Metabolic recovery and compensatory shell growth of juvenile Pacific geoduck Panopea generosa following short-term exposure to acidified seawater

METABOLIC RECOVERY AND COMPENSATORY SHELL GROWTH OF JUVENILE PACIFIC GEODUCK PANOPEA GENEROSA FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ACIDIFIED SEAWATER

Samuel J. Gurr^1*, Brent Vadopalas², Steven B. Roberts³, Hollie M. Putnam¹

¹ University of Rhode Island, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI 02881 USA

² University of Washington, Washington Sea Grant, 3716 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA

³ University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA

*Corresponding author: Fax: Phone:1-401-874-9510 Email: samuel_gurr@uri.edu

Abstract

While acute stressors can be detrimental, environmental stress conditioning can improve performance. To test the hypothesis that physiological status is altered by stress conditioning, we subjected juvenile Pacific geoduck, Panopea generosa, to repeated exposures of elevated pCO₂ in a commercial hatchery setting followed by a period in ambient common garden. Respiration rate and shell length were measured for juvenile geoduck periodically throughout short-term repeated reciprocal exposure periods in ambient (~550 µatm) or elevated (~2400 µatm) pCO₂ treatments and in common, ambient conditions, five months after exposure. Short-term exposure periods comprised an initial 10-day exposure followed by 14 days in ambient before a secondary 6-day reciprocal exposure. The initial exposure to elevated pCO₂ significantly reduced respiration rate by 25% relative to ambient conditions, but no effect on shell growth was detected. Following 14 days in common garden, ambient conditions, reciprocal exposure to elevated or ambient pCO₂ did not alter juvenile respiration rates, indicating ability for metabolic recovery under subsequent conditions. Shell growth was negatively affected during the reciprocal treatment in both exposure histories, however clams exposed to the initial elevated pCO₂ showed compensatory growth with 5.8% greater shell length (on average between the two secondary exposures) after five months in ambient conditions. Additionally, clams exposed to the secondary elevated pCO₂ showed 52.4% increase in respiration rate after five months in ambient conditions. Early exposure to low pH appears to trigger carry-over effects suggesting bioenergetic re-allocation facilitates growth compensation. Life stage-specific exposures to stress can determine when it may be especially detrimental, or advantageous, to apply stress conditioning for commercial production of this long-lived burrowing clam.