The Borders of Europe : A Roundtable Discussion

Present are Yoeri Albrecht (director of the debate center De Balie, Amsterdam), Valentijn Byvanck (director of the institute Marres, House for Contemporary Culture, Maastricht), Hedwig Fijen (founder and director of Manifesta), and Steven ten Thije (project leader at L’Internationale), who responded to a number of points raised in the discussion from a museological perspective. Also taking part in the discussion are the guest editors of this issue, Sjoukje van der Meulen and Nathalie Zonnenberg. Moderated by Margriet Schavemaker (curator and Education, Interpretation, and Publications Manager, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam). Transcript and edits by Esmee Schoutens.

In response to the theme, The Borders of Europe, guest editors Sjoukje van der Meulen and Nathalie Zonnenberg invited four players in the cultural field to discuss the borders of Europe and the role of art and culture within the European project since 1992. All four participants in the discussion organize cultural projects that center on or are related to Europe. In 2016 Yoeri Albrecht organized the first edition of the biannual Forum on European Culture in De Balie with DutchCulture. The forum offers thinkers and artists a platform to imagine the idea of Europe. In 2017, with Gijs Frieling and twenty artists, Valentijn Byvanck co-curated a joint artwork at Marres, The Painted Bird: Dreams and Nightmares of Europe. It involved painting 750 square meters of the historic building's surface area, and was accompanied by a soundtrack. Hedwig Fijen is director of the European Biennial of Contemporary Art, Manifesta, which she founded in 1996; an exhibition that explores the changing DNA of the European climate, together with the underlying geopolitical and sociopolitical agenda, from the perspective of art and culture. Every two years the roving biennial takes place in a different location in Europe: from Rotterdam in 1996 to Zurich in 2016. Manifesta opens in Palermo in June 2018. Finally, Steven ten Thije is the project leader of the platform The Uses of Art -The Legacy of 1848 and 1989 (2013-2018), initiated by L'Internationale, a confederation of six European museums for modern and contemporary art. L'Internationale proposes a space for art within a non-hierarchical and decentralized internationalism, based on the values of difference and horizontal exchange 2/14 among a constellation of cultural agents. With exhibitions, symposia, publications, education programs, and staff exchanges, L'Internationale seeks to foster a substantive, long-term partnership in the museum world.
The discussion is divided into three parts. Part one reflects on the title of this issue of Stedelijk Studies and includes a discussion about Europe's borders and the significance of the year 1992 for art and culture; part two looks at the funding that the European Union (EU) provides for art and culture, in addition to European cultural policy; part three examines the future of Europe and the role of artists in shaping that future. In the debate on European identity, much is said about borders-both internal and external borders. The German philosopher Ulrike Guérot, who was an advisor to the EU for twenty years, gives an analysis of European identity on the basis of shared history. She believes that we need to look further than the individual nations and discover how Europe was represented in the past. Guérot also asserts that a European identity was in existence long before the nation state. To illustrate this, she refers to a sixteenth-century map of Europe made in the form of a woman, in which the various parts of the body together comprise the body of Europe ( fig. 1). The head is Spain (then the Habsburg Empire), the Danube the aorta, with one of the arms composed of Great Britain (formerly England) and Denmark. 1 If the arm is severed it will die, and the bodyand, in a metaphorical sense, Europe-will no longer function properly. Thus, Guérot digs even deeper into history to assert that, even then, a European identity existed that transcended nation states.
The question, then, is: does the Maastricht Treaty mark a watershed in the development of European identity? With this, is Europe "ripe for a republic"? 2 Or is it simply the latest in a succession of treaties that will have little impact on European identity?

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Sjoukje van der Meulen: I'd like to briefly explain the subtitle of the issue, "Art and Cultural Memory in the EU Since the Maastricht Treaty." [The year] 1992 was, of course, intentionally chosen as a moment to reflect on art and culture. It is now twenty-five years since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, and this is seen as an important historic moment, a milestone in the European unification process. Since then we have also spoken of "the old Europe-and the new," to use the words of historian Tony Judt. 3 On the one hand, 1992 is an important year for the economy, marking the introduction of the Economic and Monetary Union which gave rise to the euro and the establishment of the banking union. On the other, it is striking that, in 1992, there was no cultural vision of the EU, or at least not one that was particularly well-defined. Which is surprising, given that it was Jean Monnet who, when looking back on the European unification process since World War II, said, "If I had to do it again, I would begin with culture." 4 We chose 1992 because, after the fall of the Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, it is a year that is associated with a new historic phase of the EU, one that ranges beyond the "East-West" notion of Europe, in which scant attention was given to the field of culture.

Yoeri Albrecht:
To be perfectly frank, I think that 1992 is a pretty irrelevant date. Of course, it's of relevance for political scientists of the last thirty years, but not for historians and philosophers. The EU is, without question, an important topic, but Europe goes back much further than that. And I think that if you subscribe to the thought that Europe is a conglomerate of nations, you also buy into the nineteenth-century idea that the national state is the perfection of human society. For a long time, nationalism was an emancipatory concept and a movement that precipitated the urge for greater equality and the disappearance of the aristocracy, but I think that it's now become a very dangerous idea. Every idea is born and dies. By calling 1992 an important moment you're very close to supporting the idea that Europe is, and should remain, a union of states.

Steven ten Thije:
Let me start by saying that even though I haven't read the Maastricht Treaty, I do believe it was a defining moment in the development of the European Union-also in a cultural sense. Art and culture may not have been given the central role that we-as workers in the cultural sector-envisaged, but with the advent of the euro and the increased integration of the European member states, culture has certainly achieved greater prominence.
I consider 1992 more of an indicator that marks the moment when the European Union made a step towards embedding the peace after World War II more deeply in the remarkable "non-continent of Europe" (after all, it is not bounded by seas). Europe was (and, in a certain sense, still is) a region in which a variety of major powers have been locked in conflict for centuries-during which process they also occupied half the world. This is the Europe of the endless "struggle of Empires," which in the past also included Russia and, to some degree, the Ottoman Empire.
[The year] 1992 was the year when a structure was designed to create a long-lasting political system for the political shape of this conflict in the Union; a system once more under threat of destabilization thanks to Brexit. But since the announcement that the last Balkan states can become member states in 2025, I'm feeling a bit more optimistic that we'll be able to continue this experiment, at least in continental Europe.

Valentijn Byvanck:
When we organized The Painted Bird in Marres, some artists said, "I have no idea what Europe is." When you bring up nationalism or the European dream, you soon get into territory that's too large for artists to work with. At the same time, Europe also provides plenty of experiences that artists are able to explore. In border towns like Maastricht, for instance, borders raise all kind of issues: public transport doesn't go further than the Dutch border, the Arts and Culture Pass isn't valid over the border, and so on. The existence of nations and national borders has an almost unfathomable impact and importance, especially if you live in a border area, than any dreams about Europe's downfall or continuation.

Sjoukje van der Meulen:
Of course, the intention isn't to ask artists to create work on a theme such as Europe, although there are a number of reflective artistic projects that offer us perspectives within the debate on Europe. However, as these projects take place all over Europe, when brought together they offer fascinating insights. In New Unions, Jonas Staal created a compelling work that engages with the political, economic, and humanitarian crisis in the EU and the potentials for an 5/14 "alternative union" (fig. 2). Thomas Bellinck also explored the EU in his parody of the heavily criticized House of European History, a fictional museum about the history of the defunct "former" European Union (2013) ( fig. 3).

Valentijn Byvanck:
I can go along with that. I wasn't trying to imply that we told artists, "You have to depict this scene from history." We used it as an experiment to see what would emerge. The exhibition prompted a lot of artists to explore a part-or all of-the European project, and when you bring all of that together, ideas start to surface. I find it hard to speak of this in terms such as "reflection on Europe" or "result" but, like politicians and economists, our aim was to define the fiction of Europe.

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say something about the EU while I was actually curious to hear their associations with Europe.

Margriet Schavemaker:
Hedwig, what are your experiences in Palermo in preparation for Manifesta 12, which will take place there in June 2018? Do you feel the city will be representative of important European issues currently at play?

Hedwig Fijen:
What's interesting is that the mayor, Leoluca Orlando, positions Palermo with its specific sociopolitical history in North Africa or the Middle East, rather than Europe. He described Palermo as a modern-day Beirut. This is partly the legacy of forty-five years of mafia domination, the American bombing of 1943, and the historic civilizations and past and present inflows of migrants to the island that still shape Palermo's identity today.
Migration, as well as the agglomeration of all the civilizations around the Mediterranean, has transformed the city into a condensed society, where all faiths and cultures mingle and live together in relative peace. In Palermo, for instance, there's less xenophobia towards migrants than in many other European regions. This pluralistic society and complex urban environment is a huge source of inspiration for artists and thinkers.

Financial support for art and culture in Europe
Nathalie Zonnenberg: Are you familiar with the House of European History in Brussels? This institute/museum, which is founded and financed by the European Parliament (to the tune of some fifty-five million euros), reflects on European history (of the twentieth century) and European unity with a collection, exhibitions, education projects, cultural events, publications, etc. The museum's core mission is "to strengthen the knowledge of all generations of European citizens of their shared history and, by so doing, help to foster reflection on the present and visualize the future of Europe." 7 The House has been heavily criticized by various parties, and the question is: is the House a legitimate investment in art and culture in Europe? What are your views of this kind of financial support provided by the EU for a cultural project?

Yoeri Albrecht:
In the EU there is no mandate to invest in culture at European level. Essentially, the EU is the successor to the European Community for Coal and Steel, which was established with the prime objective of creating shared sovereignty over vital raw materials like coal and steel and energy, in order to make future outbreaks of war materially impossible. This idea worked extremely well, but the cultural factor was always circumvented because the national states are very protective of their own identity and culture. And this 7/14 equates to no money, no mandate, no approval, and no consensus concerning the allocation of money to culture. That's the black hole at the heart of the European project.

Hedwig Fijen:
It's a little more nuanced than that. In the 1990s there was a degree of political support for the European Project, and at that time there was a European orchestra, and many other so-called multilateral cultural organizations.

Yoeri Albrecht:
Yes, but that European orchestra was all there was! And the European orchestra was under threat of extinction because of funding cuts, and everyone worked frantically to lobby for money and keep the orchestra going. But the costs aren't even included in the budget. A small amount of funding was earmarked for the House of European History, which is outand-out propaganda. Instead of investing that money in Manifesta, or offering a platform for culture, the money had to be funneled back to Brussels to give us all lessons in our own history. Which, of course, is problematic because, whose view of history are we actually seeing?

Sjoukje van der Meulen:
I'm always a little skeptical when the term "propaganda" is bandied about. We don't have to automatically dub every project Europe launches as propaganda. But I agree with you on the rest. Yet isn't this partly the fault of the cultural field? I'm actually jealous of economists because, through trial and error, they're unstinting in their efforts to build an economic union. Is there some way that art and culture can lobby more actively for a better distribution of cultural funds?

Yoeri Albrecht:
There is very little funding for art and culture. And the monies available are small budgets that are always linked to specific agendas.
And there is, of course, also a lobby of the national states that are bent on maintaining their national cultural policy.
They're adamant that Brussels shouldn't gain control of this policy. But in the end they're blocked, of course, by the European Council, one of the most powerful bodies. Nationalism is involved, and seems to be quite a grandiose, bombastic presence here, too, I think.

Valentijn Byvanck:
Does this have anything to do with the fact that in Brussels people aren't very keen on experimental culture? There seems to be a kind of "cultural war" between us and those who are perfectly prepared to spend 100 million euros on art, as long as it's the kind of art that appeals to them, too. On top of that, the objectives of Brussels are far better served by economics and politics. Those objectives have 8/14 greater credibility, particularly when it comes to establishing peace and solving global issues.

Sjoukje van der Meulen:
I think we should consider this a moment to reflect: of course, we can point the finger at Brussels, but we also need to look at ourselves, at the cultural field. As far as I'm concerned, both sides are a little to blame.
For instance, I had no idea that someone with a law and economics background, Tibor Navracsics, is the European Commissioner for Culture. That's a very bad start. Clearly, there's a lack of transparency in Brussels about exactly where the cultural funding is, and on top of that, we're dealing with a EU commissioner who is more interested in how culture can be used as a force for economic development.

Hedwig Fijen:
So you're saying that we should position ourselves much more as cultural infrastructure and lobby European politics to invest in culture?

Hedwig Fijen:
In the time I have worked at Manifesta, I've understood that many institutions, individuals, politicians, and artists have done that, but precisely for the reasons you both mention [Yoeri Albrecht and Valentijn Byvanck]. Europe ended up being sidelined by national cultural policies. Why is it that national representation and identity are still so prominent in 2018? Why do Germans spend thirty-seven million on documenta, for instance? And this while the big question was "unlearning"; unlearning our own methodologies, of our own ways of thinking and how we look at art. I'm not saying the curation wasn't without flaws, but a staunch argument is entirely in line with Germany's underlying political narrative, the "wiedergutmachen." Like flagellants, they still have to whip themselves every day and let the world see the injustices and inequalities. And for that they're prepared to shell out thirty-seven million! The French, on the other hand, have an entirely different story.

Steven ten Thije:
I think that every major political structure has a strong cultural component. But what I'm specifically interested in, and what I hope is a direction in which the EU will continue to develop, is maintaining art and culture here as part of a democratic political structure in which powers are kept 9/14 separate reasonably effectively. Art is a force that emanates from within the political fabric and is relatively independent of the financial elite. I don't personally have a problem with us being judged within the political structure; political needs are bound to be projected onto us to ensure the connection with politics. I think that we, as a sector, need to fight hard to highlight this special construction and be actively involved in thinking of ways to best expand upon it.

Yoeri Albrecht:
The funny thing is that if, as an outsider looking in, you ask non-Europeans what they think is our unique selling point, But each member state has its own cultural landscape, which makes it practically impossible to set up a lobby as a cultural sector. The entire word "lobby" is more or less a nogo.

Hedwig Fijen:
Maybe the institutes are afraid of their autonomy-that's a point we've not touched on yet. I always say to politicians, "We take the money and run." Once the Manifesta is over, we're required to account for and quantify a great many aspects, of course. The Manifesta team produces all kinds of booklets and folders for the ROI (Return on Investment). But in principle, you give us money and we don't want any kind of political pressure to influence the artistic process. That's why I no longer have any interest in collaborating with Brussels.

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European institutions. The current institutions, such as the museums I work with, often already have an extremely robust network in Europe. In the end, to me Europe isn't an overarching entity-it's a practice, first and foremost. It's an ongoing interaction in which we share stories and learn from each other's diversities. That's the positive side, which goes hand in hand with all the friction it generates, too. For this reason, as the EU, we shouldn't simply invest in temporary projects, but also create space for institutions to expand their operation with a long-term "European addition." If we create networks like that, a system of underground rivers as it were, which intermingle and connect different European regions, that's when art and culture can really work.
Obviously, that will take money, and I hope that the EU will invest more generously in culture. I know this sounds improbable in the Netherlands, but the European political community is so diverse, and Germany and France so decisive, I believe it could easily happen. I think it's an investment that will be worth every euro invested a hundred times over, in terms of its impact on the quality of the emerging European community.

Valentijn Byvanck:
For a long time I've considered nationalism an unimaginably powerful organizational idea, very possibly the most successful ideology of the last 150 years. But I feel that art and culture are making a fascinating leap from the local to the global, and skipping the national level. Culture makers are always focused on the here and now, and make that the subject of a project. If artists are successful, that's communicated at a micro-local level, the world over. Maybe that's why the arts and Brussels are such mismatched bedfellows.

Hedwig Fijen:
That's very well-positioned, and I think it's very powerful, but how do you envisage, for instance, the European Capital [of Culture]? Is that still something that's relevant? Or is it just a marketing concept?
Valentijn Byvanck: I think it is, but a marketing concept can also spark extraordinary projects. And this also revolves around "take the money and run." That money has to go somewhere, and people are going to run with it.
Yoeri Albrecht: I think you're right. Art is, of course, extremely personal. It's the most personal experience imaginable, and that appeals to a great many people, if you do it well. Art stems from someone's life and personal environment. That's why nationalistic and European art is often such a failure-those are political concepts. In the case of philosophy, it's different; novels can touch on political philosophies, too. But the special thing about European culture and Europe is, I think, that it is actually an experiment "to overcome the national state." The mindset that forces us to think along the