Chrysopa pallens

Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838)

(Figs 35–37, 56)

Hemerobius pallens Rambur, 1838: 9. Type locality: Spain (near Malaga).

Chrysopa bipunctata Burmeister, 1839: 982. Type locality: Japan.

Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael, 1841: 210. Type locality: Belgium (Brabant: near Brussels).

Hemerobius mauricianus Rambur, 1842: 425. Type locality: Mauritius.

Chrysopa nobilis Schneider, 1851: 142. Type locality: Austria (Niederösterreich: Mödling).

Chrysopa quadripunctata Schneider, 1851: 102. Type locality: North America.

Chrysopa cognata McLachlan, [1867] 1868: 249. Type locality: Cambodia.

Chrysopa centralis McLachlan, 1875: 19. Type locality: Unknown.

Nothochrysa robusta Gerstaecker, 1893: 165. Type locality: Japan (Honshu: Kanagawa: Yokohama).

Chrysopa ricciana Navás, 1910b: 193. Type locality: China (Beijing, Jiangxi and Sichuan).

Chrysopa montandoni Navás, 1910c: 38. Type locality: Romania (Bucharest).

Chrysopa pazsiczkyi Pongrácz, 1912: 194. Type locality: Unknown.

Chrysopa occipitalis Pongrácz, 1912: 195. Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kawa: Lulua).

Chrysopa longicollis Navás, 1913a: 509. Type locality: Belgium (Arlon).

Chrysopa septempunctata var. puncticollis Navás, 1915c: 71. Type locality: Belgium (Brabant: near Brussels).

Chrysopa septempunctata var. polysticta Navás, 1915d: 473. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Sarrià).

Chrysopa punctulata Navás, 1916b: 155. Type locality: Unknown.

Chrysopa hernandezi Navás, 1918a: 353. Type locality: Spain (Soria: Dévanos).

Cintameva media Navás, 1929b: 34. Type locality: China (Gansu: Tsinlingschan).

Cintameva rubriceps Navás, 1932c: 68. Type locality: Spain (Valencia: Burjassot, Estación Fitopatológica).

Cintameva frontalis Navás, 1934a: 4. Type locality: China (Jiangsu: Hufu). An invalid junior homonym & junior synonym.

Diagnosis and notes

Chrysopa pallens is almost identical to C. gibeauxi (Leraut, 1989) (a Central European species, previously synonymized under C. pallens, but it was recently been re-validated) in body characters and male genitalia (Tillier et al. 2014: figs 1–20). However, it can be distinguished by the unmarked yellow scape, the proximal two subcostal veinlets pale green in both wings, and the shape of the internal structure of male gonocristae (gcr) and entoprocessus. Furthermore, the gonocristae are divided into three groups, with the central group having smaller and denser gonocristae (Tillier et al. 2014: figs 15–16), and the entoprocessus is angular in lateral view (Tillier et al. 2014: fig. 17) in C. pallens. This species can also be differentiated from its known congeners in Pakistan by the lack of dark markings on vertex (Tillier et al. 2014: fig. 3; present in C. dubitans and C. formosa), the presence of im cell in forewing (absent in C. sogdianica), and the pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation (simple in C. astarte and C. sogdianica).

Redescription

Measurements (♂ n=2). Forewing: length 15.0– 18.9 mm, width 5.2–6.0 mm; hindwing: length 13.1–16.5 mm, width 4.4–5.3 mm; body length: 10.0– 12.2 mm.

Head (Figs 36A–B). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons with a dark spot around the base of antennal toruli. Interantennal spot present. Clypeus with lateral crescentshaped dark spot. Labrum brownish yellow. Genae with a median round dark spot. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae yellow, unmarked, shorter than forewing, covered with short black setae.

Thorax (Fig. 36E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.6 mm, width 1.0– 1.4 mm), covered with short yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum sparsely covered with short yellow setae.

Legs (Fig. 36D). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, 1/3 of the length of claw hook, quadrate at base (Fig. 36C).

Wings (Fig. 35). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–15); proximal 3–23 subcostal veinlets dark brown, except pale green distally. Subcostal area with five crossveins below pterostigma; basal subcostal crossvein (bsx) brownish. Longitudinal veins pale green, except distal branches of A1 and A2 dark brown. Pterostigma pale. 16 radial cells (r cell); proximal margin of radial crossveins brownish. Four Banksian cells (b cell); six lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm, pale green, with exception of a narrow median dark streak; eight inner gradates (ig) and nine outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Longitudinal veins pale green. Costal area narrow, subcostal veinlets dark brown, except the proximal two veinlets pale green. Subcostal area with five crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale. 15 radial cells (r cell); radial branches dark brown. Branches of pseudocubitus dark brown, paler at base. Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell); median branches of Rs slightly brownish at base. Two series of gradates, both meet psm, pale green, with exception of a narrow median dark streak; seven inner gradates and 10 outer gradates.

Abdomen (Figs 36D–E). Pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae.

Male genitalia (Figs 37A–H). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 30–32 trichobothria. S8 quadrate in lateral view. S9 subtrapezoidal in lateral view; gonocristae (gcr) globular, consisting of small teeth. Gonarcus (gon) broad, arcuated with lateral short horns. Entoprocessus (ent) short, wider proximally, lateral horns arcuated, pointed at apex. Arcessus (arc) absent. Pseudopenis arcuated, pointed at apex. Gonosetae (gst) in lateral pockets below gonarcus in lateral view. Tignum absent. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.

Material examined

PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir territory: District Poonch, Rawalakot valley, Nergola Waterfall, 2♂, [33°50'44.5554"N, 73°48'15.0114"E], 1580 m, 19.ix.2019, leg. M.A. Hassan (CAU).

Distribution

Pakistan. Azad Kashmir (Rawalakot), Gilgit-Baltistan(Gilgit),–– China, India, Europe,Palaearctic(widespread) (Ghosh 2000; Aspöck et al. 2001; Ari et al. 2007; Dobosz & Popov 2018; Yang et al. 2018; Hassan et al. 2019; Monserrat & Pantaleoni 2020; Oswald 2022).