Some Biometric Parameters of Four Selected Fish Species in Doma Dam, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

This study was designed to investigate the biometric parameter of some selected fish from doma dam, Nassarawa State. Samples of Hydrocynus breves, Alestes dentex, Hydrocynus forskali, and Brycinus leuciscus were collected from landing sites and the corresponding morphometric measurement and meristic count were recorded Results reveals significant differences in twelve of thirteen morphometric parameters considered in the four fish species from the dam. The most influential morphometric variables for discrimination these species using the 1st DF were the predorsal distance, body depth, standard length and eye diameter, while anal fin ray, caudal fin ray and pelvic fin ray constituted the most influential meristic variable for discrimination of the groups. Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 of the morphometric measurements in this study clearly showed a complete overlap between H. breves and H. foskali and a partial overlap with A. dentex but separate however from B. leuciscus. Meristic plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 however shows overlap of A. dentex, B. leuciscus and H. breves and completely separation from H. foskali.


Introduction
The knowledge of fish biology particularly biometric parameter is of utmost important not only to fill up the lacuna of our present day academic knowledge but also to increasing the technological efficiencies of the fishery entrepreneurs for evolving judicious pisciculture management (Swain & Foote, 1999). Fish morphology is inseparably related to study of the mode of life and the analysis of size and shape variations becomes fundamental to highlights variability in living organisms (Turan et al., 2004).
Morphological parameters and biometrical characteristics including morphometric measurement and meristic count have been used to identify fish stocks and remain the simplest and most direct way among methods of species identification (Turan et al., 2004). The study of differences and variability in morphometric and meristic characters of fish stocks is important in phylogenetics as it provide information for subsequent studies on the genetic improvement of stocks. To our knowledge this is the first of such study which is aimed at evaluating the biometric parameters and annual variations in condition factor of commercially important fishes such as Hydrocynus breves, Alestes dentex, Hydrocynus forskali, and B. leuciscus from doma dam.
During each collection, samples were ice check and moved to the College of Agriculture Lafia, in the Fisheries Department Laboratory for analysis. Total length (cm) and other morphometric measurement were taken using meter rule while weight (g) was gotten using the sensitive weighing balance. Biometrical parameters recorded includes six morphometric measurement and seven meristic counts as determined and described by Samaradivakara et al. (2012). The morphometric variables standard length, weight, body depth, pre-dorsal distance, eye diameter, caudal fin length. The meristic counts pectoral fin ray, pelvic fin ray, dorsal fin ray, anal fin ray, Pore lateral line scale, Upper teeth rows, Lower teeth rows

Statistical analysis
To ensure that variations in this study were only attributed to body shape differences, and not to the relative sizes of the fish, size effects from the data set were eliminated, by standardizing the morphometric parameters using the allometric formula given by Elliott et al. (1995): M adj = M (Ls / Lo) b ; Where M = original measurement, M adj = size-adjusted measurement, Lo = TL of the fish, Ls = overall mean of the TL for all specimens. Parameter b was estimated for each character from the observed data as the slope of the regression of log M on log Lo, using all fish in all groups. However, it has been established that meristic characters are independent of size of fish hence should not change during growth (Strauss, 1985;Murta, 2000) therefore the raw data were analysed without transformation as described above. Statistical analyses in the present study included descriptive statistics using Minitab 14 as well as univariate analysis of variance using Genstat ® discovery edition IV. Where significant differences occurred, Duncan's least significant difference was used to separate the mean values of morphometric and meristic parameters. Morphometric and meristic data were subjected to discriminant function analysis (DFA) using Genstat ® discovery edition IV.  (14.24). Similarly Predorsal distance was higher in A. dentex (9.08), followed by H. foskali and H. breves (8.09 and 6.54 respectively), with the lowest value recorded in B. leuciscus (2.57). Mean eye diameter of H. foskali was higher (8.74) than other species while B. leuciscus recorded the lowest (0.41). Mean pectoral fin ray in H. foskali and A. dentex was 12 in number and higher than the number observed for B. leuciscus and H. breves (11 and 9 respectively), similarly, pelvic fin ray was highest in H. foskali (13) and lowest in A. dentex and B. leuciscus (9). Mean dorsal fin ray of A. dentex and H. breves was 10 in number and higher than 8numbers recorded in B. leuciscus and H. foskali. Anal fin ray was higher in H. breves (22) and lowest in H. foskali (9). Result also reveal caudal fin ray to be much in H. breves (23) and least in H. foskali (12). Pore lateral line scales however, were higher in H. foskali (6) and lower in A. dentex (3), there was no difference in the lower teeth rows of the fish species however 3 row of upper jaw was observed in H. breves as against 2 rows observed for the other species.

Results
Relationships of the morphometric measurement and meristic count analysis among the selected fish species from doma dam was considered according to the 1st and 2nd discriminant function (DF) (Figures 1 for morphometric parameters and Figure 2 for meristic count). The 1 st DF accounted for 76% and the 2 nd DF accounted for 12% of among-group variability of the morphometric data, and together they explained 88% of total among-group variability. On the other hand, the 1 st and 2 nd DF of the meristic count analysis accounted for 75% and 16% respectively of the among-group variability; together they explained 91% of total among-group variability. According to the canonical discriminant function coefficients obtained for the morphometric data, the most influential morphometric variables using the 1st DF were the predorsal distance, body depth, standard length and eye diameter, while anal fin ray, caudal fin ray and pelvic fin ray constituted the most influential meristic variable for discrimination of the groups. Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 of the morphometric measurements ( Fig. 1) clearly showed a complete overlap between H. breves and H. foskali and a partial overlap with A. dentex and separate however from B. leuciscus.

Discussions
Fish has been said to demonstrate greater variances in morphological traits both within and between populations of species than any other vertebrates (Allendorf et al. 1987, Wimberger 1992). This study recorded significant differences in among morphometric parameters of the four fish species considered from Doma dam. Beacham (1985), Beacham & Murray (1985), Beacham & Withler (1985), Beacham et al. (1988), Lund et al. (1989) and Kinnison et al. (1998) had earlier stated that variation in morphometric parameters of fish is largely due to factors such as geographical and habitat variation or differences in genetic component based on differences among groups in a common environment. Solomon et al., (2015) further suggested genetic variation caused by inbreeding, crossbreeding and other practices leading to dilution of gene pool as the major cause of differences in cultured and wild species of African catfish. However the marked differences of morphology in the present study may be linked to genetic differences of the species. Reported morphological parameters of the species in this study as given by www.fishbase.org Paugy (2003) and Paugy (1990) are in line with the results of the present study. More so this study can serve as a useful reference material for so me parameters (such as caudal fin ray, pectoral fin rays, spine number and lent of most fins etc.) not reported in the previous study but measured in this study. The International Journal of Aquaculture, 2015, Vol.5, No.31 1-7 http://ija.biopublisher.ca According to the canonical discriminant function coefficients obtained for the morphometric data for the different species, the most influential morphometric variables using the 1st DF were the predorsal distance, body depth, standard length and eye diameter, while anal fin ray, caudal fin ray and pelvic fin ray constituted the most influential meristic variable for discrimination of the groups. Samaradivakara et al (2012) had earlier reported standard length, body height and pre-dorsal distance as major contributors to canonical discriminant function 1 in morphometric parameters of four Tilapia Populations in Selected Reservoirs of Sri Lanka. However, Haddon & Willis (1995) stated that Morphometrics of the head and body depth have been regarded as the most important characters for discrimination of angler fish (Lophius vormernus), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) and Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) (Leslie & Grant, 1990;Schwegert, 1990;Haddon & Willis 1995) while Turan et al., (2005) reported HL as the only important parameter for discrimination of six population of African catfish in Turkey. Eyo (2003) reported that among four Clarias species (Clarias ebriensis, C. albopunctatus, C. gariepinus and C. anguillaris), congeneric differences occurred in pectoral fin base length and frontal width, pelvic fin base length, Pectoral spine height, dorsal fin height, maxillary teeth band width, premaxillary teeth band depth, frontal, fontenelle length, internasal space, pelvic fin-anal fin space and prenasal barbell length, and in 6 residual characters namely Total Length, prepectoral length, pectoral fin base, length, dorsal fin base length, outer mandibular barbel space and eye diameter. Specific differences among Distichodus species studied by Nwani and Ude, (2005) reveals that pelvic fin height, dorsal fin height, anal fin height, pectoral-pelvic fin space, pelvic anal fin space, head length and caudal peduncle depth were of significant taxonomic importance in discriminating all the studied Distichodus species. Nevertheless, in general, fishes demonstrate greater variance in morphological traits both within the same species or different species or between populations than other vertebrates and reflect differences in feeding environment and habit, prey types, food availability or other features (Dunham et al., 1979;Allendorf, 1988;Thompson, 1991;Wimberger, 1992). It is also important to note that Among the principal morphological variables that aid in the discrimination this species and populations, some are related to feeding habits while the others are to swimming capacity and maintenance of the fish in the water column.
Plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 of th e morphometric measurements in this study clearly showed a complete overlap between H. breves and H. foskali and a partial overlap with A. dentex and separate however from B. leuciscus. However, plots of canonical discriminant functions 1 for mer istic count shows overlap of A. dentex, B. leuciscus and H. breves and completely separated from H. foskali.
Overlapping variation in morphometric characters lead to great difficulty in identifying different stocks. Jerry and Cairns (1998) indicated that phenotype of an individual is a manifestation of its underlying genotype, as expressed in the local environment during development. Consequently, individuals of different species that develop and mature in the environment or area would be expected to share a similar phenotype, as they are likely to experience common environmental and genetic influences (Chambers, 1993). Hence the noticeable overlap among different species for morphometric and meristic count in this study might be explained by this. Vidalis et al. (1994) had argued that meristic characters may follow a predetermined variability at a very narrow range, and divergence of the meristic counts from a standard International Journal of Aquaculture, 2015, Vol.5, No.31 1-7 http://ija.biopublisher.ca 6 range could be fatal for the individual. Several authors have also considered meristic characters as less useful than the morphometric data (Misra & Carscadden, 1987) when comparing morphological variations. Furthermore, studies on meristic characters of horse mackerel (Murta, 2000), shrimp (Munasinghe & Thushari, 2010) were less informative, when compared with the morphometric ones however, this study have shown that there were overlaps and complete separations in different species as observed in this study. Generally the observable overlap among species despite genetic differences may have been as a result of similar species adaptations in response to the prevailing environmental conditions as earlier stated.