range of pharmacological activities, and many of its isolated compounds have not been studied for their pharmacological activity.For these reasons, it seems worthwhile to scientifically validate the pharmacological properties of A. scholaris constituents, which will support the plant's long history of use by tribal people as a medicine.

Table 3 :
Biological activities of parts of A. scholaris.

Table 4 : Pharmacological activities reported from different parts/extract of Alstonia
scholaris.