Peripatetic careers of Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky, mid-20th century Slovenian-educated geoscientists Popotna kariera Vsevoloda in Evgenije Gorski, študentov geologije in rudarstva v Sloveniji na začetku 20. stoletja

In September 1947, South Africa’s most famous geologist, Dr Alexander Logie du Toit, FRS, well known for his support of the concept of Continental Drift, received a visit from a Slovenian-educated Russian émigré couple, Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky, who were newly arrived in South Africa. Vsevolod, born in what is now Ukraine, was a mining engineer, geologist and geophysicist with vast experience in the minerals industry, while his wife Eugenie, born in the Russian Caucasus, was an analytical geochemist. Vsevolod had a brief exchange of letters with du Toit, seeking his help in obtaining employment in South Africa’s minerals industry. Included in the first letter to du Toit were detailed curricula vitae of both Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky. These detailed CVs allow us to reconstruct the training (at the University of Ljubljana, under the influence of Russian mineralogist V.V. Nikitin) and careers of these two earth science professionals in Slovenia and Macedonia, in the early Twentieth Century, and to follow their peripatetic careers as they left the Kingdom of Yugoslavia before the start of the Second World War, in Cyprus, Egypt, Tanganyika and South Africa. They ultimately ended up in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s, and probably retired there. Eugenie was constrained to follow her husband wherever his career led him, but she always ended up working in most of the countries and places they found themselves in. As a professional couple who travelled the world, the Gorskys were pioneers in a way of life that is commonplace now in a globalized world.


Introduction
In the aftermath of the Second World War, in the late 1940s, there were large migrations of people who had fled their countries, and were now seeking either to return, or to find a new place to live. In Southern Africa there was a huge demand for technical professionals in the Mining Industry, which was one of the most important in the world, having some of the world's largest gold, diamond, chrome and platinum mines (du Toit, 1939).
At that time in South Africa, the most famous geologist was Dr Alexander Logie du Toit, FRS (1878-1948, who had written three definitive books on South African geology and geography (especially du Toit, 1939), and two internationally renowned books concerning comparative geology of wandering continents (du Toit, 1927(du Toit, , 1937, which provided strong support for Alfred Wegener's theories of Continental Drift. Because he had been President of the Geological, Geographical and Archaeological societies of South Africa, as well as having been an Editor of Economic Geology, and Consulting Geologist for the largest diamond mining company, De Beers, he was often contacted or visited by people in connection with Economic Geology, and Southern African geology in general, as well as palaeobotany (Gevers, 1950). Du Toit had retired to his home in Cape Town in 1941, but spent the last seven years of his life actively pursuing his research interests, and doing consulting work in economic geology and geohydrology.
In 1947 du Toit was contacted by a Slovenian-trained mining engineer, Vsevolod Gorsky, who had come to South Africa from Tanganyika, together with his wife Eugenie Gorsky, who was an analytical geochemist. The Gorskys were looking for technical employment in the mining industry of South Africa, in their respective fields, and visited Alex du Toit and his wife Evelyn at their home in Cape Town. Because du Toit had worked in Tanganyika, and had maintained a correspondence with several heads of the Geological Survey Department in Dodoma, it is possible that the Gorskys were introduced to du Toit through that connection. The Gorskys and du Toits were supposed to meet again, but Vsevolod had to go urgently to Pretoria, the capital city, in connection with residence permits. He wrote to du Toit on 14 th September 1947, enclosing detailed curricula vitae for both himself and for his wife Eugenie. Du Toit sent a brief letter back, outlining prospects in the chrome industry in South Africa, as well as possibilities of utilizing gyp-sum in the cement industry, and opportunities in the nascent asbestos industry. Asbestos had been regarded as a strategic mineral during the War, and du Toit (1945) had published a major study on the genesis of amphibole asbestos in South Africa (which also explains why he had "excellent specimens of asbestos" in his collection which he was able to show to Gorsky). Gorsky himself had also worked on asbestos in Cyprus, where chrysotile asbestos deposits were mined in the serpentinites of the Troodos Massif (Sagui, 1925;Henckmann, 1941). Gorsky replied to du Toit from Johannesburg on 28 th September 1947, telling him that he had managed to obtain permanent residence status in the country, and that he would be looking for a job in the chrome industry, since that was his "speciality". No further correspondence between the Gorskys and du Toit is preserved in the du Toit archives. Du Toit passed away rather suddenly and unexpectedly just a few months later, on 25 th February 1948.

Letters and Curricula vitae
The originals of the letters and curricula vitae reproduced here are in the Alex du Toit Papers (Jagger Library, University of Cape Town). We left Capetown unexpectedly owing to my business in connection with permit for permanent residence which I hope to get this month. So we lost an opportunity to have once more an enjoyable meeting with you and your wife.
I expect to get an interesting consulting work on problems of beneficiation of rather difficult Platinum, Nickel and Lead Ores.
I touched also a group of S. African people who are very interested in Asbestos and would like to start prospecting of new areas or to acquire a small or medium size mine or favourable deposits.
I understand that besides asbestos bearing areas in the Transvaal, Griqualand, etc. described in the "Mineral Resources of S.A." there are new discoveries and small deposits in Cape Province too. I remember also a few excellent specimens of asbestos I saw in your collection. Please would be kind to communicate me any information in that connection you may kindly give me. Thanking you in anticipation and wishing all the best to you and your wife both of us, I remain, Sincerely yours, V. Gorsky

Curriculum vitae, Vsevolod A. Gorsky
Professional Record Vsevolod A. Gorsky Published 28 papers including original research in geophysics, geochemistry, mining engineering and surveying in Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian & Russian technical and scientific journals and magazines.
Expert knowledge in general mining engineering, economical geology and ore dressing, especially development, underground extraction (stoping), open-cast mining, estimation of ore reserves, testing and concentrating of Chrome, Wolfram, Tin, Lead, Zinc, Nickel and other ores. Wide experience in the mining geology and prospecting of base metal ore.
Wide experience in laboratory investigation and scientific research.
Knowledge of languages: Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian perfect, English and German good and French fair.
Testimonials and references are available. Published an original research "Petrography of the Mine Casak near Skoplje", Bulletin des service geologique de Yougoslavie, vol. 5, Belgrade 1937 (Summary in German), a thesis intended for submission for the degree of Ph. Dr. The final examination was not taken owing to departure from Yugoslavia in 1938 and the war.

Curriculum vitae, Eugenie Gorsky
Expert knowledge in mineralogy, petrology and especially in the use of Fedorov universal method; also in inorganic chemical analysis and especially mineral, rock and soil analysis and in the assay of the ores of chromium, wolfram, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron, nickel, gold, silver etc. Experience in technical drawing.
Testimonials and references available. I hope that you may obtain a permit for permanent residence & am pleased to observe that in the meantime, you have been able to make certain contacts in mineral problems, which I trust may lead to important consulting business.

Letter from
There are several cases in which beneficiation of ore would seem of some importance. One of these is that of the Chromite ore of the Bushveld, seeing that a good deal of it just falls below the standard. Another curiously is that of Gypsum, where used & mined by Cement Companies, though I understand it is being applied at one spot at Windsorton Road.
As for asbestos, there is room for improvement of the amphibole kinds, but unfortunately the larger producers -Egnep Ltd & Cape Asbestos Co. Ltd, have some large plants & probably not willing to make further changes in machinery. The smaller concerns are satisfied with hand-cobbing, which is probably cheaper in the end, milling being only profitable on a large scale. You might however try to get in touch with firms such as Dominion Asbestos, Kuruman or Warrendale Asbestos, Daniels Kuil, to the west of Kimberley. If I learn anything I shall try & let you know.
Another mineral for which there is a shortage, that will get more important in the future is soft limestone suitable for making cement, as the existing deposits are used up. Many thanks for your kind and very interesting letter of the 22nd inst.
In the meantime, I got a permit for permanent residence and I am very happy indeed that all my worries in this connection are over. At last I can start to arrange our life in the country on a sure base and to take some interesting job.
I hope I will get a chance to see you sometimes on your travelling in Transvaal and in Johannesburg.
I would like to touch chrome people here as chromite is my chief "speciality" and object of work during many years.
With the best wishes and many thanks from both of us to your wife and yourself, Sincerely yours, V. Gorsky.
At the top of this letter, du Toit had penciled in "No reply needed". This was the end of their correspondence.

Discussion
The curricula vitae of both Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky are interesting documents, giving insights into the training of professionals in the field of geology, mining engineering, mineralogy and geochemistry; and revealing the peripatetic nature of life in the mining industry in pre-War Kingdom of Yugoslavia, as well as forced relocations to exotic destinations like Cyprus, Egypt, Tanganyika and South Africa during and after the War. In an overwhelmingly male-dominated field, Eugenie Gorsky provides a rare example of a female geochemist who was active in Africa, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, in countries such as Egypt, Tanganyika and South Africa. Her story is one that needs to be told, alongside that of other pioneering women in geoscience in Africa such as geologist Katharine Fowler-Billings (1902-1997 née Fowler) (Fowler-Lunn, 1938;Fowler-Billings, 1996), and palaeobotanist Dr. Edna Plumstead (1903-1989; née Janisch) (Maguire, 1990). Eugenie Gorsky was not as free in her choices as these other women, since her career and movements were intimately connected and dependent on her husband's own career, and she followed him around the world. Nevertheless, in their peripatetic lifestyle, the Gorskys as a working professional couple were pioneers of a way of life that is now commonplace in a globalized world.
From their curricula vitae, it is possible to reconstruct the early careers of both Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky. Vsevolod was born in 1898 in "Proskurov, Russia". This town is located in Proskurov County, Kamenets-Podolsk District, Ukraine (just north of the Dniestr River, close to the border with Moldova), and today is called Khmelnitskiy. Proskurov was the site of a major anti-Jewish pogrom by the Nazis in 1941, and an earlier one in 1919 (Voskoboynik, 2002). In 1897 the Jewish population was 11,411, about 50 % of the population of the town (Voskoboynik, 2002). Thus it is possible (though unproven) that Vsevolod was of Jewish origin. Consistent with this possibility, it should be noted that the Gorskys' address in Johannesburg in 1947 was in Yeo Street, in Bellevue East which formed part of Yeoville, which was one of the suburbs most densely populated with immigrant Jews at that time (Mendelsohn & Shain, 2008, p. 99). This may be important, since Vsevolod and his wife Eugenie left Yugoslavia in 1938, after which it was occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, and they apparently never returned there. Vsevolod left his hometown in 1917 to study at the University of "Kharkov, Russia", and then in Zagreb until 1921. The University of Kharkov (now Kharkiv) was, and remains, one of the main universities in what is now the Ukraine, with a renowned Geological Faculty (Lobenko, 2018 Eugenie Gorsky (née Gvozdev) was born in 1902 at Vladicaucasus (today known as Vladikavkaz, in the Republic of North-Ossetia-Alana, Russia). This town was visited by Alex du Toit on 4th July 1937, on a field excursion to the Caucasus with the 17th International Geological Congress, which was held in Moscow (Master, 2017). At that time, Vladikavkaz was known as Ordzhonikidze. Her first name was also spelled "Eugenija" (e.g., Gorsky, 1937). Her maiden surname "Gvozdev" derives from "gvozd"-nail or peg (nickname of thin person), or someone with strong, firm character, metaphorically made of iron. Although her name is not a specifically Jewish name, it is possible (though unproven) that she may also, like Vsevolod, have had Jewish origins. A Jew with the name of Moysey Gvozdev appeared on a list of Records of Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews 1952, 1954-1999(Gardiner & Filimonov, 1999. According to census records, in 1897 there were 1214 Jews in Vladikavkaz (2.8 % of the population), while the 2010 census revealed that about 3.1 % of the population of Vladikavkaz is Jewish (Russian Federal State Statistics Service, 2011). Eugenie was educated at a school in Armavir, which is located in the eastern part of the Russian administrative region of Krasnodarskiy Kray, along the railway line linking Vladikavkaz and Rostov on Don.
It is interesting to note that both the Gorskys, although Yugoslav nationals who studied in Slovenia, were born in far-flung regions of the Russian empire, before the formation of the Soviet Union. How and why they both ended up in Ljubljana (in what is now the Republic of Slovenia) is not known, though after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, many Russians fled to the "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", later called the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The fact that they were both "Yugoslav subjects" suggests that they may have been either voluntary émigrés, or refugees, fleeing from the communist USSR, who had been granted domicile in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Both Vsevolod and Eugenie were most likely attracted to the University of Ljubljana because of its reputation in the fields of science and engineering, and this is where they probably met. In 1926-31, Eugenie was enrolled as an undergraduate student in the Faculty of Science. During this same period, Vsevolod was finishing his degree in Mining Engineering. It is probable that Vsevolod and Eugenie may have gotten married during that time. Their married names (given as "Vsevolod Gorskij and Eugenija Gorskij") appear on a membership list of the Ljubljana Cave Research Society in 1927 (DZRJL, 2015).
Vsevolod was very productive in the late 1920's-in his CV he mentions that he had published 28 papers and articles including original research in geophysics, geochemistry, mining engineering and surveying, in Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian and Russian technical and scientific journals and magazines. A few of these articles are accessible through internet searches-they include several papers on geophysical methods and applications (Gorsky (1926a,b;1929a,b,c), a paper on geochemistry applied to landscapes, reviewing the ideas of the Russians Vladimir Vernadsky and Alexander Fersman (Gorsky, 1927), and a paper about the Institute of Surveying of Mines and Geodesy at the University of Ljubljana (Gorsky, 1929d). Gorsky's (1927) interest in the ideas of geochemist and philosopher Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945) may have been sparked by one of the most famous professors in the Geology Department of the University of Ljubljana, Vladimir Vasilievich Nikitin (1867Nikitin ( -1942, who had corresponded with his fellow countryman Vernadsky from 1915 to 1930 (Brenčič, 2018). Professor Nikitin had also had a notable formative influence on Eugenie Gorsky, who asserted in her CV that she had "expert knowledge in mineralogy, petrology and especially in the use of Fedorov universal method". Nikitin (1936) was world-renowned for his use of the method pioneered by Russian mineralogist Evgraf Fedorov (1853-1919), which utilized a Universal Stage mounted on a petrographic microscope to study the optical indicatrix to determine the composition of feldspar (Duhovnik, 1953). As a Russian émigré, Nikitin clearly influenced the Russian émigré couple of Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky. After graduating as a Mining Engineer, Vsevolod was hired by the Mining Department as Assistant Professor of Mine Surveying and Geophysical Prospecting from 1926 to 1929, after which he was replaced by another immigrant from the Russian Empire (Nagorno Karabakh), Dimitry Arshakovich Chahnazaroff (Mihael Brenčič, written comm., 2020), who soon emigrated to South America (Tchoumatchenco et al., 2018). Russian immigrants among the Faculty and students of the University of Ljubljana played an important role in broadening the internationalization of teach-ing and research, and in maintaining strong links with renowned researchers in Russia.
While Eugenie was still completing her degree, both she and Vsevolod started working at the chrome mines near Skoplje. Skoplje is the former (Serbo-Croat) spelling of the name of the capital of North Macedonia, which is today called Skopje. Vsevolod worked at Allatini mines near Skopje as Mine Superintendent and Assistant Technical Director from 1929-32, and then was at the Chromasseo Mines as General Superintendant andTechnical Director, from 1932 to 1938. During this time, Eugenie worked in the assay laboratories at both Allatini and Chromasseo mines from 1931-1933. In 1938, in response to a worsening political and economic situation, and perhaps sensing the gathering clouds of war, the Gorskys left Yugoslavia for Cyprus, to work for the British firm Selection Trust, which owned chromite mines there. Selection Trust also owned the largest lead-zinc mines in Yugoslavia, at Trepča (Wright & McCroskey, 1944), where Vsevolod had worked before.
The Gorskys' move to Cyprus was vindicated by subsequent events which unfolded in Yugoslavia during the Second World War. The Chromasseo (or "Asseo") mines, which had been owned by the Jewish family of its late founder Moses Asseo, were confiscated in 1941 by the invading Germans and taken over by a company called Yugochrom, which was 50 % owned by a subsidiary of the German Krupp conglomerate called Deutsch-Bulgarische Chromerzbergbau A.G. (War Department, 1944), and 50 % owned by the Hermann Goering Works (US Military Tribunal Nuremberg, 1948). Later in 1941 the Krupp conglomerate obtained full control over these mines (War Department, 1944). The Allatini Mines, which are situated at Orasje, 24 km NW of Skopje, had been opened with British capital in 1928 (Wright, 1939), but also came under German control during the war (Hehn, 2005).
The Gorskys in Cyprus worked at the chrome mines in the ultrabasic Troodos Massif in the centre of the country (Henckmann, 1941 Later in 1943, the Gorskys moved to Cairo, where Vsevolod worked as a metallurgical consultant for lead, zinc and other ores for the Egyptian Metal Refining Company, and for Anglo-Egyptian Chemical Industries, on their tin and rare metal (Ta-Nb) deposits associated with greisenised and albitised pockets and pegmatites in granites at Um Ghaig and El Egly Mines, situated in the Red Sea Hills south of Quseir (Abouzeid & Khalid, 2011). Eugenie worked as an Assayer for Um Gheig Mines at their Cairo laboratory, from December 1943 to November 1944. While they were in Cairo, both the Gorskys enrolled for special wartime service for the Yugoslav Red Cross Society, and Vsevolod also served as a Liaison Officer with the Middle East Relief and Refugee Administration, British Minister of State Office in Cairo. They contributed to the long history of medical cooperation between the British and Yugoslavs in both peace and war (Löwenthal, 1961).
In 1945, the Gorskys moved again, this time to Selection Trust's Uruwira Minerals operations in Tanganyika (now Tanzania), East Africa. In the Uruwira mineral field (Stockley, 1939), a rich gold-copper deposit was discovered at Mpanda in 1939 (de la Vallée Poussin, 1939). This Proterozoic polymetallic (Cu-Au-Pb-Ag) vein-type deposit in the Ubendian Belt was mined well into the 1980s (Nanyaro, 1989 At the time of his correspondence with Alex du Toit in September 1947, Vsevolod Gorsky had arrived in South Africa with Eugenie not long before, since they were still in the process of applying for residence permits. They had probably arrived by steamer from Dar-es-Salaam, and disembarked either in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique), or Durban, South Africa, and then travelled by train to Johannesburg and Cape Town.
Aside from the biographical information revealed in their curricula vitae, not much is known about the subsequent careers of the Gorskys. In his last letter to du Toit dated 28 September 1947, from Johannesburg, Vsevolod revealed that he had managed to obtain permanent residence permits, and was looking forward to working in the minerals industry in South Africa. However, it has not yet been determined how long the Gorskys spent in South Africa, and where they spent the decade of the Fifties. In the 1960s and 1970s, they were living and working in Brazil, and they produced a number of mainly unpublished joint reports for the Brazilian National Commission for Nuclear Energy (Gorsky & Gorsky, 1962, 1966, 1972, 1974. No information has yet been found about the fate of the Gorskys, but at the time of their last known report (Gorsky & Gorsky, 1974), Vsevolod was 76 years old and Eugenie was 72, both long past retirement age. After having spent at least a dozen years there, it is likely that they ended their nomadic careers and retired in Brazil, and may have died there.
In today's globalized era, many professional couples roam the world as expatriates, having given up their homes in their countries of origin, to become roaming "free agents". The case of Vsevolod and Eugenie Gorsky shows that this was happening in the first half of the Twentieth Century, when the driving force for their peripatetic existence was not just professional and financial advancement, but also imperatives forced on them by circumstances of revolution, war, and social upheaval, following the Russian Revolution and the Second World War. As a professional couple active in geosciences in Africa, they led the way in their field. Eugenie, as a female analytical chemist working in the mining industry in several European and African countries, was also a pioneer in what was then, and still is, a male-dominated profession. Like many other émigré geoscientists of Russian origin who ended up in Latin America (Tchoumatchenco et al., 2018), the Gorskys spent the final years of their careers in Brazil.