Risk Factors Causing Ankle Sprain among undergraduate female students.cdr

59 PBMJ VOL. 5, Issue. 2 February 2022 Copyright (c) 2022. PBMJ, Published by Crosslinks International Publishers https://www.pakistanbmj.com/journal/index.php/pbmj/index Volume 5, Issue 2 (February 2022) plantar exion, changing the relative orientation of the skeletal structures of the ankle, mid-tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as altering the insertion angles of the foot and gliding joint muscles [8], increasing the risk factor for ankle sprain. to BMI, participants were underweight 67(13.4%), normal or healthy weight 341(68.2%), overweight 70(14%) and obese 22(4.4%). Signi cant association found between Ankle Sprain and body mass index (BMI) as the P value was 0.014 which was <0.05.

plantar exion, changing the relative orientation of the skeletal structures of the ankle, mid-tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as altering the insertion angles of the foot and gliding joint muscles [8], increasing the risk factor for ankle sprain.

M E T H O D S
"Cross-sectional study conducted in the department of physical therapy, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha. The study was nished within 6 months (June 2019-December 2019). Sample size was calculated by formula used in health studies: n = (Z2 x P x (1 -P))/e2 where Estimated Proportion=0.27, margin of error=5% and Con dence level=95% [9]. According to which 500 under graduation female students were selected for data collection (those who were easily available and agree to deliver the information that was correct and su cient). The non-Probability technique of consecutive sampling was utilized to acquire data. To collect data, standardized variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Ankle Sprain Risk Factors were employed. After the synopsis was accepted by the University's ethical committee and the authorization of connected departments, subjects were interviewed to ensure that they met the study's inclusion criteria. The testing technique was clearly described to the participants. Participants in the research were females aged 18 to 26 years old, and those with medical conditions such as Hepatitis, High Blood Pressure, or Diabetes were excluded. Participants under the age of 18 and above the age of 26 were barred from participating. All individuals agreed to participate, were willing to be studied further, and completed the survey form. The survey questionnaire was gathered by the study's inclusion criteria. BMI was determined using the formula: weight (kg)/[height (m)]2 and was classi ed as underweight (18.5), normal or healthy weight (18.5 -24.9), overweight (25.0 -29.9), or obese (30.0). Participants' responses were collected and all data were entered in the SPSS le for statistical analysis and interpreted further results. Demographics are analyzed as numbers, percentages, and frequency. Qualitative variables were presented in the form of frequency and percentage (frequency tables and Bar charts). Chi-Square test was performed along with relative risk estimation to check the association between an ankle sprain and BMI of students. P value ≤0.05 was considered signi cant.

D I S C U S S I O N
The study was conducted in Sargodha medical college to determine the risk factor that can cause ankle sprain among female students. Our study was con ned to speci c age group i.e. 18-26. Our survey was evaluated through selfmade questionnaire not by clinical analysis. "According to Lyola medicine high heels are the leading cause of ingrown toe nails. This occurs because the toes compress together, causing the big toe nails to grow into the skin. This can also lead to nail or fungal infections. High heels can cause bi unions. Because use of high heels can tip your body weight forward, forcing the toes towards the front of the shoe [18]. This action pushes the big toes against the other toes, which can cause the bunion protrusion. According to our study, regular use of high heels causes ankle sprain. Among 500 girls, height of heels and type of heels is the most signi cant factors that are causing ankle sprain. Type of heels is the main factor which is causing the ankle sprain [19]. As we know that heel height greater than 1.5 inches can cause changes in the body posture and so the girls using high heels regularly, more often suffer from ankle sprain than other girls. As the height of heels can change the mechanics of the body while walking, it can exert greater pressure on the ankle and other joints as well [10]. High heels can cause hip and knee pain. It is the most common problem that many girls experienced while using high heels. Walking with high heels increases the weight on the knee joints, as women tend to bend their knees more while walking in high heels shoes. This can strain knee joints as well as the hip, and exert pressure on these joints and due to its excessive use it can trigger fractures and compresses the nerves [17]. According to our study, regular use of high heels cause ankle sprain. Among 500 girls, height of heels and type of heels is the most signi cant factors that are causing ankle sprain. Type of heels is the main factor which is causing the ankle sprain.
As we know that heel height greater than 1.5 inches can cause changes in the body posture and so the girls using high heels regularly, more often suffer from ankle sprain than other girls. As height of heels can change the mechanics of the body while walking, it can exert greater pressure on ankle and other joints as well.
[11] Regular use of high heels increases the risk of osteoarthritis, which is the in ammatory joint condition in women of old age but the prolonged use of high heels can increase the risk of osteoarthritis. According to the study of Orthopedic journal women wearing heels higher than 3.5 inches can increase the lifetime risk of osteoarthritis [12]. "Muscle soreness and spasms are the most prevalent complaints from girls wearing high heels. According to the American Osteopathic Association, wearing high heels for an extended period of time can shorten the muscles in the calves and back, resulting in muscular soreness and spasms. Many ladies also complain of excruciating leg cramps after wearing high heels shoes. According to our research, wearing high heels while walking induces twisting of the foot, which can lead to ankle sprains owing to the larger pressures and strains placed on the foot." [16]"Age also plays an important factor in twisting of foot because with age the body is unable to maintain balance and while using high heels balance of person lost and person may fall and results in twisting of foot and ankle sprain while walking with high heels."[13] "High heels alter the normal curve of the spine. The lower back gets much more arched than usual when you wear high heels. The greater the height of heels are, the more the lower back needs to arch to maintain the positioned upright. This excessive bend is a cause of back discomfort in both the lower and upper back. According to our study the most signi cant cause of creating ankle sprain and hurting your ankles are kind of heels and height of heels. There were numerous sorts of heels on the market and girls chose different heels according to their tastes. According to our data analysis, pencil heels are the most frequently used heels by girls and while using pencil heels the balance of girls is lost and the ankle is hurt mostly which in turn leads to spraining of the ankle. Young women in their 20s were most likely to get these injuries, which were usually sprains and strains to the foot or ankle [14]. The study should be analyzed through clinical analysis in the future. Seminars can be conducted to spread awareness among females. A study should also be conducted on females above 30 years of age in the future. Research should also include the aspect of brand and quality of shoes.
[20] A longitudinal study should be conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of wearing high heels [15].