Impacts of Photovoltaics in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks. Case Study, Malta

Photovoltaic systems (PVs) are promising low-carbon technologies playing a major role 9 in the electricity business. In terms of voltage variation and feeder usage capacity, high PV penetra- 10 tion levels have significant technical implications for grid stability, particularly in Low Voltage (LV) 11 networks. This paper presents a comprehensive PV integration analysis on real-life residential LV 12 networks in Malta using recorded smart metering data. The methodology framework and tools de- 13 veloped are highlighted through step by step results on their usefulness. First, at the substation 14 level, an LV network with seven LV feeders is analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations and 15 OpenDSS. Then, Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs) are extracted to establish the likeli- 16 hood of LV network challenges. Afterwards, 95 multi-feeder analysis assesses impact assessment 17 on the first occurrence of LV network challenges and predominant issues. Finally, a Regression 18 Analysis Tool, considering the regression's standard error, is built for seven feeder characteristics to 19 predict impacts. The stochastic processes reveal strong relationships with feeder characteristics that 20 are helpful for network planning and operations. However, the Maltese grid currently has less than 21 20% PV penetration at any LV feeder. Hence significant technological hurdles are absent.