Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Isolated from Aerial Parts of Prangos Asperula Boiss. (Apiaceae) Growing Wild in Lebanon

Copyright: © 2016 Mneimne M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Isolated from Aerial Parts of Prangos asperula Boiss. (Apiaceae) Growing Wild in Lebanon


Introduction
Prangos is a perennial genus of the Apiaceae family distinguished by its winged fruits [1]. It consists of about 30 worldwide species with a diversity center being situated in the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region [2]. Prangos species have been commonly used in traditional medicine in East Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. Numerous studies have cited Prangos species as carminative, wound healing, haemostasis, antiflatulent, antihaemorrhoidal, anthelmintic, antispasmodic and antimicrobial in a wide range of diseases [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Prangos species are also indicated in the treatment of leucoplakia and digestive disorders and to have anti-HIV and antioxidant activities [4,10,11]. Similarly to Ferula and Ferulago, the roots have aphrodisiac properties [12,13]. More recently, insecticidal properties against Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella) found in stored food products, such as cereals are also displayed [14]. and interesting antiproliferative effects of leaves essential oil on renal adenocarcinoma cell line [25,26].
This study concerns a comparative analysis of essential oils composition from different aerial plant parts of P. asperula growing wild in Lebanon and assessment of their antimicrobial activity.

Plant material
Aerial parts of the wild growing P. asperula were collected at random from Tannourine in the North of Lebanon in July 2014, at 1750 meters. The species identification was performed using the determination keys of the New Flora of Lebanon and Syria [30]. A voucher specimen (RCED 2015-295) was deposited at the herbarium of the Research Center for Environment and Development, Beirut, Arab University, Lebanon.

Essential oil isolation
The essential oils from fresh leaves and stems, flowers and fruits of P. asperula were hydrodistillled by Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours [31]. The volatile oils were dried using anhydrous sodium sulphate and then stored in sterile sealed vials in the dark at 4°C until analysis. The yield percentages of oils were calculated based on fresh weight of plant parts.

GC and GC-MS analyses
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify essential oils compounds. The analysis was performed by Agilent Technologies 7890 gas chromatography equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and a HP-5 MS 5% capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm film thickness). Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV of electron energy and a mass range of 50-550 m/z. The carrier gas was Helium at a flow of 0.8 ml/min. The initial column temperature was 60°C programmed to increase to 280°C at a rate of 4°C/min. The split ration was 1:40. The injector temperature was set at 300°C. The purity of helium gas was 99.99%. A sample of 1 ml was injected manually in the split mode. Components identification was based on retention indices and comparison with mass spectral data of authentic standards and computer matching with Wiley 229, NIST 107, NIST 21 libraries as well as by comparing the fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra with those reported in the literature.

Antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method
The antibacterial and antifungal activity of total essential oil was carried out by disc diffusion method using 100μl of suspension containing 10 6 CFU/ml of bacteria spread on Mueller-Hinton agar medium (Merck). Sterile 6 mm diameter filter paper discs (Whatman No. 3) were impregnated with 10 μl of essential oil and were placed on the agar. Standard reference discs of the antibiotics Norfloxacin (10 µg) and Nystatin (10 µg) were used as standard antibacterial or antifungal agents and positive controls. Each test was run in triplicate and the mean values were considered. A blank disc was used as a negative control. The bacterial cultures were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Whereas, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were incubated at 27°C for 48 h and 5 days, respectively. The diameters (mm) of growth inhibition zones around discs were measured using a caliper.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by agar dilution method
MICs were determined by agar dilution method approved by NCCLS (1997). A series of four concentrations of oil (5, 10, 25 and 50 µl) with 0·5% (v/v) Tween-20 were added to a one ml of microbial suspension containing approximately 10 6 CFU/ml of each organism in Mueller Hinton broth. Tween-20 (Sigma) was used to enhance the solubility of essential oil in broth. 100 μl of each mixture was spread on Mueller Hinton agar plates. The plates inoculated with bacteria were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. MICs determined as the lowest concentration of oil inhibiting the visible growth of each microorganism on agar plates were determined. All tests were performed in triplicates.

Composition of essential oil
The yields of oils of stems and leaves, flowers and fruits were 0.09%, 0.22 % and 0.21%, respectively. 42 compounds were identified in the oil from leaves and stems representing 75.5% of the total, 46 compounds in the flowers oil representing 86.9% of total and 4 compounds in the fruits oil representing 99.8% of total ( Table 1).

Antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial activity of the total essential oil evaluated by the disc diffusion method revealed variable levels of susceptibility in the tested bacteria and fungi ( Table 2). The results showed that S. aureus had the highest sensitivity (15.06 mm) which was also more effective

Discussion
The composition of essential oils in this study strongly illustrate  that major differences exist between the compositions of essential oils from different aerial parts of P. asperula. The oil of fresh fruits appeared as a major source for both sabinene (43.5%), and β-phellandrene (36.1%), while aerial parts (stems, leaves and flowers) may together be considered as moderate sources for nerolidol (15.2% and 14.7%, respectively) and p-menth-3-ene (13.3 % and 14.9%, respectively). It is interesting to note that β-myrcene (9.2%) seemed to characterize the oil of stems and leaves only.
Although, a direct comparison between the composition of combined stems and leaves oils in this study with that reported of leaves is not legitimate [26], the most representative constituents of leaves oil in the later study were sabinene (20.6%), and β-phellandrene (19.0%) with no presence of nerolidol or p-menth-3-ene which were the major constituents of our oil (15.2%, 13.3%, respectively). Moreover, only β-phellandrene as the second dominant constituent of the fresh fruit oil herein (36.1%) was also reported among the most representative compounds of the dry fruit of the plant growing in Iran (14.7%) [29]. No presence of sabinene which was the major component of our fresh fruits oil (43.5%) was noted.
In general terms, neither of our oils displayed the presence of 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde or δ-3-carene which were reported as the major constituents in the aerial parts oil of the plant from Iran (18.4% and 18.0%, respectively) [29].
Thus, both the major constituents of the flowers/umbels oil of P. asperula in this present study, p-menth-3-ene (14.9%) and nerolidol (14.7%),which were not previously reported in any of the above mentioned species seem to be distinctive to our plant.
In conclusion, the above mentioned variability in oil composition from different species cited and P. asperula, sufficient to allow distinction of different chemotypes, are the result of an adaptive process of the plant to a particular ecological conditions (geographical regions, climatic conditions, period of collection, plant part, state of plant-dry or fresh-and extraction methods).
Further, the antimicrobial activity of the tested oil is in line with the findings of a previous study testing the oil of the plant from Lebanon against several microorganisms all of which exhibited remarkable activity supporting the traditional use of plant in the treatment of wide range of diseases and confirming its promising potential of the antibacterial properties of this plant oil [25]. Some of the main compounds are reported to possess antimicrobial activities. In particular, nerolidol, β-phellandrene, sabinene are reported to possess antibacterial and antifungal activity [38][39][40].
The findings can further underline the importance of the ethno botanical approach to select plants that contain new antimicrobial substances, particularly when considering the increased development of resistance of bacteria, fungi and yeast to antibiotics.
The strong inhibitory activity of the oils, particularly on S. aureus and T. mentagrophytes, may be related to hydrogenated monoterpene components which constituted 34.1%, 44.7%, 99.8% of the oil of stems and leaves, flowers and fruits, respectively. However, it is difficult to attribute the activity of a complex mixture to a single or group of constituents especially when some evidence that minor components have a critical part to play in antimicrobial activity, possibly by producing a synergistic effect with various components [24,26,[41][42].

Conclusion
P. asperula is one of Lebanese indigenous plants which possess many medicinal properties. The study presents for the first time knowledge on the composition of the oils of stems and leaves, flowers and fruits which appear as unique and substantially different from previously reported oils. The antimicrobial activity suggests a potentiality for a new source of antimicrobial compounds to be applied in pharmaceutical industry. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the biological properties of the oils and their constituents.