Parupeneus jansenii

Parupeneus jansenii (Bleeker, 1856)

Jansen’s goatfish

(Figs. 1, 3–5; Tables 2, 3)

Upeneus jansenii Bleeker, 1856 (type locality Manado, Sulawesi).

Parupeneus jansenii: Bleeker 1875; Randall 2004; Allen & Erdmann 2012

Syntypes. RMNH 5748, 2 specimens, 76–91 mm SL, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Manado.

Non-type material (n = 27, 68– 159 mm SL). Vietnam, South-central coast: MUL.PA. CHR.04, Hai Phong Fisheries Research Institute Reference Collection, 125 mm SL; Vietnam, Khanh Hoa province, Nha Trang: HIFIRE 58155, 5 specimens, 143–152 mm SL, VNMN-I 54, 147 mm SL, and VNMN-I 64, 157 mm SL, fish market; VNMN-I 50, 143 mm SL, VNMN-I 51, 135 mm SL, and VNMN-I 52, 142 mm SL, Binh Tan fish market, 12°12.793' N; 109°11.825' E; VNMN-I 4, 159 mm SL, Hon Ro landing site, 12°12.07' N, 109°11.66' E; VNMN-I 134, 74 mm SL, and VNMN-I 135, 68 mm SL, Hon Tre Island, 12°10'– 12°14' N; 109°14'– 109°21'E, obtained from fishermen; Indonesia: RMNH 25006, 102 mm SL, and RMNH 25008, 1 (of 2), 107 mm SL; southern Bali: CSIRO H 5972-19, 146 mm SL, Jimbaran Bay, Kedonganan fish market, 8°45' S 115°10' E; southern Lombok: NTM S 10740 -006, 95 mm SL, 9°0' S 116°12' E, 100 m depth; NE Australia, Queensland, Torres Strait: Torres Strait: CSIRO H 6148-03, 118 mm SL, NE of Cape York Peninsula, 10°19.87' S 143°33.42' E, 37 m depth; CSIRO H 6926-10, 4, 94–114 mm SL, NE of Cape York Peninsula, 10°21.84' S 143°40.26' E, 40 m depth; S of Torres Strait: CSIRO H 3446-04, 114 mm SL, E of Cape York Peninsula, Blackwood Channel, 11°43.4' S, 143°42.6' E, 23 m depth; CSIRO H 7462-03, 131 mm SL, E of Newcastle Bay, 10°55.1' S 143°54.6' E, 32 m depth; Great Barrier Reef: CSIRO H 7460-04, 104 mm SL, NE of Townsville, 18°31.48' S 147°34.9' E, 76 m depth; CSIRO H 8154-01, 81 mm SL, NE of Lizard Island, 14°35.38' S 145°33.98' E, 26 m depth.

Diagnosis. Dorsal fins VIII + 9; pectoral fins 14–16; gill rakers 6–7 + 2 0–23 = 26–29; measurements in % SL, large-sized fish: body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 23–26; body depth at anus 19–21; caudal-peduncle depth 8.2– 9.0; maximum head depth 22–24; head depth through eye 19–21; interorbital length 8.1–10; head length 31–34; snout length 14–16; postorbital length 11–12; orbit length 5.7–7.7; upper jaw length 12–15; barbel length 22–25; caudal-peduncle length 21–24; caudal-fin length 25–27; anal-fin height 12–14; pelvic-fin length 20–22; pectoralfin length 21–25; first dorsal-fin height 17–20; second dorsal-fin height 11–14; small-sized fish: body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 22–26; body depth at anus 18–21; caudal-peduncle depth 7.8–8.8; maximum head depth 20–24; head depth through eye 18–21; interorbital length 8.1–9.7; head length 32–34; snout length 13–15; postorbital length 11–13; orbit length 6.8–7.8; upper jaw length 11–14; barbel length 22–26; caudal-peduncle length 21–24; caudal-fin length 25–29; anal-fin height 12–14; pelvic-fin length 21–23; pectoral-fin length 22–23; first dorsal-fin height 17–19; second dorsal-fin height 11–14; maxilla posterior margin evenly, symmetrically rounded; body and head rose, pink, or vermillion, colour may become paler below lateral line and eye; scale edges darker; body silvery white ventrally; one yellow-orange mid-lateral stripe sometimes visible from behind operculum along lateral line; caudal fin red or dark orange along proximal exterior sides of lobes, the remaining parts orange-yellowish to hyaline; dorsal fins and anterior part of pelvic fins pale red or pale orange; anal fin crossed by weakly indicated red-greenish stripes; barbels white or rose to red at basis, tips white; preserved fish pale or pale brown to pale grey, head or dorsal body and head margin sometimes darker.

Description. Morphometric data as ratios of SL for large-sized fish, data for small-sized fish (including syntypes) in squared brackets: body elongated, its depth at first dorsal-fin origin 3.8–4.3 [3.9–4.5]; body depth at anal-fin origin 4.8–5.3 [4.8–5.4]; caudal peduncle depth 11–12 [11–13], subequal to interorbital length (10—12 [10–12]); maximum head depth 4.1–4.5 [4.2–4.9], subequal to barbel length (4.0–4.6 [3.9–4.6]); head depth through eye 4.7–5.2 [4.9–5.6]; head length 2.9–3.2 [3.0–3.2], larger than maximum depth of body and caudal-fin length (3.7–4.0 [3.5–4.0]); snout length 6.2–7.0 [6.6–8.0], shorter than postorbital length (8.0–9.4 [7.5–8.9]) in large-sized fish; orbit length 13–18 [13–15]; anal-fin height 7.2–8.4 [7.0–8.1]; second dorsal-fin height 7.3–9.3 [7.0–8.8]; pectoral-fin length 4.0–4.7 [4.3–4.6], subequal to barbel length and subequal to pelvic-fin length (4.6– 5.0 [4.3–4.9]) in small-sized fish.

Fresh colour: freshly landed large-sized fish (Figure 3A, VNMN-I 4, 159 mm SL): body and head vermillion dorsally, becoming paler ventrally, starting from below eye and from scale row above lateral line; head with four slightly bending, thin, pink stripes: the uppermost stripe starting from behind dorsal third of eye, interrupted by orbit, to head margin in front of mid-eye, paralleled by a stripe of similar length right below; a longer pink stripe starting anterior to lower eye margin and ending close to nose tip; and the lowermost pink stripe from behind eye to below eye and ending anteriorly at half distance of snout length; jaws pink; further below eye the specimen has a large vertically oriented vermillion broad band that touches the lowermost rose stripe (see above) dorsally and ends well above ventral head margin; the preopercle is pale rose with vermillion margin; the black pupil of the eye is surrounded by an almost entirely red iris; all scales on body, apart from the ventral-most scale row, have dark reddish margins that contrast with the lighter scale colour; the lateral-line scales along the anterior half of the body show small red, mid-posteriorly placed spots; a broad, pale orange-yellow stripe in width of about scale vertical length runs along lateral line from behind preopercle to caudal-fin base; belly silvery white; caudal fin pale pink at base, with vermillion bands reaching along exterior margins of lobes to tips, covering in the anterior halves of lobes 5 to 6 of the distalmost rays; the remaining inner part of the caudal fin is covered by brighter yellow-orange colour reaching from distal-most part of fin base to close to lobe tips; dorsal fins vermillion, pelvic fins with some rose traces, and pectoral fins hyaline; anal-fin colour not identified, because folded in photograph; barbels white to pale rose, tips white.

Large-sized fish encountered at fish market (Figure 3C, CSIRO H 5972-19, 146 mm SL): body and head mostly entirely vermillion, dorsally darker; ventral underside of head white; eye with black pupil surrounded by red iris that contrasts weakly with the darker vermillion head colour; body colour changing laterally towards ventral side from dark to bright vermillion to beige and rose and pale pink below lateral line; belly pale pink; scales with dark red or reddish margins that contrast with the lighter colour of scale surface, apart from the scales adjacent to the anterior dorsal body margin where body colour is darkest and the contrast is diminished; caudal fin entirely vermillion at base, the colour spreading along exterior margins of lobes to tips, covering at anterior halves of lobes 5 and 6 of the distalmost rays, then continuing along the two distalmost rays until tips, becoming much weaker close to tip, especially on upper lobe; the remaining posterior part of the caudal fin is yellow-orange to beige in colour; dorsal fins are mostly vermillion or rose, spines and anterior base of first dorsal fin most intensely coloured, rays of second dorsal fin proximally vermillion and pale on tips, the beige interspaces partly covered by one to three rounded, partly connected, vertically arranged vermillion patches; pelvic fins hyaline with pale rose spine and all rays except for innermost ray with three to four beige to pale brown patches proximally; pectoral fins hyaline; anal fin hyaline with three thin pale green to pale brown stripes covering entire length of fin, one close to base, the distalmost stripe thinnest, positioned at about two thirds of fin height. Barbels vermillion at base, distal two thirds white including tip.

Freshly caught small-sized fish (Figure 4A, VNMN-I 135, 68 mm SL): body and head dark orange dorsally, becoming ventrally paler, starting from below eye and lateral line; head yellowish-orange below and behind ventral half of eye, with two weakly indicated pink dashes anterior to lower half of eye; snout tip and jaws dark orange; the black pupil of the eye is surrounded by a red iris; nearly all scales on body have reddish, orange or yellowish margins that contrast with the lighter scale-surface colour; the lateral-line scales form a thin bright orange to yellow stripe from posterior of the preopercle to behind second-dorsal fin base; this stripe is surrounded by a broader yellow pigmentation starting below first dorsal-fin base that widens from ca. mid-body to caudal fin base, almost entirely covering the dorsal part of the caudal peduncle; belly silvery white; caudal fin and dorsal fins dark orange; pelvic fins hyaline with pale orange spine and first three rays; pectoral fins hyaline with orange basis; anal fin hyaline; barbels pale rose along proximal two thirds and white distally including tip.

Preserved colour (syntype, RMNH 5748, 91 mm SL): body dorsally dark brown grey, lighter from lateral line, with weakly pale brown ventral half of body; head mostly dark grey brown, except for tiny pale-brown area in front of eye and pale brown region behind jaws, pale brown opercle and preopercle; fins pale, partly hyaline; other specimens often entirely pale brown or with darker, grey brown dorsal margin on head and body;

Distribution, depth range, and size. Parupeneus jansenii occurs in the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean in the area ranging from south-central Vietnam and northern Philippines to southwestern Indonesia and NE Australia, with verified records from Nha Trang Bay (this study), Luzon (Randall 2004), northern Sulawesi (type locality Manado), Sunda Strait off southern Sumatra (Randall 2004), southern Bali and southern Lombok (this study), and Torres Strait to Great Barrier Reef (this study). Depth range is 24–100 m, maximum size is 159 mm SL.