The selection of the best Olympic place for Turkey using an integrated MCDM model Co ş

. 2018 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada ©


Introduction
Hosting the Olympic Games is considered as an opportunity for the city Olympics held to be known more worldwide.In addition to providing many economic opportunities for the host country, the Olympics also ensures that the people of the host country are more intertwined with the sport culture.According to Baron de Coubertin, who is recognized to be the originator of the Olympic Games, the Olympics is one of the most important organizations in the world as it will provide the universalization of three important values such as "international understanding, brotherhood and peace" (Crowther, 1999).
Generally, the reason why the countries and their cities would like to be a host to the Olympics is not only to create three important values expressed by Coubertin but also because of its contribution to the In addition to the opportunities above, Olympic Games also has a positive effect on social relations in the city by educating residents about social relations and integrating the Olympic values and the city policies.It is significantly important for the stakeholders who participate in the Olympic Games planning and operations to take all the impacts of actions and policies into account in order to gain legacies from Olympic Games ("Beyond 2024," n.d.).
According to Jacques Rogge who is IOC former President; "Legacies are the lasting outcomes of our efforts.They bring to life the Olympic values of excellence, friendship and respect.… Creating sustainable legacies is a fundamental commitment of the Olympic Movement.It is our obligation.… Every city that hosts the Olympic Games becomes a temporary steward of the Olympic Movement.It is a great responsibility.Host cities must ensure the continuity of a unique and universal event.… It is also a great opportunity.Host cities capture worldwide attention.Each has a once-in-a-lifetime chance to showcase the celebration of the human spirit.And each creates a unique set of environmental, social and economic legacies that can change a community, a region, and a nation forever" (Moroney, n.d.).
The Olympic Games leave two types of legacies to the cities.One is physical legacies such as buildings and infrastructures; another is non-physical such as involvement of local people to Olympic Games tasks, pride of holding a major event, environmental and cultural awareness, introducing different skills to the local workforce.The scope of legacies has been moved to whole host region and country from host city ("Beyond 2024," n.d.).It can be seen in Table1 examples of tangible and intangible legacies.Legacies left by the Olympic Games, whether tangible or the intangible are important for social development of the host city, region and country for catering a civilized and modern society (Scandizzo & Pierleoni, 2017).Tangible benefits, firstly, bring to the host city a contribution from the International Olympic Committee (for the summer games over 1 billion dollars), to cover the operating costs of the event.This boost in expenditure attracts other public or private investment, which, in its turn, may enable the city to improve the standards of its plants and infrastructures.In macroeconomic terms, the Games is an opportunity for the cities to attract investments and create new trade relations.The Games positively affect job creation and economic growth of the host city and region (Scandizzo & Pierleoni, 2017;Essex & Chalkley, 1999;State of Utah, 2000;Ference Weicker & Company, 2002;Young, 2003).

Table 1
The Tangible and Intangible Legacies of the Olympic Games Intangible benefits derive from the prestige for presenting to the world the capability of hosting a major event like the Games.For example, it was shown that the Sydney 2000 Games enriched the brand of Australia internationally and consequently increased tourism in Australia in the report of the Government of New South Wales (NSW) (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2002).In this respect, Morphet (1996) stated that media is significantly important for introducing the host city or region to the majority.Ritchie and Smith's (1991) study showed that the 1988 Winter Olympic Games had a great effect on Calgary in terms of promotion of Calgary in Europe and the United States.It had been known much better than other Canadian cities in in Europe and the United States.Similar to that, the number of tourists in Atlanta increased significantly after the Centennial Olympic Games had been held.During the Games, Atlanta welcomed around two million visitors and around 3.5 million people in 214 countries watched Atlanta on television (Scandizzo & Pierleoni, 2017;Stevens & Bevan, 1999).
Today, the Olympic Games are the most comprehensive and profitable marketing example on the global scale (Schmitz, 2004).This profitability is due to the Olympics being the most popular and most watched organization in the world.Televisions sacrifice huge budgets to broadcast this organization.For example, NBC paid $ 3.5 billion to get five Olympic demonstrations during the 2000-2008 seasons.Undoubtedly, this investment extremely turns back to the television channels, because the prices paid by advertisers during broadcasting are very high (Lee, 2005).
It has been shown in the literature that the jobs created by the Games have a positive effect on the host city and region in terms of unemployment (Miguelez & Carrasquer, 1995).A large number of jobs are created not only for directly associated professions such as event management or sports management but also for professions in the tourism or retail industries due to the increasing visitors during the Games and professions in the construction industry because of the need for building new venues and infrastructures for the Games.For example, $2 million was invested into the Games for the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta and in return, a large number of jobs were created during the Games and a cumulative economic impact of $5.1 billion was made (Stevens & Bevan, 1999).Similar to Atlanta, Barcelona had positive experiences from being the host city of the 1992 Olympic Games such as a decrease in unemployment rate from 18.4% to 9.6% between 1986and 1992(Scandizzo & Pierleoni, 2017;Brunet, 1995).Literature also presents the media effects on the tourism of the host city or region (Hughes, 1993;Kang & Perdue, 1994;Kemp, 2002;Tudge, 2003) and the effect of the Games on the city community in terms of social standards (Eitzen, 1996;Lenskyj, 2000).Infrastructural and urban regeneration for games create important business opportunities for the people of the country and local community.For example, it is estimated that 29,250 people will be employed in 6 years before the game and 30,300 people will be provided jobs during the games in a report analysed benefits of Boston in case of holding Olympics 2024.Although the number of employment will change depending on whether the investments will be made with domestic supply or not, an additional business opportunity will emerge for approximately 3,250-5,000 people per year (Bazelon et al., 2015).
Preparations for the organization, transportation infrastructure, and urban landscape offer many new investment opportunities.For example, thanks to the Olympic Games in Seoul, the city made significant developments to prevent air pollution, control waste and increase water quality.Expenditures for the Roman Olympics have provided a modern water system to the city, the city has had acquired a new air space and the city has had a unique landscape (Essex & Chalkley, 1999).Spain, on the other hand, has taken the advantage of Barcelona Olympics to eliminate the insufficient infrastructure left from Franco's period (Liao & Pitts, 2006).Despite all these benefits, it is known that the Olympics have several adverse effects on cities.Although the Olympic Committee has established certain criteria to prevent the games from damaging the bio-diversity and the environment, New Wales State excused all investments for the Sydney Olympics from the "Environmental Impact Assessment" procedure (Hall, 2006).Moreover, Burgan and Mules (1992) and Gelan (2003) reported that there were increase in crime rates and vandalism during the Olympic Games.Also, discomfort created by construction and infrastructure development to build Olympic Games venues had a negative effect on city residents (Cashman & Darcy, 2008) in addition to the increased residential prices with the Games (Collins, 1991).Miller and Spoolman (2011) noted that the need for various infrastructure and services such as transport, housing, water and energy increase significantly during the Games due to the high number of visitors residing in the city at that time (Scandizzo & Pierleoni, 2017).Finally, the Olympics also may escalate the social problems being experienced before the Games and intensify existing divisions in the community (Ruthheiser, 2000).

The Evaluation Process of Olympic City
The officials of the cities to be a candidature for the Olympic City initiate a formal Candidature Process after finding out necessary information about planning the Games in invitation phase at the beginning.To assure that the legacies from Games will still be effective in the long-term, cities are supported in determining of the city values, proposal examination and finding solutions to expected problems to carry out Games perfectly while not compromising either athletes performing venues or cities' and regions' needs.There are three stages that form the Candidature Process 2024, which are ("Olympic Games," n.d.):

 Stage 1: Vision, Games Concept and Strategy
Vision of Games, plans of concepts and legacies are presented by the candidate cities at this stage.The support of nation and stakeholders will be seek by the candidate cities when the main concept of Olympic Games and venues are developed to create sustainable plans for urban development and legacies.

 Stage 2: Governance, Legal and Venue Funding
At this stage, the candidate cities need to show that they have required legal structure and financial resources to carry out Games.To find out the challenges and opportunities provided Games, Evaluation Commission Working Group appointed by the IOC will assess the support given to the cities by public and private sector, legal and governance structures.

 Stage 3: Games Delivery, Experience and Venue Legacy
Stage 3 will assess how the Games will be carried out by the cities and how sustainability in the legacy will be ensured.At this stage, in order to assure that Games will be delivered successfully, Evaluation Commission will evaluate all operations involved in Games in addition to the evaluation of the Games experience and legacy planning.The next step is the choice of the host city.At this step, the Olympic Candidature Process will be carried out and the candidate cities will make several presentations during the Process.On the Elections Day at the final of the Olympic Candidature Process, the final presentation will be performed by the cities to the IOC members.The host city for the Games is elected by the IOC members after the presentations are carried out and a report created by the Evaluation Commission evaluating the presentations.After the election, the IOC will make a contract (the Host City Contract) with selected city for hosting the Games.Evaluation Commission aims to assess the Cities' Candidature File Submissions.The authenticity of information given by the candidate cities is examined, cities' ability to carry out the Games successfully is reviewed, the feasibility of the proposed plans presented by the cities and the probability of positive legacies to be left by the Games are analysed by the Commission.To make sure analysis is carried out correctly, the Evaluation Commission arranges visits to the candidate cities at Stage 3 ("Olympic Games," n.d.).

The Evaluation Criteria of Olympic City
There are solid standards put by the IOC to determine which cities qualify to be assessed for the Olympic Games.Cities are assessed from various points from their history and infrastructures whether they can handle numerous people who visit the city during the Games to their potential of handling all the construction due to the Games (Warner, 2016).Seventy copies of a hundred pages questionnaire which includes all points for need to be presented to the IOC.This questionnaire must be filled accurately and concisely.It also must include all the plans of cities for the Games and current situation of the cities.There are various sections in the questionnaire such as the country, region and city characteristics, facilities (medical, transport, accommodation, media etc.), immigration services, legal structure, support given to the cities by public and private institutions and so on (Pearce, 2015).The criteria that the Commission considers in evaluating the cities are shown in Table 2.The main focus of Stage 1 which is called "The Vision, Games Concept and Strategy Stage" is on assessment of strategic and primary capacity.Within this scope, the cities are asked to make a statement about the proposed concept of the Games showing what kind of framework will be created for the Games and its legacies.The Stage 2 "Governance, Legal and Venue Funding Stage" focus on the support given by government and non-government institutions to the Olympic Games to meet the needs of the Games.At this stage, the candidate cities need to show that they have the support of public institutions evidenced with necessary paperwork in order to propose that they have enough support to handle all the necessities of a major event like Olympic Games.The focus of Stage 3 "The Games Delivery, Experience and Venue Legacy Stage" is on the risks and opportunities from delivering the Games.The Stage 1 and Stage 2 findings present necessary context needed to do any change at this stage.This stage will focus on how legacies of Games should be delivered to the local people to maximize benefits.The evaluation of candidate cities for the Games will be performed with the use of sustainability criteria (International Olympic Committee, 2015).

Criteria in the Analysis
When the criteria were analysed, a classification similar to the one made by the IOC was used.It is: i) General Concept of Games, Facilities and Sports Experience, ii) Environment, Meteorology, Accommodation and Transportation, iii) Medical Services and Safety, iv) Telecommunication, Energy and Economy.Table 3 shows these criteria, and sub-criteria of these criteria.When all other data are obtained except for the four of them (average temperature, air pollution index, energy production and per capita GDP), as seen in the table, the data for each criterion is divided by the population of the city, and these data have been included in the analysis as the amount per capita.This is done to eliminate the comparative advantage of high-populated cities have, and to standardize the performance values of the criteria.
Criteria for general concept of games, facilities and sports experience show city-specific sports organizations and the number of facilities.The international sports organizations data, first one of the sub-data, show the number of international competitions and sports contests held in the cities in which more than one country is participated.The criteria soccer field, sport education centres, sports hall, swimming pool, stadium and sports club show how many of these the cities have.
Environment, meteorology, accommodation and transportation criteria measure the availability of cities in terms of accommodation and transportation.One (number of incoming passengers to airport) of the 6 sub-criteria under this criterion shows the transportation-specific data of the cities, while the other five (archaeological/natural protected area, average temperature, forest area, air pollution index, number of beds with tourism operation certificated) show the accommodation-specific data such as tourism and the environment.
In sub-criteria contained in medical services and safety, data related to health and safety were analysed.There is a positive correlation between these data and the selection of the location for the Olympics.In other words, as the number of hospital beds, physicians, pharmacists, nurses and police per capita increases, the chance for the city to hold Olympics increases.
In the telecommunication, energy and economy criteria, the sufficiency of cities in terms of communication, energy and economy are measured.The sub-criterion energy production and consumption rate measures whether or not the city's energy supply is sufficient for city's energy demand during Olympics.This ratio being greater than 1 indicates that the energy supply in the city is above energy demand of the city and it shows that city has necessary energy sources to meet increasing energy demand during Olympics.Again, the city's economic self-sufficiency is measured by three criteria (the number of ATM, the number of POS, per capita GDP) that cities have.If these criteria are met at a high level, then it means that the economic self-sufficiency per capita is also high.The other three criteria (fiberoptics, broadcast, payphone) in which data per capita are used, show the sufficiency of the city for communication.

Methodology
In this study, the integrated model including Entropy method and COPRAS method will be used to select the most suitable place in Turkey for Olympic Games.Entropy method is used to obtain objective weights of criteria.
Entropy method can be summarised as (Wang & Lee, 2009;Li et al., 2011): Step 1: Structuring Decision Matrix (D) including Olympic place alternatives and criteria: In Eq. ( 1), denotes the performance of th Olympic place alternative on th criterion.

∑ (4)
Step 4: After normalization process, entropy value for each criterion can be calculated by using below equation.In Eq. ( 5), is the entropy value of th criterion.

∑ ln ln
(5) Step 5: In final step, the objective weight of each criterion can be calculated by using Eq. ( 6).
The weights of criteria will be transferred to COPRAS method.
After obtaining criteria weights, COPRAS method will be used to evaluate the performance of alternatives.COPRAS method developed by Zavadskas and Kaklauskas (1996) is used to determine the performance of alternatives.COPRAS method can be summarized in six steps below.
Step 1: The first step of COPRAS is to construct the decision matrix.The decision matrix, which is considered in COPRAS, is indicated in Eq. ( 1).
Step 2: In step 2, the normalized matrix will be calculated.Normalized matrix was calculated by using Eq. ( 4) in Entropy method.Same normalized matrix will be used in COPRAS.
Step 3: In step 3, the normalized values are multiplied by the weights of criteria (obtained in Entropy method).In Eq. ( 7), indicates the weighted normalized value.( 7) Step 4: In step 4, beneficial and non-beneficial criteria are summed among themselves.Beneficial criteria are summed by using Eq. ( 8), on the other hand; non-beneficial criteria are summed by using Eq. ( 9).* for beneficial criteria (8) * for non-beneficial criteria ( 9) Step 5: After step 4, the relative importance ( ) of each alternatives can be calculated by using following equation: Step 6: After determining the relative importance ( ) of each alternatives, total performance score ( ) can be obtained by following equation: (11) All metropolitan cities of Turkey will be ranked with respect to total performance score ( ).Next section presents the application of the integrated model to select the best metropolitan as an Olympic Place.

Application
In the application section, the performance of 30 metropolitan with respect to 26 criteria will be evaluated by using Entropy method and COPRAS method.25 out of 26 criteria are beneficial criteria and only one criterion (air pollution) is non-beneficial criterion.Data used in the evaluation process are given in Appendix A and B. First of all, Entropy method is used to obtain the weights of criteria.Table 4 indicates the weights of criteria obtained in Entropy Method.After determination of the weights of criteria, these weights transfers to COPRAS.The results of COPRAS method are indicated in Table 5.

Table 5
The Results of COPRAS Method

100× Ranking
Adana 0,01603 0,0004 0,0169 0,0534 The results of COPRAS show that Antalya is the most appropriate place for holding of Olympic Games.Muğla is the second most appropriate place followed by Aydın.In this analysis, only metropolitan cities were considered for selecting of the best place for Olympic Games.

Table 2
Evaluation Criteria for Selection of Host City

Table 3
Main and Sub Criteria Used in Analysis

Table 4
Criteria Weights

Medical Services and Safety Criteria Total physician/Pop. 12 Nurse/Pop. 12 Health officer/Pop. 12 Pharmacist/Pop. 12 Number of hospital beds/Pop. 12 Number of Police/Pop.
There were limited studies related to the selection of Olympic place by using MCDM methods in the literature, so this study has filled this gap in the literature.Future research can use different MCDM methods, such as TOPSIS, VIKOR, BWM, etc. to select the most appropriate place for hosting the Olympic Games.Additionally, future research can analyse different countries and cities to identify the most appropriate place for Olympic Games.Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate.5 MCT (2017).Facilities with Tourism Certificate, Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Investments and Operatıons.13EUM(2017).Ministry of Environment and Urban.Geographic Information Map.Note: %10 Tolerance value for Average Temperature (20,6 0 C) has been considered.That means; cities which have average temperature between 18,54 0 C and 22,66 0 C have taken 2 points in the analysis.The others have taken 1 point in the analysis.