HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN WRONGS: CRITIQUING HUMAN ACTIVITIES TO PREVENT THE CLIMATE CHANGE

How may one imagine that the largest harm done to the environment is due to the act of humankind! Global warming is the outcome of environmental degradation of certain activities of human beings, who ostensibly portray themselves as guardians of the Earth. The activities are anti-nature resulting in global warming, which has adversely affected the lives of all human beings. These deleterious effects due to climate change, from a legal perspective, have arguably infringed the inalienable rights of all humans. Climate change is one of the most difficult challenges confronted by International Law; arguably, the larger part of the change is attributed to human activities, relevant Human Rights Law and principles could be used as tools to critique the activities and thus cope with the challenge - to contain climate change for the survival of all. The various human activities since the First Industrial Revolution in the 19 th century have paved the way for the destruction of the earth. These activities include deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, the burgeoning global population, and manufacturing of luxurious items. All these human activities have indubitably, for the comfort of some compromised the natural legal rights of all. This study criticizes the aforementioned human activities with the aid of human rights law. It also provides some useful recommendations to deal with this quandary.


INTRODUCTION
Throughout history planet earth has seen many changes and evolutions, the world has seen global pandemics, wars, extinctions etc., however at the end, it has remained intact for generations. At present, there is a strong debate that whether the coming generations are at risk? Whether this planet can bear all the risks that have been posed toward its existence? Those risks are called Global Climate Change. This term has now become a serious topic of concern as it is gradually threatening the very existence of all beings on this planet. This research tends to answer what risks our planet is to face and facing due to climate change, and which human rights it is going to directly affect. Whether the most relevant human rights could be used to critique national laws and practices related to the protection of the environment? The different answers that have been given for the further containment of climate change in the shape of theories, which factors are directly and indirectly responsible for this global threat. This research uses law as instrument to help prevent climate change taking the argument of human rights to discourage human activities or wrongs responsible for the destruction of the environment. Which legislative reforms are required to cater for this, amending the available international instruments need to address this issue.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The long-term weather patterns, that our globe typically undergoes, constitute our "climate." Human rights are inalienable rights that are protected by the law. These are recognized as fundamental and legal rights that can be claimed, in case of violation, before any competent court of law. Everyone is equally entitled to these rights (UN, 2020). 'Human wrongs' here mean human activities, human wrongs or the offences against the environment done by human beings. To survive, all living things-including mankind, animals, plants, as well as other creatures-need a very particular environment. Our environment has been warming up more quickly than ever before due to Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, which has had negative effects. When humans use fossil fuels like coal and gas for transportation, heating purposes, and electrical energy, they emit gases into the atmosphere like carbon dioxide and methane. They float in the air like an opaque sheet, absorbing solar heat and preventing it from escaping into space, which cause rise in the temperature of the Earth's surface. Consequently, humans are witnessing extreme weather patterns, which include floods, heat waves, prolonged monsoon and droughts. Additionally, this leads to the disintegration of ice caps and glaciers, which raises sea levels. Arguably complete enjoyment of fundamental human rights is hampered by climate change driven by anthropogenic activities. The rights to life, right to development, right to food, right to health, right to clean water and sanitation, and shelter are only a few of several human rights that are severely threatened by climate change (Roschman, 2020) .
Multiple human rights have indeed been threatened by climate change and climate is threatened by two factors, such as, natural and anthropogenic, both will be discussed here. Threats to the Climate It is pertinent, here, to look upon the various threats to the climate which will help in reviewing critically the published work on this particular topic. The following thread is bifurcated to review separately the natural threats as well as the threats created by human activities which are responsible for the climate change. However, the main focus is implied on the threats created by human activities.

Natural Threats
The focus of this section is upon the natural threats which has nothing to do with the human activities. These are natural phenomena responsible for climate change which have existed since the inception of this planet. Some natural threats are as follow: • Volcanic Eruptions • Ocean Currents • Earth Orbital Changes • Solar Variations • Internal Variability (Edward, 2014).
• Forest Fires Human Activities/ Wrongs as a Major Threat Human activities are the focus of this research to be critiqued to prevent or minimize climate change. Since the inception of human race, the environment has been affected by various human activities. Human progress in agriculture, communication, urbanization and technology has constantly affected the atmosphere. Due to human activities, scientists believe that untouched eco system or "pristine nature" no longer exists on earth (Mcinerney, 2011). These human activities have altered the naturalness of this planet. Following are the most tangible impacts the human activities have had on the environment: • Population • Agriculture, Domesticated Animals and Genetic Modification • Deforestation • Pollution • Global Warming and Climate Change (Mcinerney, 2011). The above human wrongs are the major threat to the climate and the interesting thing is that humans themselves are the affectees of this destruction. If humans fail to pay attention to the matter they will see the consequences beyond their estimates and calculations. To explain further, it is important to mention here some renowned theories of climate change.

Theoretical Framework
A sound theoretical framework is going to be constructed wherein this research will be positioned in the already published work in the area. Following theories are the most relevant in this regard.

Human Forcing Theory of Climate Change
This particular theory holds that although there are natural causes influencing climate change, yet human activities altering the dynamics of the earth's land surface are the greatest reason for the climate change. These activities majorly include: clearing forests; building cities; and irrigating deserts. Roger Pielke, a prominent climatologist at the University of Colorado backs the theory by stating that carbon emissions by human beings effects the climate in a harmful and negative way but global climate change is not limited to just these carbon emissions. Following are some of the human forcings other than carbon emissions: • Urban Heat Islands • Deforestation • Coastal Development A number of these "human forcings" have climatic impacts, on regional as well as local level, that are on par with or even greater than those caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas. The IPCC in 2007 regrettably, "did not sufficiently acknowledge the importance of these other human climate forcings in altering regional and global climate and their effects on predictability at the regional scale. It also placed too much emphasis on average global forcing from a limited set of human climate forcings" (Bast, 2010).

Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW)
Anthropogenic Global Warming theory asserts that the rise in global temperatures is due to the human activities which results in the greenhouse gas emissions which includes majorly CO2, methane and nitrous oxide. It is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The solar radiation is an electromagnetic energy that travels from the sun to the earth's surface via its atmosphere. This solar radiation once falls on the earth's surface is partially absorbed by the surface and partially reflected back as heat to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the reflected thermal radiation and this in turn increases the temperature of the earth's atmosphere. The main greenhouse gas, which accounts for between 36 and 90 percent of the greenhouse effect, is water vapour, which is then followed by CO2, methane, and ozone. the burning of forests and fossil fuels and deforestation in the last century is considered as the sole reason for 50% increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. If this process is continued in the current century, then the CO2 concentration could double in the atmosphere resulting in further increase in the Earth's temperature. Although, some natural factors are also responsible for the increase in earth's temperature for instance, the variation in insolation, the path of the earth's orbit at perihelion and aphelion positions and the axis of the earth, but none of these can explain the irregular rise in the earth's temperature in the past three decades. Although the forcing brought on by greenhouse gases produced by humans is also quite moderate, the AGW theory contends that perceived benefits cause the impacts of these gases to grow by a factor of two to four. For example, once the temperature increases, it results in more water vapors in the atmosphere, which increase the temperature of the earth's troposphere. Similarly, due to slight increase in temperature the ice, glaciers and snow melts, which exposes the water and land to solar radiation. As land and water absorbs more sunlight than ice and snow thus, it increases the earth's temperature. The proponents of AGW contend that the 1.2 °C increase in temperature in the past century-and-a-half in due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. By using computer models based on assumptions, physical principles, and theories the backers of AGW predict that two folds increase ofCO2 in the atmosphere would result in 3.0°C rise in earth's temperature by 2100. The troposphere, a layer of the atmosphere in the tropics, is predicted to be warmer than has been measured by satellite and radiosonde, but AGW proponents deny the evidence for this discrepancy. (Bast, 2010) The believers in AGW theory hold humans responsible for species extinction, droughts, spread of diseases, ocean coral bleaching, crop failures, floods, severe weather conditions, inter alia, famines because of anthropogenic CO2. More catastrophes are intense adverse effects are inevitable due to the continuous rise in temperature. Control measures and mitigation efforts at mega scale and global scale are pivotal to reduce anthropogenic CO2 which is the only way to save the planet from these catastrophic events (Bhatasara, 2015).

METHODOLOGY
This study is going to deploy Liberal Critique research methodology using human rights lawparticularly Right to Life and the aforementioned rights as well-to critique collective human wrongs (human activities) causing climate change. The justification of this research methodology supports human rights and liberalism and, in this research uses, human rights to criticize human activities which cause of climate change.
Critical analysis research method is going to be used to identify, examine and critique all those human activities that potentially contribute to the climate change. The conduct of this research is qualitative and not quantitative. Author has relied upon primary and secondary data sources. Primary sources include all relevant human rights law and environmental law both international and national. The research is a library based or theoretical. Secondary data includes books, Law journals, and articles some of online sources, relied upon are Jstor, ResearchGate, Cambridge Law Journal etc.

Victims are the Culprits Themselves
Human beings are the victims of their own conducts. Human rights are being violated as a result of climate change; climate change is occurring as a result of global warming, and the major cause of global warming is carbon emissions by humans; thus, humans are contributing to climate change and its destruction; and nature is treating humans the same way by infringing their fundamental rights. Humans violate their own rights in this setting. Those who contribute little to climate change suffer more than those who contribute significantly to this heinous crime. Contributing to climate change is a heinous crime because it endangers the lives of millions of people as well as future generations. Global response is required to address the matter without the distinction of being developed or developing country.

DISCUSSION
All persons, regardless of color, gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or other status, have human rights. Human rights include freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and speech, and the right to work, among others. These rights are universal (UN, 2020). International Human Rights Law defines governments' responsibility to promote and preserve human rights and basic freedoms (UN, 2020). Climate change involves long-term weather changes. Climate change threatens the fundamental rights and quality of life of individuals and communities globally. Human-caused climate change harms human rights. Directly and indirectly, climate change affects international human rights (OHCHR, 2015). This study explicate how humans are causing and contributing in climate change but before that mentioning the international efforts to cope with this issue is pertinent.

The Evolution of International Environmental Laws Over Time
International world is recognizing this issue and trying to bring it to the light in the form of below mentioned declarations, conventions and treaties.

Stockholm Declaration 1972
This Stockholm declaration was adopted by the United Nations conference on human rights in 1972. This declaration emphasized environmental issues and addressed the states to start and negotiate the dialogue on environmental issues and make treaties on them.

Geneva Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution
This convention was held in 1979 and it was also the first legal document which was acknowledged by European Union states on the issue to protect the environment from pollution. It deals with the problem of the environment on a regional basis on the ground that "air mass is a shared resource" of every state and it is the responsibility of all of the regional states to eliminate and reduce transboundary air pollution as a matter of regional pollution rather than the individual.

Montreal Protocol
Montreal protocol was the first indicator which focuses on the issue of Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions this agreement was concluded in 1987 on the point that all Chlorofluoro Carbons (CFCs) and other ozone depletion substances should be banned and it also lays down the criteria of special treatment for developing countries to help them from phasing out of these substances and also transfer the technology to developing countries as a substitute of CFCs.

Rio Declaration
Rio Declaration 1992 also called as earth summit, it was the agreement which created the relationship between states and individuals in the area of development and environment. The major ovum of the Rio Declaration is in the shape of principle 3 which merely recognized the right to development thus it is worthwhile to mention here that human rights were not categorically recognized under the regime of environmental law before this declaration. This earth summit adds to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) 1992
This convention was the result of the Earth summit which was held in Rio de Janeiro in the month of June 1992. Under Article 4 (2) of this convention, parties were held bound to meet regularly on annual basis to cope with the issue of climate change. These meetings were supposed to be supervised by UNFCC and these meetings were declared as Conference of Parties (COP). Shortly, it was realized by the stakeholders that UNFCC failed to reduce the GHGs emission and it was evident in the shape of the rise of GHGs hence the failure of this framework led towards the establishment of KYOTO Protocol. The major contribution made by COP, which was held in 2010, is the creation of the link between human rights and climate for the very first time.

KYOTO Protocol 1997
This protocol is considered to be the comprehensive instrument regarding climate change so far to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions; the novelty of the protocol is its flexible mechanism. It directs the industrial state to invest in "emission-reducing" projects in developing nations. It also introduced the "emission debt trade" between states.

Bali Meetings 2007
This meeting was held in 2007 when the Kyoto protocol fails to give the desired outcomes. This meeting categorically emphasized upon two factors that are technological transfer and addressal of deforestation.

Doha Declaration 2012
This declaration is also called DOHA CLIMATE GATEWAY but it had a very short life and it is considered to be an extension of the Kyoto Protocol. This declaration further extends the 1997 Kyoto protocol until 2020 to diminish greenhouse gas emissions, through this Declaration new targets were formulated and it was settled that all such targets have to be achieved from 2012 to 2020.

Paris Agreement 2016
This agreement was the one upon which all states agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emission and for the very first time it was settled that global temperature should be limited to below 2*C and also makes more efforts to reduce it to 1.5*C.

Contribution of International Human Rights Law to Prevent Climate Change
Numerous observers have come to the conclusion that the earth has entered the "Anthropocene," a geologic epoch denoted by human influence on the biosphere, as a result of significant changes in climate driven by the escalating level of human activities. Global efforts to address the world's most pressing environmental issues, such as climate change, ozone layer depletion, and ecological collapse of animals, are reflected in the set of accords and protocols known as international environmental law. In order to address particular environmental threats such as, climate change and incorporate long-term environmental protection (prevention of climate change) into global concerns, international environmental law is required (Hunter, 2021). Climate change is part of environment and is addressed under the international environmental law. Consequently, discussing approach of international environmental laws to tackle climate change.
Human rights law can help highlight the human dimensions of environmental concerns like climate change and aid in solution design in three ways. In response to power disparities, human rights legislation focuses on the rights-holder. Second, rights-based techniques may include nondiscrimination, empowerment, involvement, and responsibility. Third, human rights legislation provides more detailed protection instruments in the context of climate change vulnerability, including a right to an effective remedy. Human rights start with the rights-holder. Rights must be recognized, maintained, fulfilled, and promoted since they provide protection and entitlements as well as remedies when they are not met. The primacy of the rights-holder can support human-centered approaches to climate change. Treating climate change as a human rights issue with a legal commitment to collaborate ensures that governments don't lose sight of its effects on persons and communities worldwide. International Human Rights Law (IHRL) highlights climate change solutions' procedural needs. IHRL explains both the criteria and process for a climate agreement, as Knox noted (Knox, 2009). A human rights-based approach may provide human-centered principles to guide decisions on climate change migration, notably in International Environmental Law (IEL). A rights-based approach focuses on rights-holders and duty-bearers, and it aims to empower rights-holders while demanding responsibility and openness from duty-bearers. A rights-based strategy emphasizes participation, equality, nondiscrimination, responsibility, rights-holder empowerment, and legality. "The necessity of public engagement in environmental decision-making, access to knowledge, and access to justice" (Redgwell, 2009). Climate change is expected to affect economically poor and marginalized communities more quickly and severely because they have a lower "ability to manage and recover." (Olsson, 2013) A rights-based approach to climate change may expose marginalization and intersectionality. The rights approach highlights marginalization and intersectionality. Climate change increases vulnerability and imposes responsibility. Marginalized groups' rights are respected because non-discrimination is central to the rights-based approach. A rights-based approach emphasizes the significance and execution of international climate change agreements. IHRL has pushed for adequate reparation since the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), but its prominence is relatively recent. The right to an effective remedy is a key component of accountability, which enforces norms and standards. The right to an effective remedy has been emphasized in responses to current human rights concerns, with the United Nations (UN) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as a primary example. The right to effective treatment includes two components: (i) The right-holders' procedural right to file allegations of rights breaches before competent bodies; and (ii) real access to remedy or compensation (Olsson, 2013). Linking international human rights with climate change is a key priority for the international community in identifying measures to minimize human-induced global warming and adjusting to its ramifications. Climate change and human rights, and how to improve the UN's human rights-based approach to climate change. Accepting the harmful impact of global warming on human rights, states could be compelled to limit greenhouse gas emissions and provide substantial international aid to the most impacted states under the international climate regime and international human rights law. Human rights provide a foundation for accountability for climate-related consequences if the relationship is understood. A human rights-based approach may impact the global discourse on climate change, despite fragmented efforts to enhance it. It gives international climate legislation a vertical component by providing access to institutions for implementing state responsibilities and including subjective rights. Climate change act 2017 states that Pakistan will comply with all the international treaties regarding the protection of environment and climate (Climate Change Act, 2017).

Case Laws in Pakistan Shehla zia Vs Wapda (1994 PLD 963)
In this case, a definition of the word "life" was provided. According to Pakistan's constitution, article 9, the term "life" is defined by the court to refer to all facet of a person's existence. Every person has a fundamental right to a healthy and clean environment, in accordance with the notion of the right to life. In this instance, a link between climate change and human rights was established for the first time ever in Pakistan.

Asghar Leghari Vs Federation of Pakistan (2016 PLD 364)
In this judgement, the court found that the right to life under article 9 of the Pakistani constitution also includes the right to a healthy environment and the right to dignity under article 14 of that same constitution. Furthermore, the court acknowledged the concept of climate justice. The court proclaims climate change to be a matter of climate justice and opposes its harmful effects on vulnerable communities, who make up a smaller fraction of the cause of climate change.

Ms Imrana Tiwana and others Vs Province of Punjab (2015 PLD 522)
Environmental protection protects the fundamental human rights, for instance, right to life, right to health, right to dignity and right to wellbeing.

D.G.Khan Cement Company Vs Government of Punjab (2021 SCMR 834)
The two most significant aspects of climate change are declared to be "climate democracy" and "climate justice." The court notes that in order to protect both current and future generations' rights to life, climate justice should be protected. To solve the issue of climate change, democratic states must be climate democracies.

Critical Analysis of Human Activities
Human activities are criticized here and it has been explained in depth how these activities are contributing in climate change and how humans are the artists of notorious art of climate destruction. Consequences of their conduct and negligence towards this issue in terms of infringement of human rights are also revealed.

Deforestation as Human Wrong
The changing economic dynamics are acting as a catalyst in the process of climate change. Humans have to fight for their wants and desires rather than just their necessities, which includes luxurious lifestyle, big house, stylish furniture, cars and the list goes on. Bigger houses require land to be made on, its decoration etc. such luxurious houses require sources like wood. Due to mass deforestation, we see it effect on global milieu which acts as a catalyst in the process of climate change. As discussed in chapter 2, 18 million acres of trees clear-cut every year to create space for buildings and houses.
Furthermore, wood is also used for burning purposes in industrial sector on a very large scale and it is contributing majorly in carbon emission. This is causing serious harm to the climate. Further we will discuss it under the coming heading of greenhouse gas emissions.
Deforestation is also done by humans for irrigational purposes. To fulfill the need to feed burgeoning population requires space, for which humans cut trees to clear the land for maximum agricultural yield.
Deforestation gives rise to the earth's temperature; high temperature causes life threatening diseases to human beings. It also serves in global warming as trees balance the temperature but when there are no or less trees it's hard to balance temperature. Heat waves substantiate this stance. In the current year, i.e., 2022, Pakistan attained unusual high temperature in the month of March. This raised temperature also affected the production of Mangoes in Sindh which cost the farmers and state financial loss as Mangoes are one of major fruit exports of Pakistan. Deforestation also weakens the earth. Roots of trees hold the soil of the earth which in the case of deforestation starts eroding freely. According to a report issued by U.N Environment Program in 2013 floods in Haiti during the year of 2004 were caused by cutting down 98% of forests in the country, which caused deaths of around 3000 people. (Hubbard & Hoshaw, 2022) Deforestation also contributes to air pollution as trees absorb carbon dioxide and clears the air in which humans breath but deforestation ceases the nature's system of filtering the air which causes air pollution which in itself a major health hazard.
In the light of above few arguments, deforestation is a clear threat to life and environment. Right to healthy environment of a person in being infringed through this human wrong. There is no wrong in saying that right of life is being also infringed by this human activity as it is contributing towards cause of a lot of serious diseases, for instance, Nipah Virus, which ultimately cause death of person.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission as Human Wrong
Without the role played by greenhouse gases, global warming as a phenomenon would have never existed. Contemporarily, the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the direct result of human activities. These human activities include burning of forest, burning of fossil fuels, and emissions of gases from industries, agricultural activities and usage of products which emits cholorofluoro carbons (CFCs). Since the inception of our planet the greenhouse gases have been always balanced to maintain an environment in which life could flourish; however, since the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century, this balance has incessantly been disrupted. The carbon emissions have increased from 500 Million Metric Tons (MMT) in 1900 to 9500 MMT in 2010. (Marland & J., 2016) Humans, in their pursuit to fulfill their insatiable desires have created a mayhem in a world which is their only home. From burning of forests to burning of fossil fuels, along with other industrial and agricultural activities, humans have released insurmountable amount of greenhouse gases which have intensified the surge in global warming resulting in a hotter climate.
Some scientist, now, argue that the world is reaching a point from where there will be no return. On the contrary, some groups of people opinionate otherwise. For instance, the former President of USA, Donald Trump, saw global warming as a hoax theory. He argued that nature knows how to balance itself. On one occasion, when the Northern parts of America saw extremely cold temperatures in 2019, Donald Trump used that instant to negate the concept of global warming. However, global warming does not only mean that the world will get warmer but also it witnesses extreme weather conditions. Therefore, the rise in greenhouse gases as a result of human activities gave an impetus to extreme weather conditions. Greenhouse gases cause extreme weather conditions and play a vital role in forest fires. Forest fires and burning of trees emits gases that cause global warming and that's how this cycle never ends. America and Australia witnessed the worst wildfires in the past two years due to extreme temperatures. It also disturbed the food supply. Extreme weather conditions affect production of food and crops. Agricultural sector is badly affected by extreme temperatures, millions of acres of crops were damaged due to unexpected change in weather, heat waves, floods, excess rains etc. which led to lack of food and infringes the right to food of human beings. Right to healthy environment is also being infringed as human beings are deprived of clean air, water and food.
Right to life also includes mental health. Extreme temperatures affect the mental health of human beings. High temperature causes irritation, hypertension, anger issues etc. whereas extreme weathers or excess rain causes people to stay inside their homes which is a hazard in socializing and human being is a social animal he needs to socialize. Mental health of human beings is also affected seriously due to climate change.

Pollution as Human Wrong
Pollution is one of the major causes of death around the globe. Now, access to clean air and water is the fundamental right of every living thing. This particular right is being snatched by the incessant rise in pollution around the globe. According to World Health Organization (WHO), each year 12.6 million people die due to unhealthy environments. The outreach of this human wrong is so vast that it has grappled within itself the entire ecosystem. The pollution created by humans has not only affected the air but has gone far beyond to spoil and pollute water as well. Moreover, due to land pollution the underground water has been affected severely. Furthermore, lakes, rivers, streams and even oceans have been tainted by the spells witch-crafted by humans themselves. According to WHO, approximately 250 million people die due to the diseases caused by water pollution. It is very evident by the abovementioned facts that the creation of industrial wastes, chemical wastes, municipal wastes and hospital wastes by human activities have deeply engendered air, land and water pollution which has taken away from all living thing the right to breath clean air, drink clean water and live on unsullied land.

Urbanization as Human Wrong
More than half of the population of the world is residing in cities. Urbanization is a process of developing cities. Population moves from rural areas to urban areas due to facilities available in cities. Facilities like education, medical, entertainment, employment etc. in cities is an attraction for masses to move to cities. According to UNDP, 70% of the world population will be residing in cities by the year 2050. Urbanization is done at the cost of deforestation and demolishing green areas and agricultural land. Urbanization is one of the major causes in global warming. Humans are unable to understand that they are doing development by putting their planet on stake. Now, it is vital to understand that how urbanization is contributing towards the climate change. Construction of roads and buildings all around the city without or less green areas is one of the causes of global warming. This construction material is concrete, iron etc. are good absorber of heat. These huge buildings and developed roads absorb the heat in daytime and release the same amount of heat in the nighttime, thus making day and night both warm. Reduction of trees and green areas disrupts the environment as there is nothing to counteract that heat released by those big cities. As whole area is concrete there is no or less absorption of rain water which causes urban flooding and rise in sea level. Big cities float in water after weeks of rain even if it's not heavy rain. Even these big cities badly affected during the times of monsoon. Coastal life is already in danger. A case study of the Berg river catchment in relation to urbanization taken place in 2019 states that urbanization is majorly contributing towards water pollution. Its further states that coastal life and population living near rivers are at great risk due to increase in sea levels and floods. (Cullis, 2019) Big cities are making lives of masses easy with the available facilities but at the cost of climate. Benefit humans are getting is far less than what they are paying.

Manufacturing as Human Wrong
Manufacturing on a global scale may be fulfilling the needs of some, but vastly it only satisfies the desires of majority. This act of human race to try to full it's insatiable lust for desires has placed the world in a situation of environmental catastrophe. The modern-day society in its race to make its life comfortable and luxurious has went for mass production of products which are barely considered important by any logical or reasonable mind. For instance, many companies make a "back itch scratcher" on a mass scale. For centuries humans have socialized with other human beings. A reasonable mind questions, why can't humans still do that instead of producing such illogical products and putting the fate of this world in a jeopardy. Production of such products and others too are playing a vital role in arguing global warming. For mass production, an industry is required to be setup. This industry utilizes fossil fuels, produces waste which creates air pollution and greenhouse gases. Now, having setup industries to produce items on large scale for economic benefits is clearly an infringement of human rights given that such production is degrading the environment either directly or indirectly.
Production in agriculture sector is yet another source of environmental degradation. Many farmers around the world are cutting trees to clear land for irrigational purposes. This is leading to deformation on mass scale. It also speeds up the process of soil erosion which degrades environment. Any source of environmental degradation which occurs due to production and manufacturing that logically is not a need is an infringement of human right. Thus, it is clear that manufacturing in contemporary world is a breach of human rights specifically right to life and right to healthy environment. Human Wrongs, Climate Change and Right to Life As Right to Life (Constitution of Pakistan, Article 9) is recognized by all the constitutions of the world, so here this piece of research will draw a connection between human wrongs, climate change and right to life. The previous discussion is enough to substantiate the claim that climate change is the result of various human activities. On the contrary, as long as the natural causes are concerned, as mentioned in chapter two, they only cause the climate shifts and not climate change. Earth is billions of years old, and the contemporary climatic destructions and disturbance has never been witnessed by any civilization. Rapid change in climate occurred after the era of industrialization by human beings. If natural causes majorly caused climate change, then it would have transpired in the past as well, but history has never been a witness to any such destruction of climate. Secondly, when glaciers are melting in one region of earth due to natural cause, on the other side glaciers are developing in the other region of earth, which substantiates the fact that this change is climate shift; not climate change. After addressing the natural causes, which as discussed are not the real reasons for global warming, we come down to the human activities which must also be seen as human wrongs, that is, pollution, deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, inter alia, are the real causes contributing in climate change. There would be nothing wrong in saying that human wrongs are solely causing the climate change; whereas, contribution of natural causes is miniscule.
When human wrongs cause climate change, it effects the right to life of a person. Further elaborating my point here, when we mention the right to life it involves quality of life. Quality of life involves healthy life, which is not possible without healthy and clean environment. So, climate change caused by human wrongs is infringing the right to life of a person. As mentioned above, right to life is a right which is recognized by all the states in the world. So, it is the responsibility of the world to address this issue unanimously and recognize right to healthy environment independently to ensure its significance. Research Findings 1. Several human activities cause deforestation. Deforestation contributes in climate change, exacerbate global warming, air pollution, soil erosion and list goes on. Cutting down trees and demolishing of green areas costs humans their health and life. High temperature caused by deforestation badly affects the agricultural sector. Climate change negatively affects the agricultural-based economies. Forests are home to many species; deforestation cause them to move from forest to non-forest areas which results in either their complete extinction or causing diseases to human beings. Their complete extinction disturbs the ecosystem. Diseases like Nipah virus in Malaysia is an example of spread of diseases by forest living species. When these species lose their habitats, they cause harm to human lives. Thus, deforestation infringes right to life and right to healthy environment of human beings. 2. Green House Gases are produced by various human activities i.e., burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, burning of forests etc. Emission of greenhouse gases contribute in global warming, depletion of ozone layer (which protects the earth from Ultra Violate (UV) rays), forest fires and extreme weather patterns. It majorly contributes in climate change. Emission of greenhouse gases also causes air pollution which is hazardous to human health. It further plays a role in acid rains as well. Emission of greenhouse gases threats human life and environment in which humans live, thus, it infringes the right to life and right to healthy environment of humans. 3. Pollution caused by human activities is adversely affecting the environment. Human activities are contributing in all three types of pollutions: air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution. Pollution plays a vital role in climate change. Pollution is caused by human beings but this pollution adversely effects the human life and infringes the right to life and right to healthy environment of a person. 4. Urbanization is also being done by humans as a result of human urge to move from rural area to a developed area. Urbanization is being done at the cost of environment. Deforestation occurs due to urbanization. Constructing high-rise buildings with concrete contributes in rise of temperature which causes global warming. Global warming causes heat waves, extreme temperatures, droughts, insect's outbreaks, wildfires, adversely effects agricultural sector, floods, soil erosion, effects water supply and much more. It further causes land pollution due to the waste of huge population living in cities and managing the waste of such huge population is not an easy task. It also contributes in water pollution due to lack of proper sewerage system. A lot of vehicles and no trees around causes air pollution. Human being living in big cities are more exposed to deadly diseases as compared to humans living in villages. Urban life is more vulnerable. Urbanization effects humans even if they aren't living in cities. Some adverse effects are limited to only those people who are living in those cities but its effects on climate are affecting those humans who are living far away in villages, who aren't enjoying any perks of a metropolitan city. Such innocent people are also paying the cost for no valid reason. Right to life and right to healthy environment of those who are not harming the environment is being infringed by those damaging and harming the environment. 5. Manufacturing is causing industrial waste and that industrial waste pollutes water, land and air. Which ultimately contributes in global warming by extracting and consuming natural resources; thus, causing environmental degradation. Environmental degradation adversely affects humans. It infringes the right to healthy environment and right to life of humans. Excessive manufacturing is caused by two factors: increased population and unnecessary consumer demands for luxurious lifestyles. 6. The Right to the Environment has not been recognized by every state on the planet. Though some states are signatories to international treaties that recognize this right, implementation is lacking; it is still not a part of many constitutions. However, it can be exercised underneath the umbrella of the right to life because the right to life includes the quality of life, and such environmental harm impacts the quality of an individual's life, but this is a matter of interpretation.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Tackling deforestation, which is causing climate change, floods and soil erosion, is the dire need in order to tackle possible climate change and the best travesty to do that is through Afforestation. Proper legislation at national level will be required to ensure Afforestation which will protect the specially designated areas, specified for forestry and trees. Moreover, there should be proper annual count of the number of trees which have been planted and how many still exists, for that there should be a proper unit/team under the ministry of climate which'll see through all this process. Resultantly, better ecosystem and positive climate change will help in productive agricultural lands.
2. Pakistan being developing country require huge financial and technical support to adapt to climate change and to mitigate emissions. GHGs emissions can be controlled by following agenda of "Global temperature should not be allowed to exceed 2-degree C". 3. To address the issue of pollution, we must first identify and resolve the sources of the pollution.
Industrial waste, burning of plastic, fossil fuels, garbage, a lack of proper sanitation systems, and other factors are major contributors. States must pass legislation mandating industries to report on their pollution contributions. Planting trees is indeed a convenient and efficacious approach. Planation of tress can be done by the money paid by industries. Legislation needs to be passed to charge industries a sum of budget from their profit for prevention of climate change. Through that allocated budget government can plant more and more trees without facing any financial issue. 4. Due to increased population there's been a severe increase in urbanization which has again led to the deforestation thus giving rise to the temperatures in heavily populated urban areas, in order to tackle thus the recommendation would be that through legislation there should be a designated area of forest or natural Park which'll act as a heat sink, the best example to it is the central park allocated in New York and the households should be encouraged to grow trees and have pottery of plants in their houses, this can be only possible through proper legislation and its enforcement should be through Ministry of Climate, under the ministry this initiative due to climate change will play a positive role. Furthermore, legislations can be made for inclusive urban developments, inclusive urban development requires policies and laws by the government to overcome this issue. 5. Manufacturing is responsible for nearly one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions Manufacturing is expanding as the population continues to rise. Nations must enact legislation on controlling the population. A two-child policy should be implemented, as well as endorsement and awareness of family planning. Pakistan is promoting family planning in the health sector, but there is no legislation governing the two-child policy. This type of legislation is urgently needed Since Pakistan is an Islamic nation, enacting such birth control legislation will be challenging. On the topic of family plaining, Islamic jurists have diverse opinions. Family plaining is supported by some Islamic Scholars, but it is strongly opposed by others. This particular point needs in-depth study, and a full-fledged thesis can be written about this research gap. Another solution to this issue is to educate people about the consequences of their utterly pointless commodity desires. States must arrange awareness campaigns, public service messages, and talk shows on national and private channels, as well as take steps to educate children at an early age about the importance of keeping balance in their lives; this type of grooming will benefit them in adulthood. 6. The right to a healthy environment must be recognized by all governments of the world. Serious consequences of this issue necessitate immediate and urgent initiatives, which are only possible through stringent laws, and if a state's constitution does not recognize this right independently, the impact of this right may be jeopardized. The constitution is deemed as the central tenet and superior document of any democratic country, and including this issue in the preceding superlative manuscript of state is essential to make it recognizable. Furthermore, it is a global issue that necessitates a global solution, so all nations must include right to healthy environment in their constitutions and implement it in its entirety. As Constitution is supreme document of any state, recognition of this very core right in supreme document is essential to emphasize the importance of this right. Furthermore, it is pertinent to highlight initiate novel policies to protect and prevent the climate.

Final Remarks
To conclude, this research successfully and explicitly answered the question, "Whether the most relevant human rights could be used to critique national laws and practices related to the protection of the environment?" The right to life and the right to a clean and healthy environment are the most important rights that are being violated by human activities such as pollution, deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, mass manufacturing, massive population growth, and so on. Thus, this research affirms that right to life and right to healthy environment can be used to criticize human wrongs because these rights are being infringed due to climate change caused by human activities. This dissertation has expanded on the idea that climate change is primarily caused by human activity and that natural causes are not the primary contributors. This study delves into the existing literature on the subject, which clearly shows that humans are the primary cause of climate change. Two renowned theories: humancaused climate change and anthropogenic global warming upholds the stance that human activities are the primary cause of climate change. In terms of the global community, the world has not acknowledged this dilemma at the international level from a human-rights approach. It is time to recognize the challenge as a human rights issue to emphasize it and imposed strict and instantaneous regulations. As far as Pakistan's laws on the subject are concerned, significant reforms are needed in order to address the issue at hand. Certain research findings are provided based on existing data, various findings by state authorities and non-governmental institutions, news, and the author's general observations. Furthermore, remedies to those findings have been proposed in order to address the issue of climate change.
Humans have only home, planet Earth, where life exists, and if it is destroyed due to climate change, life will cease to exist. Humans are responsible for protecting their one and only home. To demonstrate the issue and take initiatives for protection of climate, the world needs to recognize the right to a healthy environment in their constitution in the chapter of fundamental human rights.
This study has firmly positioned the fact that victims are the actual culprits; humans are victims of climate change because their various human rights are being violated as a result of climate conditions, and the vulnerable are the ones to blame because they are breaching on their own rights. Those who contribute little to climate change suffer more than those who contribute significantly to this heinous crime. Contributing to climate change is a heinous crime because it endangers the lives of millions of people as well as future generations. Human rights are recognized, promised and protected by law, when those rights are violated, the law steps in to defend those rights. Climate change is violation of legally protected human rights. Thus, law will protect those rights and highlighting this notion via this in-depth research will pertinently contribute in legal fraternity.
The main obstacle to human evolution in the twenty-first century is climate change. International efforts to mitigate human problems will stagnate and eventually revert if that threat is not addressed. Even though developing nations have made the least contribution to the crisis, the underdeveloped world and most exposed individuals will witness the worst and earliest consequences of this climate crisis. No nation, no matter how powerful or affluent, will be completely devoid of climate change in the future.
The future trajectory of human evolution will be greatly influenced by the actions-or lack thereof-that are performed in the coming years. The nations are fortune enough to have both the monetary and technological means necessary to act in response of this serious threat of climate change. Notion of urgency, social sympathy, and an element of common interest are all missing. We must act right away if we care and want to protect the future of our children and their children. This is a type of protection from potentially enormous damages. Human civilization is transforming as a result of climate change, and how we respond will decide how things turn out for both current and future generations.