Sennius rufomaculatus Motschulsky 1874

Sennius rufomaculatus (Motschulsky, 1874)

(Figs 75–82)

Bruchus rufomaculatus Motschulsky, 1874: 222 (description, distribution).

Acanthoscelides rufomaculatus: Blackwelder 1946: 761 (catalog).

Sennius rufomaculatus: Kingsolver 1979: 342; Johnson & Kingsolver 1981: 419 (catalog, distribution); Udayagiri & Wadhi 1989: 106 (catalog); Kingsolver 1992: 78 (distribution); Alvarez-Marin & Kingsolver 1997: 210–219 (catalog); Turnbow et al. 2003: 276 (list); Romero-Nápoles & Johnson 2004: 627 (list); Lorea-Barocio et al. 2006: 519 (distribution, host).

Bruchus instabilis Sharp, 1885: 466 (description, distribution); Kingsolver 1979:342 (synonym).

Acanthoscelides instabilis: Blackwelder 1946: 759 (catalog).

Sennius instabilis: Johnson & Kingsolver 1973: 88 (description, key, figures, type designation, taxonomy, distribution, host); Johnson 1977: 129 (host); Johnson 1980: 30 (host).

Bruchus ricanus Pic, 1929: 36 (description, distribution); Johnson & Kingsolver 1973: 88 (synonym).

Acanthoscelides ricanus: Blackwelder 1946: 761 (catalog).

Bruchus turrialbanus Pic, 1930: 10 (description, distribution); Johnson & Kingsolver 1973: 88 (synonym).

Acanthoscelides turrialbanus: Blackwelder 1946: 761 (catalog).

Redescription. Dimension. BL: 1.5–2.4 mm; BW: 1.0–1.6 mm.

Integument color. Head black, generally with small red-orange post-ocular macula, labrum brown to black; antennomeres 1–4 red-orange, 5–11 red-orange to brown (Figs 76, 77). Elytra entirely black or black with redorange, horizontal macula in each elytron occupying most of anterior region, except black humerus, extending from 2nd or 3rd to 8th, 9th or 10th interstices (Fig. 75). Prothorax, forecoxa, pygidium and ventral region black (Figs 75–78). Legs generally red-orange, sometimes base of hind femur black (Fig. 76).

Pubescence. Head white setae on post-ocular lobe; small dense white and golden patch posterior to post-ocular lobe (Fig. 76), remainder with sparse white setae. Pronotum with sparse brown setae along midline, flanked by sparse white or white and golden setae, white setae laterally becoming moderately dense. Elytra with white and gold setae, base of 3rd and 5th interstices with denser patch (Fig. 75); if elytra black, wide and sparse horizontal strip of white setae on anterior region. Ventral surface with moderate to dense white or golden setae (Fig. 76). Pygidium with dense white and golden setae generally forming patch at basal region and on narrow median vertical strip, remainder with white and golden setae moderately dense (Fig. 77).

Head with frons convex, frontal carina slightly evident or absent and ocular sinus deep, about half length of eye (Fig. 77). Antennomeres 1 and 3 filiform, 2- and 4 moniliform, 5–10 wider than long, 11 globular but pointed apically. Disc of pronotum strongly sulcate at basal lobe. Elytra without denticle at base of strial. Hind femur on ventral margin with very prominent tooth (0.03–0.07 mm), not microserrate (Fig. 79); hind tibia with lateroventral carina not reaching half its length (Fig. 80).

Male genitalia. Median lobe strongly sclerotized, about 5.1 times longer than wide medially, apex slightly expanded. Ventral valve rounded with round apex and lateral margins convex. Internal sac with hinge sclerites short, strongly curved, with base broader; apical region with two groups of spicules in line, near ventral valve; subapical region with long and dense group of short spicules; submedian region with sparse denticles and two curved, wide and lateral groups of long spicules; latero-basal lobes of internal sac with few short spicules; basal region with dense denticles throughout (Fig. 81). Tegmen with lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.8 times their length (Fig. 82).

Material examined. Type: Bruchus rufomaculatus Motschulsky, 1874. Studying the types deposited at ZMUC, NHRS and ZMUM, Kingsolver (1979) synonymized Bruchus instabilis Sharp 1885 (Type locality: Guatemala) with B. rufomaculatus Motschulsky, 1874, however he did not specify in which museum was deposited the type of B. rufomaculatus. Followed the ZMUM website all V. Motschulsky types are deposited in their collection and probably the type of this species is there, but we have no answer from the curator of this museum until now. However B. instabilis was reviewed by Johnson & Kingsolver (1973) and based on this paper the species was recognized.

Non-type (100): USA: Arizona: Nogales: 1, 11 /IV/[19]71, Ehni (USNM). ME: Sonora: Alamos: 17, 8 mi N. W. Alamos, 23/XII /[19]76, C. D. Johnson, Cassia obtusifolia (TAMU); 6, 5 mi W Alamos, 26/XII /[19]76, same collector and host plant (TAMU). Chihuahua: Cuauhtemoc Chis.: 1, 5 /VI/1969, J. M. Campbell (CNCI). Sinaloa: El Palmito: 1, 15 mi W El Palmito, 30/VII/1964, W. R. M. Mason (CNCI). Durango: El Salto: 1, 37 mi W El Salto 10/VI/1964, H. F. Howden (CNCI). Nayarit: Ixtian Del Rio: 6, 24 mi NW Ixtian Del Rio, 5/I /[19]73, C. D. Johnson, Cassia leptocarpa (TAMU). Jalisco: Magdalena: 9, 18 mi W Magdalena, 5/I /[19]73, same collector and host plant (TAMU). Hidalgo: Paloma: 1, 28 /VIII/[19]56, R. & K. Dreisbach (CNCI). Puebla: Puebla: 2, 35 mi S Puebla, 25/II /[19]53, D. G. Kissinger (CNCI). Michoacán de Ocampo: Morelia: 1, 20 mi E Morelia, 7/III /[19]53, same collector (CNCI). Colima: Colima: 7, 10 mi N Colima, 6/III /[19]73, C. D. Johnson, Cassia sp. (TAMU). Morelos: Cuernavaca: 2, 5 /V/1932, C. C. Plumer (CNCI); 1, 16 mi South, 22/VIII /[19]58, H. Howden (CNCI).

Guerrero: Acapulco: 1, XII/1963, N L H Krauss (USNM); 1, 15 miles N. E. of Acapulco, 13/I/1956, J. C. Schaffner (CNCI); 1, Km. 300 Acapulco–Guerrero, 8/X /[1]961, Pereira & Halffter (MZSP). El Ocotito: 1, 19 /VII/ [19]62, H. E. Milliron (CNCI). Oaxaca: Puerto Escondido: 10, 66 Km NW Puerto Escondido, 6/I /[19]80, C. D. Johnson, Cassia obtusifolia (TAMU). JAM: Manchester: Mizpah: 1, 16 /VIII/1966 (CNCI). DOM: Pedernales: Cabo Rojo: 1, 25.5 km. N Cabo Rojo, 21/V/1992, R. Turnbow (USNM). GUATEMALA: Retalhuleu: Champerico: 1, Baker (USNM). PUR: Isabela: 1, Punta Rosario, 14/I /[19]63, Paul J. Spangler (USNM). Tallaboa: 2, 12 /IV/1931, S. T. Danforth, Acacia (CNCI). Trujillo Alto: 1, 21 /VIII/[19]61, Flint & Spangler (USNM). HON: El Zamorano: Sn Antonio de Oriente: 1, Fco. Morazán, 9–14/II/1990, R. Cave (USNM). ESA: San Salvador: San Salvador: 1, 5 /VI/[19]58, L. J. Bottimer (CNCI); 1, 17 /VI/[19]58, same collector (CNCI). GLP: Grande Terre: Grande Terre: 1, VI/1968, J. Maldonado (USNM). CRC: Guanacaste: Playa del Coco: 8, 15 /XII/1970, D. H. Janzen, herbaceous legume (USNM). San Mateo: Hiquito: 1, Pablo Ochild (USNM). PAN: Chiriqui: no locality: 1, XII/[19]46, N L H Krauss (USNM). Puerto Armuelles: 1, 15 /I/1983, Linda Stephens & Bryce Edmonson (USNM). TRI: Trinidad: Mucurapo: 1, II/22/1961, N. Gopaal (CNCI); St. Augustine: 1, 9 /VII/1994, B. K. Dozler (USNM); 3, 8–12 /I/1959 (CNCI). Tobago: no locality: 1, 13–15 /VII/[19]62, J. Maldonado (USNM); Goldsborough: 1, 24–31 /III/1994, M. J. Sommeijer (USNM); 1, 3–10 /III/1994, M.J. Sommeijer (USNM).

Distribution. USA (Arizona), MEX (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Hidalgo, Puebla, Michoacan de Ocampo, Colima, Morelos, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas), JAM (Manchester), DOM (Pedernales), GUA (Retalhuleu), PUR, HON (El Zamorano, Atlándida, Copan Cortes El Paraiso Francisco Morazan, Intibucá, La Paz, Olancho, Yoro), ESA (San Salvador), NCA (Granada, León), GLP (Grande Terre), CRC (Guanacaste, San Mateo, Alajuela), PAN (Chiriqui), TRI, GRN, COL.

Host plant. FABACEAE: Caesalpinioideae: Senna alata, S. occidentalis, S. obtusifolia, S. hirsuta (syn for Cassia leptocarpa), S. cobanensis, S. uniflora, S. galegifolia, S. polyphylla, S. tora. ZINGIBERACEAE: Amomum sp.

Diagnosis. Sennius rufomaculatus is a extremely variable species. According to Johnson & Kingsolver (1973) this species have a widespread distribution and the variation on the tegument color and pubescence “is gradual over the range of this species, but similar specimens can be found in all parts of the range”.

Sennius rufomaculatus is similar to S. durangensis, S. medialis (both subgroup 2) and S. abbreviatus (subgroup 1) in the color of the pubescence and the presence of macula on the elytra. The difference between S. rufomaculatus and these species are discussed in the diagnosis of them. The few specimens of S. rufomaculatus that are completely black resemble specimens of S. leucostauros and S. bondari. However, they can be distinguished by the absence of white setae on the elytra forming a cross pattern in S. rufomaculatus.