Investigating the effects of organizational culture on individual ’ s innovation

Article history: Received June 4, 2014 Accepted 12 October 2014 Available online October 17 2014 This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the effects of organizational culture on individual’s innovation. The study designs a questionnaire consists of 30 questions in Likert scale, which has 4 main categories and 16 sub-categories. The main hypothesis of the survey investigates whether or there is a positive relationship between organizational culture and individual’s innovation. Using Spearman correlation ratio as well as stepwise regression technique, the study has confirmed a positive and meaningful relationship between organizational culture and individual’s innovation. In addition, there are positive and meaningful relationship between individual’s innovation and knowledge sharing, top management support, supporting mechanism and management’s accepting criticism. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Organizational culture Innovation Creativity Individual’s innovation


Introduction
Innovation is a new idea and can be viewed as the application of better solutions, which meet new requirements or existing market requirements and it is accomplished through effective services, technologies, or ideas available to markets, governments and society (Afuah, 2003;Boan & Funderburk, 2003).Most firms are getting increasingly diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality (Brown et al., 2011;Schein, 1990).This diversity creates some advantages such as better decision making, bigger creativity and innovation, and better marketing to various kinds of customers.However, increased cultural differences within a workforce may also cost in higher turnover, interpersonal conflict, and communication breakdowns (Cox Jr, 1991).Daft (1978) investigated the role of administrators and technical employees in the process leading to innovation adoption.He reported that two distinct innovation processes, bottom-up and top-down, could exist in firms.Dobni (2008) recommended that an innovation culture scale could best be represented through a structure, which could include seven factors detected as innovation propensity, organizational constituency, organizational learning, creativity and empowerment, market orientation, value orientation, and implementation context.Gillespie et al. (2008) examined the relationship between organizational culture and customer satisfaction based on business-unit data from two firms.The first study examined 32 regional markets of a residential home-building firm and the second one examined 148 automobile dealerships.They reported that, the culture measures related substantially to customer satisfaction, explaining 28% of the variance for the home-building markets and 11 -28% of the variance for the auto dealerships.Gordon (1991) developed an argument that organizational or corporate culture was strongly influenced by the characteristics of the industry in which the firm operates.Thus, firms within an industry share certain cultural elements required for survival.The study detected three classes of industry variables that have the potential for creating industry-driven cultural elements including competitive environment, customer requirements, and societal expectations.Janssen (2000) and Krause (2004) reported a positive relationship between job demands and innovative work behavior when workers perceived effort-reward fairness rather than under-reward unfairness.O' Cass and Ngo (2007) gave some insights into how market orientation and organizational culture together contribute to brand performance, shedding light on the nexus between innovative culture and market orientation, and investigating the importance of innovative culture on market orientation in influencing brand performance.Nguyen and Shanks (2009) constructed a theoretical framework for learning more about creativity in requirements engineering.The study provided a systematic means of having insight about creativity in requirements engineering and comprises five elements.The study provided some basis for exploring how the five elements of creativity could be incorporated within RE methods and techniques to support creative requirements engineering.Valencia et al. (2010) studied the relationships between organizational culture and product innovation.They reported that organizational culture could be considered as one of the primary elements in both enhancing and inhibiting innovation.The findings provided evidence about this proposition.In their study "While ad hocratic cultures could enhance the development of new products or services, hierarchical cultures inhibit product innovation".Zampetakis et al. (2010) investigated the relationship between time management behaviors and attitudes with measures of creativity, as evaluated by self-rated creativity and a measure of creative personality.In addition, total creativity was examined, as the sum of the two creativity constructs when z-scored.They reported that creativity was positively associated with daily planning behavior, confidence on long-range planning, perceived control of time and tenacity and negatively associated with preference for disorganization.

The proposed study
This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the effects of organizational culture on individual's innovation.The main hypothesis of the survey is as follows, Main hypothesis: There is a positive relationship between organizational culture and individual's innovation (II).
To examine the main hypothesis of the survey, the study considers the following four sub-hypotheses, 1.There is a positive relationship between knowledge sharing and individual's innovation.
2. There is a positive relationship between top management support and individual's innovation.

There is a positive relationship between supporting mechanisms and individual's innovation.
4. There is a positive relationship between management's accepting criticism and individual's innovation.
The study designs a questionnaire consists of 30 questions in Likert scale, which has 4 main categories and 16 sub-categories as follows, The study has accomplished among 152 randomly selected employees who worked for one of Iranian paint companies in Iran.Fig. 1 demonstrates personal characteristics of the participants.Cronbach alphas have been measured for all components of the survey and they were all well above the minimum acceptable level.In addition, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has indicated that all components of the survey were normally distributed.Therefore, we use parametric tests to examine the hypotheses of the survey.

The results
In this section, we present details of our findings on testing various hypotheses of the survey.We first examine the relationship between the main components of the survey.Table 1 shows details of our findings.As we can see from the results of Table 1, there are strong and positive correlations among various components of top management's support.The highest correlation is between supporting mechanisms and knowledge sharing (r = 0.981, Sig.= 0.000) followed by management's accepting criticism and knowledge sharing (r = 0.9781, Sig.= 0.000).Therefore, the main hypothesis of the survey has been confirmed.In addition, the implementation of Spearman correlation between organizational culture and individual's innovation yields r = 0.905 with Sig.= 0.000, which means there is a positive and meaningful relationship between these two components.The frequency of employees' participation from different departments

The relationship between knowledge sharing and individual's innovation
The first hypothesis of the survey is associated with the relationship between knowledge sharing and individual's innovation.technology and management's support (r = 0.934, Sig.= 0.000).Therefore, the first sub-hypothesis of the survey has been confirmed.

The relationship between top management support and individual's innovation
The second hypothesis of the survey is associated with the relationship between top management support and individual's innovation.Table 3 presents the results of Spearman correlation test.As we can see from the results of Table 3, there are strong and positive correlations among various components of top management's support.The highest correlation is between top management's confidence and financial support (r = 0.890, Sig.= 0.000) followed by the relationship between top management's confidence and individual's innovation (r = 0.843, Sig.= 0.000).Therefore, the second sub-hypothesis of the survey has been confirmed.

The relationship between supporting mechanisms and individual's innovation
The third hypothesis of the survey is associated with the relationship between supporting mechanisms and individual's innovation.Table 4 demonstrates the results of Spearman correlation test.As we can observe from the results of Table 4, there are strong and positive correlations among different components of supporting mechanisms for innovative employees.The highest correlation is between successful employee participation in decision making and rewarding policy (r = 0.912, Sig.= 0.000) followed by the relationship between employees' more freedom in doing things and individual's innovation (r = 0.912, Sig.= 0.000).Therefore, the third sub-hypothesis of the survey has been confirmed.

Conclusion
In this paper, we have presented an empirical investigation to study the effects of various factors on individual's innovation.The study has accomplished among some employees who worked for different departments in one of Iranian paint making company.The results have indicated that there were positive and meaningful relationships between individual's innovation and different issues such as knowledge sharing, top management support, supporting mechanism and management's accepting criticism.In our study, there were strong and positive correlations among various components of top management's support.The highest correlation is between supporting mechanisms and knowledge sharing (r = 0.981, Sig.= 0.000) followed by management's accepting criticism and knowledge sharing (r = 0.9781, Sig.= 0.000).In addition, there were strong and positive correlations among various components of top management's support.The highest correlation was between top management's confidence and financial support (r = 0.890, Sig.= 0.000) followed by the relationship between top management's confidence and individual's innovation (r = 0.843, Sig.= 0.000).Moreover, there were strong and positive correlations among different components of supporting mechanisms for innovative employees.The highest correlation was between successful employee participation in decision making and rewarding policy (r = 0.912, Sig.= 0.000) followed by the relationship between employees' more freedom in doing things and individual's innovation (r = 0.912, Sig.= 0.000).
1. Knowledge sharing: Management's support (MS) on knowledge sharing, trust among employees for sharing knowledge (T2E), trust between employees and managers for knowledge sharing (TBEM), using advances in information technology for knowledge sharing (IT), paying special attention to knowledge sharing in firm's mission (MISSION), planning for knowledge sharing (PLN), 2. Top management support (TMS): Financial support for knowledge sharing programs, Top management's interest in knowledge sharing among employees, top management's confidence on innovative employees' needs, 3. Supporting mechanisms for innovative employees: Rewarding employees financially (R), existence of suitable conditions for innovation (C), successful employee participation in decision making (SP), employees' more freedom in doing things (F), 4. Management's accepting criticism: Management's welcome on the challenges and changes, creating good environment for employees to express their views.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Personal characteristics of the participants

Table 1
The summary of Spearman correlation for testing the relationships among the main components of the survey **P<0.01

Table 2
The summary of Spearman correlation for testing the first sub-hypothesis of the survey **P<0.01

Table 3
The summary of Spearman correlation for testing the second sub-hypothesis of the survey **P<0.01