Hybos Meigen

Hybos Meigen

Hybos Meigen, 1803: 269; 1804: 239.

Type species: Hybos funebris Meigen, 1804: 240 (des. Curtis, 1836: 13) [= grossipes (Linné, 1767)].

Noeza Meigen, 1800: 27.

Type species: Musca grossipes Linné, 1767: 988 (des. Coquillett, 1910: 576. Suppressed by I.C.Z.N. 1963: 339.

Neoza, error.

Pseudosyneches Frey, 1953: 66.

Diagnosis. A genus of Hybotidae distinguished from other genera of Hybotini by a combination of the following characters: (1) cell cup slightly longer than bm; (2) cell cup produced posteroapically, inner angle formed between CuA 2 and A 1 strongly acute with CuA 2 usually distinctly curved; (3) vein Rs short arising distal to the middle of cell bm; (4) vein between cells bm and br (basal part of M) strong; (5) veins R 4+5 and M 1 not convergent apically (6) hind femur usually strongly inflated with strong setae, at least ventrally (7) hind tibia linear (apart from basal geniculation) or slightly inflated distally, never strongly swollen apically; (8) eyes narrowly but distinctly separated on face, not virtually contiguous; (9) proboscis narrow, as long as head or longer, labellum constricted for piercing, without pseudotracheae

The genera of Hybotini occurring in Thailand can be recognized by the following key.

1 Cell cup clearly shorter than cells bm or br; eyes pubescent.................................. Chillcottomyia Saigusa

- Cell cup as long as or longer than cells bm or br; eyes bare................................................... 2

2 Rs short; cell cup usually distinctly longer than bm......................................................... 3

- Rs long; cell cup about as long as bm....................................................... Syneches Walker

3 Basal portion of M between cells bm and br indistinct............................................. Syndyas Loew

- Basal portion of M between cells bm and br distinct......................................................... 4

4 R 4+5 and M 1 convergent apically (occasionally parallel); eyes contiguous or almost so on face; mouthparts not constricted for piercing, with pseudotracheae............................................................ Euhybus Coquillett

- R 4+5 and M 1 seldom convergent apically (usually divergent); eyes narrowly but distinctly separated on face; labellum constricted for piercing, without pseudotracheae.................................................... Hybos Meigen

Keys to species of Hybos occurring in Thailand

For ease of use, this key is arranged in three species-groups separated on the basis of colour of the legs and thoracic pleura. These groups (designated ‘ A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’) in no way reflect systematic relationships of the species included in them and are presented merely as aids to identification. Leg colouration has featured prominently in several keys to Asian Hybos (e.g., Yang & Yang 2004; Yang et al. 2006; Yang & Merz 2004) but it can be variable in some species occurring in Thailand and needs to be assessed with care. Where interpretation of leg colour can be ambiguous, the species are keyed both ways but it is possible that potentially confusing variation remains undetected in some species. The user is urged to confirm all determinations by reference to the detailed descriptions and using characters of the terminalia of males and females. Caution is also needed as there are certainly other species occurring in Thailand that remain undescribed.

Key to species-groups

1 Legs entirely black (although basal segments of tarsi may be paler or dark yellow and the ‘knees’ may be obviously but narrowly yellow [H. thepkaisoni sp. nov. and H. ancistroides Yang & Yang, 1986 which can have distinctly yellowish mid tibia are keyed both ways]........................................................................... Group C

- Legs extensively yellow or yellowish with at least part of one tibia or femur extensively yellow...................... 2

2 Thoracic pleura black; sometimes paler than scutum but never yellow [H. tilokarati sp. nov. sometimes has pleura yellow and is keyed both ways]............................................................................ Group B

- Thoracic pleura at least partly clear yellow or at least yellowish, obviously paler than thoracic dorsum........... Group A

Species-group A

1 Thorax mostly yellow with median scutal stripe and notopleural spots black..................... H. pisadaanus sp. nov.

- Thorax with dorsum black, not yellow (but scutellum sometimes yellow); at most postpronotal lobe and postalar callus yellowish or whitish....................................................................................... 2

2 Scutellum yellow on disc (not obviously darker than katepisternum); anepisternum and anepimeron usually paler than scutum, yellowish brown, often with yellow margins (occasionally pleura hardly paler than scutum). Hind femur rather slender, widest beyond middle, female with 1 row of ~8 spines ventrally, male with more numerous ventral bristles, in 2 rows on basal 0.5, becoming uniserial distally. Mid metatarsus without strong erect bristle ventrally at base............ H. tilokarati sp. nov.

- Scutellum blackish or dark brownish yellow on disc (contrasting with clear yellow katepisternum); anepisternum and anepimeron at most slightly paler than scutum, brown or blackish, lacking yellow areas. Hind femur slender or inflated with 2 or more rows of ventral bristles throughout. Mid metatarsus with strong erect bristle ventrally at base ≥0.5X long as segment..... 3

3 Male genitalia (Fig. 35) with right surstylus yellowish, apically broad; hypandrium with 2 very strong apical bristles (Fig. 36). Female sternite 8 with anterior margin concave (Fig. 37). Legs usually less strongly bristled; in particular, mid tibia usually with only fine hairs and bristles dorsally apart from 1 very long bristle ~0.3 from base and always without strong bristles below on distal section beyond single very long av bristle at ~0.5. Mid metatarsus with strong ventral bristle basally but without slightly smaller bristle posteroventrally just distal to it..................................... H. chaweewani sp. nov.

- Male genitalia (Fig. 157) with right surstylus black, uniformly narrow; hypandrium (Fig. 158) with apical fan of bristles. Female sternite 8 with posterior margin concave (Fig. 160). Legs usually more strongly bristled (especially in ♂); in particular, mid tibia with at least 3–4 strong bristles dorsally in addition to 1 very long bristle ~0.3 from base and always with weaker yellowish bristles at 0.2 and 0.7 from base (latter ~0.4X long as limb). Mid metatarsus with strong ventral bristle basally and slightly smaller bristle posteroventrally just distal to it........................................ H. sinclairi sp. nov.

Species-group B

1 Hind femur yellow with black preapical ring, or at least with preapical dark mark................ H. subapicalis sp. nov.

- Hind femur with different pattern of yellow and black, or more or less entirely black or yellow....................... 2

2 Hind femur mostly black, at most with apical 0.1–0.2 yellow.................................................. 3

- Hind femur mostly yellow; sometimes rather dark yellow, deep orange or brownish yellow; dorsum, tip or narrow anterior stripe sometimes blackish............................................................................. 11

3 Hind femur entirely black, even apically.................................................................. 7

- Hind femur clear yellow on apical 0.1–0.2................................................................. 4

4 Mid femur yellow, darkened dorsally along its length. Female sternite 8 without 2 narrow processes apically (Figs 172, 173)................................................................................... H. steatopygus sp. nov.

- Mid femur blackish, any yellow confined to tip. Female sternite 8 with 2 narrow processes apically (Figs 17, 18, 108).... 5

5 Larger species (~5.0 mm). Male with posteroventral fringe of fine hairs on mid femur ~2X long is limb about middle; mid tibia with several fine av hairs almost as long as very strong ventral bristle near middle; terminalia (Figs 104–107). Female sternite 8 with apical processes very small, almost bristle-like (Fig. 108)................................... H. men sp. nov.

- Smaller species (3.5–4.5mm). Male with posteroventral fringe of fine hairs on mid femur ~1X long is limb about middle; mid tibia with all anteroventral hairs much shorter than very strong ventral bristle near middle; terminalia otherwise. Female sternite 8 with apical processes large (Figs 17, 18).............................................................. 6

6 Hind femur clear yellow on apical 0.1–0.2, demarcation between black and yellow rather abrupt. Front and mid femora with apical yellow part slightly less well defined than on hind femur. Mid tibia entirely clear yellow. Male: hypandrium with 2 apical processes (Fig. 123), right surstylus bilobed apically (Fig. 124).............. H. particularis Yang, Yang & Hu, 2002

- Hind femur clear yellow on apical 0.05–0.1. Front and mid femora apically dark or dark yellowish, any yellow merging more diffusely into black of basal part. Mid tibia dark or black at least at base and tip. Male: hypandrium with one apical process (Figs 13, 14), right surstylus with single apical lobe (Figs 12, 16)................... H. ancistroides Yang & Yang 1986

7 Stylus subplumose (Fig. 4)............................................................................. 8

- Stylus bare......................................................................................... 9

8 Front and mid femora and tibiae yellow. Abdomen with basal tergite yellow laterally. Mid tibia with 1 very long dorsal bristle near middle and 2–3 smaller dorsal bristles............................................. Hybos mangraii sp. nov.

- Front and mid femora and front tibia black; mid tibia dark yellowish (sometimes almost black). Abdomen with basal tergite entirely black. Mid tibia with equally very strong dorsal bristles near base and near middle..... Hybos thepkaisoni sp. nov.

9 Mid tibia blackish, yellowish on basal ~0.2. Posterior tibia black with only extreme base yellowish... Hybos songbai sp. nov.

- Mid tibia predominantly yellow. Posterior tibia yellow, at least on basal 0.5..................................... 10

10 Yellow parts of mid and hind tibiae clear yellow and contrasting with black part. Scutum pollinose with small shining patch outside line of dorsocentral setae, behind postpronotal lobe. Male: hypandrium with subapical hooked process (Fig. 69). Female: tergite 8 not at all divided dorsally (Fig. 73); sternite 8 narrow, strongly sclerotized (Figs 72, 73).................................................................................................. Hybos kaluang sp. nov.

- Yellow parts of mid and hind tibiae often dirty yellow, less contrasting with black parts. Scutum without shining patch outside line of dorsocentral setae, behind postpronotal lobe. Male: hypandrium without subapical hooked process (Fig. 188). Female: tergite 8 almost completely divided dorsally (Fig. 193); sternite 8 weakly sclerotized, membranous (Fig. 192)............................................................................................. Hybos thaosaeo sp. nov.

11 Scutellum yellow, contrasting with black scutum, all coxae yellow, stylus bare, pleura generally much paler than mesonotum but sometimes dark; paler parts of legs clear yellow...................................... Hybos tilokarati sp. nov.

- Scutellum black or at least not much paler than scutum [if yellowish (some examples of H. yungyak sp. nov.), then front and mid coxae black, stylus subplumose, pleura dark as mesonotum; paler parts of legs dark dirty yellowish].............. 12

12 Stylus bare........................................................................................ 13

- Stylus subplumose (Fig. 4) or micropilose................................................................ 14

13 Stigma of wing strongly marked; front tibia and tarsi blackish; mid tibia with 2 very strong dorsal bristles; stylus 8–10X long as postpedicel.................................................................. Hybos stigmaticus sp. nov.

- Stigma of wing weakly marked; front tibia and tarsi yellowish; mid tibia with 1 very strong dorsal bristle; stylus shorter, ~5X long as postpedicel............................................................... Hybos bispinatus sp. nov.

14 All femora clear yellow, at least on basal 0.5 or more....................................................... 16

- All femora brownish yellow, deep orange or brownish yellow; pale parts never clear yellow. Hind femur of male with numerous long bristles ventrally............................................................................ 15

15 Tergite 1 yellow at sides. Legs paler; dirty brownish yellow or dark orange; hind femur with darker marking anteriorly, at least on proximal 0.8. Trochanters blackish, contrasting with yellowish base of adjacent femora. Mid tibia with only 1 very strong dorsal bristle...................................................................... Hybos yungyak sp. nov.

- Tergite 1 dark at sides. Legs darker, dark brownish yellow; hind femur becoming darker distally. Trochanters yellowish, not contrasting with base of adjacent femora. Mid tibia with 2 very strong dorsal bristles.............. Hybos divisus sp. nov.

16 Male: Hind femur with apical 0.2 blackish, sharply contrasting with yellow on rest of limb; strongly spinose, 25–32 ventral bristles rather irregularly 2–3-serial about middle; hypandrium narrowed distally with small inner subapical process (Fig. 23). Female: Sternite 8 (Fig. 25) with median area narrow becoming broader basally............ Hybos anisoserratus sp. nov.

- Male: Hind femur with blackish area more or less restricted to apical 0.1, boundary between black and yellow parts more diffuse (Fig. 3); less strongly spinose, 17–30 ventral bristles, more regularly biserial about middle; hypandrium (Figs 6, 143) broader distally, broadly bilobed apically or at least with inner subapical process larger and more proximally positioned. Female: Sternite 8 of different shape.................................................................... 17

17 Male: Right surstylus narrow; serrate near tip (Fig. 144); left surstylus elongate, constricted apically (Figs 145–147). Female: Sternite 8 produced posterolaterally (Figs 149, 150)............................. Hybos serratus Yang & Yang, 1992

- Male: Right surstylus broader, not serrate apically (Fig. 7); left surstylus broader, dentiform (Fig. 5). Female: Sternite 8 with almost circular median area from which arise broad anterolateral lobes (Fig. 8).............. Hybos aceriformis sp. nov.

Species-group C

1 Wings strongly and abruptly darkened on distal part beyond apex of basal cells. Tibiae and metatarsi with numerous fine long white hairs (5-10X long as limb is deep). Hind femur very strongly inflated...... Hybos apicihamatus Yang & Yang, 1995

- Wings hyaline or more uniformly darkened; if apically darkened (H. khamfui sp. nov.) lacking numerous long white hairs on tibiae and metatarsi. Hind femur inflated or narrow......................................................... 2

2 Stylus entirely bare (viewed at magnification ≥30X)........................................................ 3

- Stylus at least on basal 0.5 micropilose or subplumose (Fig. 4)............................................... 12

3 Hind coxa entirely or predominantly dark haired behind, sometimes (H. ancistroides) only a few distinct black bristly hairs posteroapically; front and mid coxae usually with mostly dark hairs and bristles; mid metatarsus usually with very strong ventral bristle near base often at least 0.5X length of segment (if absent see H. ancistroides)............................ 4

- Hind coxa predominantly pale haired behind, usually conspicuously so but sometimes with a few darker hairs or bristles admixed; mid metatarsus with ventral bristle near base much shorter, never as long as 0.5X length of segment.......... 9

4 Wings strongly and uniformly deep brown; hind femur with 6–8 conspicuous strong spines at least as long as limb is deep positioned just in front of smaller ventral spines on basal 0.5, the series obviously disjunct from smaller finer bristles on distal 0.5; mid femur with anterodorsal series of regularly spaced strong bristles....................... Hybos meeamnat sp. nov.

- Wings hyaline or faintly brownish, if darker brown then only on distal half but membrane obviously never so strongly darkened; mid and hind femora with different combination of arrangement of bristles.................................. 5

5 Large species (body ~ 7–8 mm); mid tibia with apical circlet of strong bristles incomplete, dorsal setae absent, bristles thus appearing clustered below tip. Male front first and second tarsal segments with very long hairs anteroventrally and posteroventrally, about as long as segment; all tarsi black.................................. Hybos longus Yang & Yang, 2004

- Smaller species (body ≤ 5.5 mm); mid tibia with complete apical circlet even if dorsal and anterodorsal bristles shorter than those beneath and not appearing clustered below tip. Male front first and second tarsal segments with short or long hairs beneath; tarsi yellowish or black........................................................................ 6

6 Mid metatarsus without distinct ventral bristle near base. Hind femur black sharply ringed orange or yellow on apical 0.05–0.1 of limb, the yellow colour as clear above as below (if mid tibia yellowish see also H. particularis and H. men sp. nov.)......................................................................... Hybos ancistroides Yang & Yang 1986

- Mid metatarsus with distinct ventral bristle near base. Mid femur entirely black or with any clear yellow restricted to extreme apex below, not encircling apex......................................................................... 7

7 Front tibia and metatarsus with numerous long bristly hairs below, some of which are at least 0.5X length of metatarsus (male only, female unknown)............................................................... Hybos paknok sp. nov.

- Front tibia and metatarsus with shorter bristles below........................................................ 8

8 Male hypandrium with single narrow apical process, abruptly curved at tip (Fig. 208). Female: sternite 8 moderately enlarged, rounded in profile, with distinct black bristles projecting posteroventrally (Figs 212, 213).......................................................................................... Hybos xishuangbannaensis Yang & Yang, 2004

- Male hypandrium with two narrow apical processes (Figs 39, 40). Female: sternite 8 less strongly inflated (Fig. 44)........................................................................................ Hybos daugeroni sp. nov.

9 Hind femur rather slender, only moderately inflated, slightly petiolate on basal 0.5, widest 0.8 from base; mid femur with ventral ciliation of hairs indistinct, hardly 0.5 as long as limb is deep; front tibia with single distinct dorsal seta at 0.5........................................................................................... Hybos songbai sp. nov.

- Hind femur strongly and evenly inflated, not petiolate basally, widest about or slightly beyond middle; mid femur with stronger ventral ciliation, hairs obviously as long as limb is deep; front tibia with 2–3 dorsal setae distinct from surrounding hairs................................................................................................... 10

10 Legs strongly bristled. Hind femur with 4 or more strong black bristles anteriorly and posteriorly, apical posteroventral fringe of long black setae. Front tibia with 2 strong bristles in distal 0.5 ventrally. Mid femur with anterodorsal series of about 6 distinct dark bristles.................................................................... Hybos merzi sp. nov.

- Legs more weakly bristled. Hind femur with 2–5 fine bristles anteriorly, often yellowish near base of limb; only longish hairs posteriorly, apical posteroventral fringe of long pale setae. Front tibia lacking distinct setae ventrally in distal 0.5. Mid femur with anterodorsal setae much weaker, hair-like............................................................ 11

11 Mid tarsus blackish or very dark yellowish. Mid tibia with 2 strong bristles dorsally in basal half and 1 equally strong ventral slightly beyond 0.5. Stigma faint, long, reaching costa at 0.8 distance between end of R 1 and R 2+3. Male: right surstylus very short with bluntly pointed apical process (Fig. 137). Female: unknown................. Hybos saenmueangmai sp. nov.

- Mid tarsus blackish, any yellow colour extremely vague. Mid tibia with 2 strong bristles dorsally in basal half but lacking conspicuous bristles ventrally slightly beyond 0.5. Stigma distinct, short, reaching costa at about 0.5 distance between end of R 1 and R 2+3. Male: right surstylus elongate, distinctly curved inwardly (Figs 74, 78–80). Female: sternite 8 enlarged, rounded in profile, with conspicuous long straight golden-yellow bristles (Fig. 81)........................ Hybos khamfui sp. nov.

12 Postpedicel of antenna with 1–3 distinct dorsal setae....................................................... 13

- Postpedicel of antenna without distinct dorsal setae........................................................ 14

13 Postpedicel of antenna with 2–3 strong dorsal setae. Cell dm short, much shorter than apical section of M 1 beyond cell; crossvein dm-cu perpendicular (female) or oblique (male). Male: mid femur (Fig. 117) with pair of very strong closely placed bristles below, mid tibia twisted........................................................ Hybos ngachang sp. nov.

- Postpedicel of antenna with 1 distinct dorsal seta. Cell dm not shortened, about as long as apical section of M 1 beyond cell; legs lacking above characters in male.................................................. Hybos ancyclochiles sp. nov.

14 Coxae with predominantly dark hairs although often paler on C 3 behind. Mid tibia without very long ventral bristle near middle but with 3 distinct bristles dorsally at ~0.2, 0.5 and 0.7 from base............................................. 15

- Coxae entirely with pale whitish hairs, at most only a few apical hairs darkened. Mid tibia near middle with very long ventral bristle ≥ 0.4X long as limb is deep or if absent with 2 smaller setae dorsally on basal half.......................... 16

15 Apical section of vein M 1 curved upwards near tip where almost parallel with apical section of R 4+5 (Fig. 240)............................................................................................ Hybos lannaensis sp. nov.

- Apical section of vein M 1 not curved upwards, parallel with or slightly diverging from R 4+5 throughout (Fig. 241)....................................................................................... Hybos konkaogwang sp. nov.

16 Mid tibia near middle with 1 very long ventral bristle at least 0.4X long as limb and 1–2 similarly long bristles dorsally. Antennal stylus bare only on apical 0.2....................................................................... 17

- Mid tibia without very long ventral bristle near middle and dorsal bristle never more than 0.2X length of limb. Antennal stylus bare on apical 0.4–0.5............................................................. Hybos grootaerti sp. nov.

17 Mid tibia with 2 long dorsal bristles..................................................................... 18

- Mid tibia with one long dorsal bristle................................................................... 20

18 Postpedicel ≤ 2X long as wide. Hind femur not strongly inflated, especially in female, ventral bristles obviously longer than limb is deep. Male: front metatarsus with posteroventral hairs not greatly longer than other hairs on segment; left epandrial lamella without short blunt bristles on interior margin before tip (Fig. 194); hypandrium without long apical processes (Fig. 195). Female: sternite 8 with narrow median posterior extension, widening apically (Fig. 199)... Hybos thepkaisoni sp. nov.

- Postpedicel ≥2X long as wide. Hind femur more strongly inflated, especially in male (Figs 232, 235), females rather less so (Figs 233, 236). Male: ventral bristles hardly longer than limb is deep; front metatarsus with posteroventral ciliation of long apically curved hairs conspicuously longer than other fine hairs on segment; left epandrial lamella with short blunt bristles on interior margin before tip (Figs 55, 183); hypandrium with 1 or 2 long yellowish apical processes (Figs 56, 185). Female: sternite 8 triangular or ovate (Figs 58, 186).................................................................. 19

19 Mid femur with ventral series of fine long bristles and similar series anteriorly ~3X long as limb is deep. Male: right surstylus shorter with basal process (Fig. 184); hypandrium with one long yellowish apical process (Fig. 185). Female: sternite 8 ovate (Fig. 186)......................................................................... Hybos tetricus sp. nov.

- Mid femur with ventral and anterior series of fine long bristles about as long as limb is deep. Male: right surstylus long (Fig. 55), without basal process; hypandrium with 2 long yellowish apical processes (Fig. 56). Female: sternite 8 triangular (Fig. 58)................................................................................ Hybos hylobates sp. nov.

20 Male: left epandrial lamella with apical brush of very strong almost coalescent black bristles, obviously much longer than left surstylus; right epandrial lamella (Figs 151, 152) with inner margin bearing long flattened process. Female: sternite 8 elongate rectangular (Fig. 155)............................................................. Hybos shamshevi sp. nov.

- Male: left epandrial lamella with shorter, finer bristles; right epandrial lamella with at most a slight angle on inner margin (Figs 59, 126, 219). Female: sternite 8 otherwise (Figs 67, 130, 225)............................................... 21

21 Male: right surstylus broad in lateral view (Fig. 223); left surstylus with rather blunt upwardly directed process (Figs 221, 222). Female: sternite 8 strongly scerotized, triangular (Fig. 225), tergite 8 linear or slightly concave on posterior margin........................................................................... Hybos zhejiangensis Yang & Yang, 1995

- Male: right surstylus narrower in lateral view; left surstylus otherwise. Female: sternite 8 with conspicuous protruding posteroapical process (Fig. 67) or weakly sclerotized medially (Fig. 130), tergite 8 with posterior margin deeply concave (Fig. 66)................................................................................................... 22

22 Male: left surstylus with narrow curving dorsal process (Fig. 128). Female: sternite 8 irregularly and weakly scerotized (Fig. 130), without protruding posteroapical process.................................... Hybos phahompokensis sp. nov.

- Male: left surstylus with dorsal process wider and more strongly bent (Figs 59, 62–64), a small rounded swelling at its base. Female sternite 8 with conspicuous protruding posteroapical process (Fig. 67)............. Hybos inthanonensis sp. nov.