Tetralicia Harrison 1917

Key to Tetralicia species of the world (puparia)

(see annotated checklist for sources of the illustrations)

1 Body pale, transverse molting suture (tms) reaching the lateral margin; eyes absent; mesothoracic setae (Ts2) and metathoracic setae (Ts3) present; cephalic setae (Cs1) present or absent..................................................... 2

– Body black; other characters variable..................................................................... 4

2 Ts2 absent; Ts3 and Cs1 present, set on raised tubercles; body 1.6x longer than wide; tms extends between the submargin and lateral margin; Chad on Vitex (Fig. 4E)................................................ tuberculata Bink-Moenen

– Ts2 and Ts3 present, Cs1 if present not set on raised tubercles; body 1.5–1.6x longer than wide; tms extends to the lateral margin; Mexico....................................................................................... 3

3 Cs1 absent; body elongate oval, about 1.6x longer than wide; margin deflexed about 0.3x radius (measured along the tms from its junction with the longitudinal furrow to the lateral margin); submedial region of abdomen with a row of 4 pairs of large round circular areas; Ts2 and Ts3 setae short, each about 20–21 μm; Mexico on Ipomoea (Fig. 6H)........................................................................................ pallida (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

– Cs1 setae present; body elliptical, about 1.5x longer than wide with lateral margin deflexed about 0.4x radius submedial region of abdomen without large round circular areas; Ts2 and Ts3 longer, each about 55 μm; Mexico on Guazuma (Fig. 6I)..................................................................... palidonigrans (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

4 Ts2 absent; Ts3 and Cs1 present or absent.................................................................. 4

– Ts2 and Ts3 present; Cs1 present or absent................................................................ 14

5 Ts3 present; eyes absent................................................................................ 6

– Ts3 absent; eyes present or absent........................................................................ 7

6 Tms extends to the submargin; body 1.8x as long as wide; caudal protuberance not well developed; Chad, on Hyparrhena grass (Poaceae) (Fig. 4C)................................................................ graminicola Bink-Moenen

– Tms extends to lateral margin; body 1.9x as long as wide; vasiform orifice (vo) 1.3x as long as wide, caudal protuberance well developed; USA (CA) on Rhamnus (Fig. 6F)..................................... oblanceolata (Drews & Sampson)

7 Eighth abdominal segment setae (As8) absent; dorsum with 4 longitudinal rows of circular areas, body elongate slender, 1.8x as long as wide; posterior margin not protruding; Australia on Grevillea (Proteaceae) (Fig. 4A.... debarroi Martin & Carver

– As8 present; dorsum without longitudinal rows of circular areas; body 1.1–2.0x as long as wide; not from Australia nor on Proteaceae........................................................................................... 8

8 Cephalus with 3 pairs of short setae; eyes absent; body very slender, 2.0x as long as wide; Turkmenistan on Erianthus (Poaceae) and Rununculus (Rununculaceae) (Fig. 4B)...................................................... erianthi Danzig

– Cephalus without setae (except with 1 pair in nevadensis); eyes present or absent.................................. 9

9 Eyes present; body broadly oval, 1.3x as long as wide; known from Mexico or the USA on Quercus................... 10

– Eyes absent; body shape variable; known from Europe or the USA, not on Quercus................................ 12

10 Cephalus with 1 pair of setae; eyes in the shape of a transverse slit; body broadly oval, 1.3x as long as wide, with deflexed margin 0.2x radius; central area of the cephalothorax and abdomen covered with tubercles USA (NV), Mexico, on Quercus (Fig. 6D)............................................................................. nevadensis (Dooley)

– Cephalus without setae; eyes oval shaped; body broadly oval, 1.3x as long as wide, with deflexed margin 0.3–0.4x radius. 11

11 Lateral margin deflexed 0.4x radius; caudal setae (Cas) extremely long (187), slightly more than 2x As8 (87); medial region of body rugose, submargin pebbly; operculum (op) elongate,1.3x as long as wide (Fig. 5C)................................................................................................ anahuac (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

– Lateral margin deflexed 0.3x radius; Cas not as long (113–137), slightly less than 2x As8 (65–87) (central region of body fossulate, submargin tiled; cephalothorax and sides of abdomen covered with pebbly sculpturing; abdominal sutures with rows of transverse elliptical markings across each segment; vo elongate, 1.3x as long as wide with op occupying about half the orifice; (Fig. 6P)................................................... xalapensis (Sánchez-Flores & Carapia-Ruiz)

12 Body round to broadly oval, 1.1–1.3x as wide as long; dorsal surface with rough mosaic sculpturing; deflexed margin 0.2x radius, apparently smooth; Portugal, Spain on Erica (Fig. 4D)................................. iberiaca Bink-Moenen

– Body elongate slender, 1.8x as wide as long; dorsal surface, more or less smooth, without rough mosaic sculpturing; deflexed margin 0.4x radius with striate sculpturing................................................................ 13

13 Lateral margin crenulate shallowly; vo and operculum (op) longer than wide; As8 and Cas setae short, subequal; tms extending to lateral margin or close to it; widespread in Europe on Erica (Fig. 3A–E)............................. ericae Harrison

– Lateral margin with urn-shaped, bilobate teeth; vo and op nearly quadrate; As8 short; Cas long; tms extending to submargin USA (CA) on Pluchea (Fig. 5I)............................................... coachellensis (Drews & Sampson)

14 Vo raised high on a volcano-like projection, posterior margin of seventh abdominal segment with a dark, sclerotized arch; Brazil, on Cecropia (Figs. 4G–I)........................................................... cecropiae (Bondar)

– Vo not raised on a volcano-like projection, posterior margin of seventh abdominal segment without a dark, sclerotized arch; species not known from Brazil.......................................................................... 15

15 Lateral margin with 2 rows of teeth; body elongate slender, 1.9x as long as wide; eyes absent; op transverse 0.7x as long as wide, filling about 0.7x the vo, the latter 1.2x as long as wide; Mexico on Diospyros (Fig. 5E)............................................................................................... bidentata (Sánchez-Flores & Carapia-Ruiz)

– Lateral margin with 1 row of teeth; body variable but less than 1.9x as long as wide in most species; eyes present or absent 16

16 Tms extending to lateral margin; eyes absent.............................................................. 17

– Tms not extending to lateral margin; eyes present or absent................................................... 25

17 Cs1present; Ts2 and Ts3 very elongate (except in A. sierrae); deflexed margin 0.3–0.4x radius....................... 18

– Cs1 absent; Ts2 and Ts3 very short (except in A. popocatepetl); deflexed margin 0.3x radius........................ 20

18 Vo and op transverse, each 0.7x as long as wide; Ts3 and As8 setae short, body 1.4x as long as wide; margin deflexed 0.4x radius; USA (CA) on a shrub (Fig. 6O)........................................................ sierrae Sampson

– Vo and op subquadrate (except transverse in A. rotunda), Ts2, Ts3 and As8 setae long; body 1.3 or 1.6x as long as wide, with margin deflexed 0.3x radius............................................................................ 19

19 Body 1.3x as long as wide; vo and op transverse, 0.7–0.8x as long as wide; submedial region of abdomen speckled with black dots; Cs1, Ts2, Ts3 and Cas setae long and stout; caudal margin rounded; posterior margin of vo floor without a row of cell-like structures; Mexico on unknown host (Fig. 6M)................................................... rotunda Baker

– Body 1.6x as long as wide; vo 1.1x longer than wide; submedial region of abdomen without black dots; Cs1, Ts2, Ts3 and Cas setae very long, subequal, each about 3x as long as the vo, As8 long, about 2.2x the vo; caudal protuberance not developed; posterior margin of vo floor with a row of 4 roundish,cell-like structures; Peru on Persea (Figs. 2, 7, 8)........................................................................................... sawyeri Valencia & Evans, n. sp.

20 Body slender elliptical, 1.7x as long as wide............................................................... 21

– Body oval to broadly oval, 1.4–1.6x as long as wide…………................................................. 23

21 Mesothorax and metathorax with 3 and 2 pairs of setae, respectively; central region of body with ornate sculpturing; body slender elliptical, vo 1.4x as long as wide, USA (CA) on Eriodictyon (Fig. 6G)................ ornata (Drews & Sampson)

– Mesothorax and metathorax each with 1 pair of setae; central region of body without ornate sculpturing; vo 1.0–1.1x as long as wide.............................................................................................. 22

22 Ts2 (50) longer than Ts3 (37); Cas 2.5–3.5x as long as As8; Mexico, on a grass, Dichanthelium (Poaceae) (Fig. 6K)....................................................................... popocaepetl (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

– Ts2 shorter (37) or subequal to Ts3; Cas more than 4x as long as As8; body 1.7–1.9x as long as wide; lateral margin paler than central region, vo 1.1x as long as wide; USA (CA), Mexico on Arctostaphylos and Salvia (Fig. 6A).. laingi (Drews & Sampson)

23 Body 1.4x as long as wide; central region of body smooth; vo 1.1x as long as wide, operculum with many short, spinelike setae along its posterior margin; USA (CA, NV), Mexico on Ceanothus (Fig. 5G)......................... ceanothi Sampson

– Body 1.5–1.6x as long as wide; central region of body smooth or granulate; vo 1.0–1.1x as long as wide, operculum without many short, spinelike setae along its posterior margin........................................................ 24

24 Body 1.5x as long as wide; dorsal surface granulated; As8 and Cas setae very long; dorsum granulated deflexed submargin with rows of dark spots; Mexico, USA (TX) on Lantana (Fig. 5L)........................... granulata Sampson and Drews

– Body 1.6x as long as wide, dorsal surface not granulated; As8 setae short; Mexico on Karwinskia. (Fig. 6N)............................................................................... sampsoni (Sanchez-Flores & Carapia-Ruiz)

25 Body elongate slender, 1.7–1.9x as wide as long; eyes absent; dorsal setae variable................................ 26

– Body oval, 1.3–1.5x as wide as long; eyes present; all dorsal setae short......................................... 27

26 Body 1.7x as long as wide; all dorsal setae including Cas setae short; lateral margin with unilobate teeth; Mexico on Coccoloba and Guazuma (Fig. 5F)................................................ caudata (Sánchez-Flores & Carapia-Ruiz)

– Body 1.9x as long as wide; dorsal setae longer, Cas setae very long (102); lateral margin with bifurcate teeth; Mexico on Cecropia (Fig. 6L)............................................ pseudogranulata (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

27 Submargin with a row of about 6 conical projections on each side, separated from each by more than the diameter of one projection; Ts2 and Ts3 median length, rod-like with clubbed apices; vo and op about as long as wide; body 1.4x as long as wide, deflexed margin about 0.4x radius; USA (CA), Mexico on Hyptis (Fig. 6O)................... hyptisemoryi (Gill)

– Submargin without conical projections; Ts2 and Ts3 filiform, not rod-like with clubbed apices; other characters variable.. 28

28 Lateral margin with a round protuberance at the level of the transverse molting suture; Cas and other dorsal setae short, body 1.4x as long as wide; margin deflexed 0.3x radius; USA (CA) on Fouquieria (Fig. 5K)........................................................................................ fouquieriasplendens (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

– Lateral margin without a protuberance at the level of the transverse molting suture; Cas variable..................... 29

29 Cs1 and eyes present................................................................................. 30

– Cs1 absent; eyes present or absent...................................................................... 32

30 Cs1 long (50–85); Cas and As8 setae similar in length; deflexed margin 0.1x body radius with striate sculpturing; abdomen with transverse chain-like sculpture across the sutures; marginal teeth large, with a structure starting anterior to true margin towards the head area divided into inverted “Y” shape; dorsum with rows of elongate tile-like sculpturing; Mexico on Chamaedorea (Fig. 5H)............................................... chamaedoreaelegans (Sánchez-Flores and Carapia-Ruiz)

– Cs1 short; Cas at least 2x as long as As8 setae; deflexed margin 0.3–0.5x body radius; abdomen smooth; marginal teeth not large, without a structure starting anterior to true margin toward head area divided into inverted “Y” shape............. 31

31 With mid-abdominal depressions and tubercles, area near submarginal fold of both subdorsum and submargin with fine transverse lines; vo and op as long as wide, op filling 0.9x the vo; a pair of dark, sclerotized sickle-shaped markings present along the lateral margin of the vo; deflexed margin smooth, 0.2x body radius; eyes prominent; cephalothorax entirely dark, abdomen primarily pale with abdominal depressions and tubercles medially, submargin granulate; venter with small, round, bead-like sculpturing just inside the legs; USA, Mexico (intercepted at U.S. ports of entry from Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Peru) on Quercus, Persea, Magnolia (Fig. 5A)................................ abnormis (Quaintance)

– Without mid-abdominal depressions and with tubercles forming an arch, area close to the submarginal fold of both the subdorsum and the submargin with fine transverse lines; vo 1.1x as long as wide; op 0.8x as long as wide, filling 0.6x the vo; deflexed margin striate, 0.1x body radius; Mexico on Annona (Fig. 5D)......... annonae (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

32 Eyes present; deflexed margin 0.1–0.5x radius............................................................. 33

– Eyes absent, deflexed margin 0.1–0.3x body radius......................................................... 34

33 Deflexed margin 0.5x body radius with pebbly sculpturing; As8 setae set on tubercles; body 1.4x as long as wide; vo and op quadrate; dorsocentral region of abdomen with transverse chain sculpturing along the sutures; Mexico on Quercus (Fig. 6B).................................................................. mexicana (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

– Deflexed margin 0.1–0.2x body radius with smooth or striate sculpturing; As8 setae not set on tubercles; body 1.3–1.4x as long as wide; Mexico on Ficus (Fig. 5N)................................... guerrerensis (Carapia-Ruíz & Sánchez-Flores)

34 Posterior margin of body truncated; lateral margin with a narrow translucent band behind the marginal teeth; deflexed margin about 0.3x radius; vo triangular shaped; op heart shaped; Cas very short; USA (CA), Mexico, on Arctostaphylos (Fig. 5B)............................................................................... acaudata (Drews & Sampson)

– Posterior margin of body pointed, not truncated; lateral margin without a narrow translucent band behind the marginal teeth; Cas medium to long; other characters variable............................................................. 35

35 Vo transverse, 0.8x as long as wide; Cas very long, dorsum smooth with imbricate band on the submargin; margin teeth forked; USA, Mexico, El Salvador, Haiti on various hosts (Fig. 6E)........................................ nigrans (Bemis)

– Vo quadrate to elongate, 1.1–1.2x as long as wide; Cas medium to very long; other characters variable................. 36

36 Cas and As8 short (8–12 μm) and subequal in length; dorsocentral region darker, cone shaped with yellowish lateral margins; op filling almost filling the vo; body 1.5x as long as wide; dorsum of abdominal segments smooth, without depressions; Mexico on Eriogonum (Fig. 5J)............................................................. eriogonum (Carapia-Ruiz)

– Cas about 2x as long as As8 setae; dorsocentral region not darker and cone shaped................................ 37

37 Cas short (45–50); Ts2 and Ts3 short (12–14); op filling about 0.7x the vo; body 1.4x as long as wide; marginal teeth truncate; at least lateral margins of body sculptured; Mexico on Guazuma (Fig. 5M)...... guazumae (Carapia-Ruiz & Sánchez-Flores)

– Cas very long (100–102); Ts2 and Ts3 medium length (18–50); body 1.5–1.6x as long as wide; op filling about 0.9x the vo; marginal teeth variable, central region of the body smooth similar in color to the submarginal and marginal region....... 38

38 Ts2 and Ts3 medium in length (48–50); body 1.5x as long as wide; marginal teeth 2–3 tined; op without 3 small tubercles in a row; Mexico on Hyptis (Fig. 6C)....................................................... mixteca (Carapia-Ruiz)

– Ts2 and Ts3 shorter (18–20); body 1.6x as long as wide; marginal teeth with truncate apices; op with 3 small tubercles in a row; Guatemala on Acalypha sp (Fig. 6J)...................................... petenensis Carapia-Ruiz & García-Ochaeta