Arachnids from the greenhouses of the Botanical Garden of the PJ Šafárik University in Košice , Slovakia ( Arachnida : Araneae , Opiliones , Palpigradi , Pseudoscorpiones )

Greenhouses, with relatively stable temperature and humidity conditions, represent a suitable environment for a variety of different invertebrates. Depending on the cultivated plants, size of the heated space, type of management and other factors, more or less complex artificial ecosystems may be formed. Common synanthropic species can be found as well as some outdoor species occasionally entering the greenhouse, and some exotic tropical and subtropical species introduced with plants and substrates from remote sources (Kielhorn 2008). Only a little information has been published about arachnids in greenhouses in Slovakia so far. Within a concise survey of invertebrates from Bratislava greenhouses Krumpál et al. (1997) summarized six different spider taxa on the basis of older samples from the years 1972 and 1976: Pholcus opilionoides (Schrank, 1781), Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841), Agelena sp., Amaurobius ferox (Walckenaer, 1830), Berlandina cinerea (Menge, 1872) and Pseudicius encarpatus (Walckenaer, 1802). One pseudoscorpion species, Lamprochernes chyzeri (Tömösváry, 1882) was found by Krumpál et al. (1997) in greenhouses as well. Recently the research on artificial ecosystems intensified, providing new information about alien species living in Slovakia. Individual records of spider species new to the Slovak arachnofauna were published: Coleosoma floridanum Banks, 1900 and Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837 from greenhouses in Bratislava (Šestáková et al. 2013, 2014) and Uloborus plumipes Lucas, 1846 from Košice (Suvák 2013). New for the fauna of Slovakia were also the palpigrade Eukoenenia florenciae (Rucker, 1903) and the schizomid Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 from greenhouses in Bratislava (Christian & Christophoryová 2013, Christophoryová et al. 2013). No harvestmen records have been published from any botanical garden in Slovakia so far. The aim of this paper is to present data from collections during a ten-year research project in heated greenhouses of the Botanical Garden of P.J. Šafárik University in Košice. The research focused mainly on spiders as potential predators of pests in the greenhouses. Additionally, a short survey of other arachnids (except Acari) was done. The presented data includes four arachnid orders, two first and three second records for Slovakia.

Greenhouses, with relatively stable temperature and humidity conditions, represent a suitable environment for a variety of different invertebrates.Depending on the cultivated plants, size of the heated space, type of management and other factors, more or less complex artificial ecosystems may be formed.Common synanthropic species can be found as well as some outdoor species occasionally entering the greenhouse, and some exotic tropical and subtropical species introduced with plants and substrates from remote sources (Kielhorn 2008).
The aim of this paper is to present data from collections during a ten-year research project in heated greenhouses of the Botanical Garden of P.J. Šafárik University in Košice.The research focused mainly on spiders as potential predators of pests in the greenhouses.Additionally, a short survey of other arachnids (except Acari) was done.The presented data includes four arachnid orders, two first and three second records for Slovakia.

Material and methods
The greenhouses of the Botanical Garden of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (herein BG PJŠU, 48.735°N, 21.238°E, Fig. 1) were built in 1958.Taking into account only heated rooms, it is a system of interconnected greenhouses (C1-3, G1-7, L) and separated ones (S1-4).Their total area is 2800 m 2 .Heights of individual greenhouses range from 3 to 12 m and the total volume of these greenhouses is 13350 m 3 .Temperature and humidity values were measured using 11 sensors in three main greenhouses from October 2014 to January 2015.Average humidity was about 64 % (min.23 %, max.94 %).Average temperature was about 20 °C (min.12 °C, max.34 °C).Occasionally some extremes outside these ranges could take place (seasonally and/or in greenhouses without sensors).Temperature is usually regulated separately in each greenhouse according to vegetation requirements (e.g.highest temperatures were measured in greenhouses with tropical plants during the whole year and the lowest values in greenhouses with citrus plants, especially in winter).
Several collecting methods were used to obtain data on the arachnofauna in greenhouses of the BG PJŠU in Košice: Spiders and harvestmen were stored in 70 % alcohol and deposited in the Western Slovakia Museum, Trnava.The majority of examined pseudoscorpion specimens were mounted as permanent slide mounts using Liquido de Swann mounting medium.Two specimens of Chthonius tetrachelatus are deposited in 70 % ethanol.The pseudoscorpion material is deposited in the zoological collections of the Comenius University, Bratislava.
Microphotos were made using the EOS Utility software and a digital camera (Canon EOS 100D and 1000D) connected to a stereomicroscope (Intraco Micro STM 823 5410 and Zeiss Stemi 2000-C).Measurements were taken from photographs using the AxioVision 40LE application (v.4.6).These photographs were made using a Leica ICC50 camera connected to a Leica DM1000 stereomicroscope using LAS EZ 1.8.0 software.Figures were drawn using a Leica drawing tube.

Results and discussion
Qualitatively, most of the species recorded in the greenhouses are native for the Slovakian fauna.Synanthropic and alien species were the most abundant, especially among the spiders.

Spiders (Araneae)
During the research 62 different taxa from 21 families were recorded in total.Of these, 47 taxa from 19 families (>590 ex.) were photographed as living individuals, 45 taxa from 18 families (188 ex.) were collected individually and 7 taxa from 6 families (34 ex.) were collected using pitfall traps (Tab.1).Two species, Mermessus trilobatus and Hasarius adansoni, are new to the fauna of Slovakia.The spiders Coleosoma floridanum and Triaeris stenaspis represent the second Slovakian records.The finding of a male of Uloborus plumipes confirmed sexual activity for this species.The dominant species, Parasteatoda tepidariorum, was abundantly observed in almost every room of the botanical garden.Other very common spiders were Pholcus phalangioides, Steatoda triangulosa, Parasteatoda tabulata, Sitticus pubescens, Tegenaria cf.domestica, Uloborus plumipes, Agelena labyrinthica and Hasarius adansoni.The goblin spider Triaeris stenaspis was dominant in pitfall traps.The first records of two introduced species and several interesting species are discussed in detail.
This small inconspicuous linyphiid can be easily identified by its genitalia (Figs 2, 3).For a detailed description of the species see Millidge (1987).The epigyne of the collected Fig. 1: Plan of the greenhouses of the Botanical garden of the PJ Šafárik University in Košice.The arrow points to the entrance.C1 -1 st connecting greenhouse; C2 -2 nd connecting greenhouse; C3 -3 rd connecting greenhouse; G1 -anthurium greenhouse; G2 -orchid greenhouse; G3 -cold greenhouse; G4 -Victoria greenhouse; G5 -reproduction greenhouse; G6 -citrus greenhouse; G7 -greenhouse with succulents; L -complex of lateral small greenhouses; S1 -separate greenhouse with orchids; S2 -separate greenhouse with succulents; S3 -western separate greenhouse with succulents; S4 -eastern separate greenhouse with various potted plants.female was covered by a huge globular plug, which pointed to sexual activity.The plug gives the epigyne a different appearance, thus its removal is essential for proper identification.Mermessus trilobatus is a Nearctic species found throughout North America, and is also recorded in the Panamanian region in Veracruz and Chiapas in Mexico (Millidge 1987, Ibarra-Núñez 2011).The first record from Europe came from Germany in 1982 (Dumpert & Platen 1985).Nowadays M. trilobatus has become established in natural habitats and is expanding its range.High colonization ability may be related to ballooning (Blander 2009).The species is usually collected in open habitats (Nentwig & Kobelt 2010).Thus its finding inside a greenhouse is untypical, and it should also be present in the garden outside the greenhouses.

Salticidae
Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826) Material examined.1) -on the wall, G6, 5.6.2014; 1) -on the wall, C2, 12.2.2015; 1( -pitfall trap, G4, 19.2. -5.3.2015; 1 subad. ( -pitfall trap, C2, 9. -16.3.2016.Males (Fig. 4) are easily distinguished by the dark brown coloration contrasting with orange hairs around the eyes and white markings on the palps, carapace and abdomen.Females (Fig. 5) are less distinct without a specific pattern, only a slightly paler broad band on the head region is visible.Both sexes can be easily identified by their genitalia (Figs 6, 7).Adanson's House Jumper is an attractive cosmopolitan jum-ping spider probably originating from Africa, introduced into many countries around the world especially into greenhouses (Metzner 2015).Males were observed quite regularly on the walls inside the greenhouses and also in the building.Only one adult female was caught using pitfall traps.In 2016 several females and juveniles were observed, which points to a stable population here in the BG PJŠU.Hasarius adansoni probably could not survive outside heated buildings.Howe- In Slovakia only one species of this genus was recorded, H. forskali (Thorell, 1871), which looks very similar to the collected specimen (Fig. 8).The cavernicolous species H. forskali is typical for the Balkan fauna and Eastern Europe, and was also recorded in Asia and Turkmenistan.The expansion to the north should be restricted by temperature (Kenyeres & Szinetár 2003).In Slovakia it is known from a single record in Tekovské Lužany (Dudich 1933).The type specimen originated from Hungary (Thorell 1871), but it seems not to be native there, because of its preference for synanthropic habitats such as cellars, basements and toilets (Loksa 1969, Szinetar et al. 1999, Korsós et al. 2006).Although a subadult male collected in the botanical garden strongly resembles H. forskali (Thorell, 1871), it could be any species introduced to the garden via plants or soil (Huber pers.comm.).Unfortunately, no more specimens were found up to the present.This pantropical orange goblin spider is a typical epigeic species in greenhouses.Due to its small size (<2 mm) and parthenogenetic reproduction, it has been introduced with great success via soil to botanical gardens all over Europe (Korenko et al. 2009).Its origin is questionable.According to morphologically similar species T. stenaspis should be native also to Western Africa, although it was described from specimens collected in the Caribbean (Platnick et al. 2012).The male of this species is still undiscovered (World Spider Catalog 2016).The first record from Slovakia is known from the greenhouse of the botanical garden in Bratislava (Miller & Žitňanská 1976) and from that time on it became wellestablished there (Šestáková, pers.observation).In the BG PJŠU it has a stable population, thus the second locality in Slovakia for this species was confirmed.
Uloborus plumipes, known as the "garden centre spider", is a pantropical species originating from Central and West Africa.It is commonly distributed via plants to garden and shopping centres (e.g.Rozwałka et al. 2013Rozwałka et al. , Šich 2014)).The first and only published record from Slovakia was reported from the BG PJŠU (Suvák 2013).Since then it has become well-established in its greenhouses and finally one adult male was recorded confirming sexual activity (Fig. 9).This spider  should be present in every florist's shop with imported plants in Slovakia, but was probably overlooked due to its small size (3-6 mm) and frequent showering of plants in garden centres.Moreover, dealers are not willing to talk about invasive species in their shops.However, some females were collected in a hypermarket in the section with plants and in garden centres of DIY markets (Šestáková, pers.observation).Although U. plumipes is considered as native in Europe occurring in the open land in southern regions (Nentwig et al. 2016), it is listed in several other countries as alien species (e.g.DAISIE 2008), because it can survive there only in buildings with stable warmer climate.In Slovakia, it was recorded exclusively in heated buildings, thus it is not native to our country.

Harvestmen (Opiliones)
Only one harvestman species (4 ex.) native to our country was collected inside greenhouses (Tab.1).We presume that more species could be found there.
Opilio canestrinii is a Mediterranean species native to Italy, adjacent islands and North Africa (Gruber 1984(Gruber , 1988)).The history of its distribution in Europe is obscure due to frequent misidentification, so the first official record in Central Europe was assigned to the 1960s in Austria (Gruber 1984).In Slovakia it was reported for the first time from the western region by Klimeš (1999), who presumed its expansion.Nowadays Opilio canestrinii is established in Slovakia and is considered a hemisynanthropic species with an invasive character occurring in urban and rural areas, and found on walls of buildings and on trees (Mašán & Mihál 2007, Stašiov et al. 2010).It could be introduced as eggs in soil or as live specimens among plants (Mašán & Mihál 2007).The easternmost published record was known from Central Slovakia (Stašiov et al. 2010), so our finding expands its range to the eastern region.Since the species can be identified from photographs, we provide a distribution map comparing published and unpublished records based on photographs to show its spreading (Fig. 10).Only one damaged specimen of a palpigrade was collected using pitfall traps.It very likely belongs to the species Eukoenenia florenciae, which was found in Bratislava (Christian & Christophoryová 2013), but for proper identification it is necessary to find more specimens.Collecting palpigrades is complicated, for example only four specimens of E. florenciae were collected in Bratislava (Christian & Christophoryová 2013).Since the soil samples were not separated immediately after collection, palpigrades could die before extraction.Although the examination of the soil close to the pitfall trap was unsuccessful, in our opinion a small population may live in the greenhouses in the BG PJŠU.

Pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones)
Altogether 22 specimens of four pseudoscorpion species from three families were identified (Tab.1), but no alien species was found.Two species were recorded from the family Chthoniidae; one species was identified from each of the families Neobisiidae and Chernetidae.The most abundant species was Chthonius tetrachelatus.Beier, 1956 Material examined.3)), 3((, 1 tritonymph -extraction of soil sample collected under old trees, C3, 23.4.2013.

Chthonius (Chthonius) ressli
The type locality of C. ressli, Purgstall, is located in the neighbouring country of Austria.It was collected under stones near a train station (Beier 1956).The species is quite rare, only a few records are known so far: Austria (Beier 1956), Italy -in mole nests and under stones (Inzaghi 1981), France -under stones ( Judson 1990), the Czech Republicin leaf litter (Šťáhlavský 2006) and Hungary -in caves (Novák & Kutasi 2014).In Slovakia, one specimen was collected in Klenbová Cave in the Čierna hora Mts. and was identified as Chthonius cf.ressli (Mock et al. 2004(Mock et al. , 2005) ) and needs to be confirmed in the future.Recently, several specimens of C. ressli were found in compost heaps in Slovakia and the identification was checked by Dr. Giulio Gardini (Kaňuchová et al. 2015).The current records in the greenhouse in the BG PJŠU Košice confirmed the occurrence of this rare species in Slovakia.
Both sexes of the species were measured; all data are summarized in Tab. 2. Two males and some characters of the described specimens were not measured or scored, because the specimens were damaged during the collection or preparation.Remarks on description.Most of the characters correspond with the known descriptions of the species (Beier 1956, Inzaghi 1981, Judson 1990, Novák & Kutasi 2014).In some of them, eyes were present on C. ressli specimens (Inzaghi 1981, Judson 1990, Novák & Kutasi 2014).All specimens from the BG PJŠU had no eyes or eyespots, which corresponds with the description of Beier (1956).Compared to the Slovak specimens, Novák & Kutasi (2014) noticed different setae numbers on tergite X (8 setae) and sternite X (6 setae) on the Hungarian specimens.Pickard-Cambridge (1906) listed C. tetrachelatus among the species found in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London without specifying a habitat or number of specimens.Van der Hammen (1969) found the species in greenhouses in botanical gardens in the Netherlands.In Slovakia, it is the most common species of the family Chthoniidae and is considered to be eurytopic (Christophoryová 2013).The finding of C. tetrachelatus in greenhouses represents a new habitat type for the species in Slovakia.

Neobisiidae
Neobisium (Neobisium) carcinoides (Hermann, 1804) Material examined.1 tritonymph, 1 deutonymph -extraction of soil sample collected under old trees, C3, 23.4.2013. Pickard-Cambridge (1906) listed N. carcinoides among the species found in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London without specifying a habitat or number of specimens.In Slovakia, it is the most common species of the family Neobisiidae and it is considered to be eurytopic (Christophoryová 2013).The species N. carcinoides was recorded for the first time in greenhouses in Slovakia.Until now, L. chyzeri and L. nodosus (Schrank, 1803) were known from Slovakia (Christophoryová et al. 2012), but the majority of characters used to distinguish these species overlap each other (Christophoryová et al. 2011).Therefore, we did not identify this specimen at species level.The collected specimen is currently used in a detailed molecular and taxonomic analysis.Before the present study, Krumpál et al. (1997) recorded one male of L. chyzeri from a greenhouse in the Botanical Garden in Bratislava, Slovakia.