CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ILLEGAL EMIGRATION: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN

Illegal emigration is one of the major concerns for many countries, particularly for the developed world. Numerous studies pertaining to the issue have been conducted across the globe; however, in Pakistan researchers are less inclined to explore the subject through the qualitative angle. This qualitative study tends to find out the causes and consequences of illegal emigration in Pakistan. The locale for this study is District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data is collected using the semistructured interviews method. The respondents include successful illegal emigrants, failed illegal emigrants, the family of illegal emigrants, and the graduate students who are selected through different sampling techniques. A total number of 35 respondents were interviewed in this study. The thematic analysis method is used to analyse data taken from the respondents. The findings divulge that there were various reasons such as unemployment, poverty, insecurity, and family reunification, which motivated particular people to choose illegal emigration. The study also discovered the consequences of illegal emigration which encompass food and water shortages, family crises (financial and emotional), lack of job opportunities in the destination country, and issues of asylum. The inclination of people towards illegal migration included the process of illegal migration and the decision of illegal migration. This study covers the causes, consequences, and inclination of people towards illegal emigration.


INTRODUCTION
Illegal emigration is a major issue for both developed and developing countries. Most of the emigrants from developing countries lost their lives to reach their destination countries, while the developed countries face the problem of accommodating these illegal emigrants. Illegal emigration is defined as the movement of a person or a group of persons, across an international border, or from one state to another state (IOM, 2018). It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification. Family reunification is the unification of family in abroad countries when one or more family members settled. Migration is a demographic response to the condition of poverty and stress that may be environmental (IOM, 2018). People migrate from one place to another due to different conditions such as war, political instability, drought, and security conditions. In different regions of the world, migration takes place due to population density at one place and lack of economic opportunities. Due to different disasters, people move from one place to another (IOM, 2018).

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According to "Young Migrants", 2019, in the last few years, about eighty thousand people smuggled from Pakistan. A large number of women and children are included in the smuggling. About 30,000 to 40,000 people migrated to Europe, Turkey, Middle East, and other countries in the world through the shared border with Iran and Afghanistan. Some of the people go for pilgrimage and then never return. Most people travel to Australia through dangerous routes. The majority of the victims are from small villages and towns in Pakistan. There is a vast network of agents from the Tehran to Greece border which creates profit from human smuggling. Some of the minorities travel because of the threat to their lives while other travel in the hope of wealth, and to live in a liberal society. When these people migrate illegally through harsh routes, there is a cultural and language barrier for them, and there is no support group. The agents involved in human smuggling familiar with illegal routes. Some of the girls and women had hoped to reach Middle Eastern countries for secure employment but they are trapped in prostitution ("Young Migrants", 2019).
Moreover, the number of migrants has increased since 2016 with which vast majority from Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Baluchistan (Ahmad, 2017). The number of migrants travel through different routes to Eastern Europe for jobs and asylum. The international organization of migration interviewed 72% of illegal migrants in different parts of the world in which majority of the people were from Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa northern part border with Afghanistan. Migrants which were interviewed in the central Mediterranean route about the reason for leaving Pakistan, 90% of the people responded reason of migration out of fear of violence or personal persecution, 12% reported due to conflict, and 11% stated due to economic reasons. The migrants interviewed in the Eastern Mediterranean route revealed that 53% of the migrants' respondents left their country due to economic reasons, 32% because of fear of violence, and 26% because of war or conflict in the country (Ahmad, 2017).
Similarly, in the United States, some of the illegal migrants came to join their family which is already here in the USA. The social capital acquired through family connections helps the new entrants about jobs. These families also pay the agent who brings illegal migrants because they are already settled in the destination country. Authors also found the people who have families or ties in the United States are more encouraged or willing to come to the USA than the people who have no one acquainted. The migration in California was taken place due to family-based illegal migration in the 1980s. More than one million illegal migrants applied for permanent legal status as a result of the Immigration Reform Act 1986. The majority of the people who applied for legal status came to join their family and in the initial stage, their family members were also illegal migrants. Some of them succeeded in getting legal status in the USA due to their family and the others have had children in the United States which got them legal status under the US reunification law of family. The 44 percent of the people were illegal migrants in (Hills & Jhonson, 2003. Likewise, Italy has become the most suitable country for illegal migrants in the last few years. Italy has become the destination of foreign labourers due to the high demand for labour and also have more economic opportunities, one can easily find a job without any permit or legal documents. The geographical location of Italy is good for migrants and also easily accessible for migrants because the illegal migrants can easily access different Western countries, which they have selected as their destination country. A study suggested that a quarter of migrants interviewed in the survey considered Italy as their destination country (Massey et al., 1993). Furthermore, tourism is also the way through which different people enter a country, some of the people go for tourism purposes, some of them overstayed in the country that is considered illegal. When they reached Italy, they overstayed and try to enter other western countries because Italy is the best option through which migrants enter Europe. The irregular inflows of tourists from the other countries and then overstayed in that particular country. There is a need for proper enforcement agencies which are responsible for the control border to not allow illegal migrants (Blomfield, 2011). The objective of the current study is to know the causes and consequences of illegal emigration.

Units of Data Collection
Unit of Data Collection 1: Successful illegal emigrants are all those migrants who reached their destination countries. In this study, all the successful illegal migrants were interviewed because the successful illegal migrants have authentic information and knowledge regarding the causes and Causes and Consequences of Illegal Emigration consequences of illegal migration. Due to the experiences of illegal migration, the researcher collected relevant data.
Unit of Data Collection 2: Family of illegal emigrants. In this study, the researcher collected data from the family members of illegal emigrants because family members know the reasons which encouraged the person to migrate illegally.
Unit of Data Collection 3: Failed illegal emigrants. All those migrants who failed to reach their destination. In this research, data is collected from the failed migrants because these failed migrants have known the consequences and problems faced during migration.
Unit of Data Collection 4: Residents of Locale so to know about their inclination towards illegal emigration as well. Those who were either seeking jobs or graduated students were interviewed. The researcher identified the inclinations of local people towards illegal emigration. In one of the colleges, Focused Group Discussion was arranged with undergraduate students and graduate students. Figure: 1 Conceptual Framework Figure 1 illustrates that there is unemployment in the society which means the people have no source of income to fulfil their needs and they become poor. The unavailability of income leads to the vicious circle of poverty in society. When people are stuck in the vicious circle of poverty, they are unable to get rid of this circle because the low income of the people leads to low investment and low productivity (Orjas, 2009). Due to the vicious circle of poverty, social differences are created in the society that resulted in a class division in the society. Some of the people become rich, while others become poor. It is observed that majority of the people who are working abroad, their economic status is good due to the high wage rate or income. The economically strong people have high status in the society so this social difference in the society encourages other people to migrate abroad to earn more for improving their social and economic status. First, these people apply through the legal way, but sometimes the charges on the legal process are high, then people select an illegal way to emigrate. So the wage differences encourage people to emigrate illegally (Orjas, 2009).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
John & Hill (2003), argues that some of the family members of the emigrants are settled abroad so they call their remaining family members to reunite with them is usually done illegally. The majority of the people settled in economically advanced countries and they spend prosperous life there, most of the people get nationality of that particular country. They want to reunite with their family abroad, the remaining family members apply for visas through the legal way but the failure or the visa policy of the particular country does not issue such visas. The emigrants choose an illegal way to emigrate for family reunification. According to Cooke et al., (2018), the Zelinsky 1971 population transition model stated that population growth creates population pressure, when the population pressure becomes high, it creates scarcity of resources and there is a lack of opportunities in that area, so the people are compelled to migrate.

Research Strategy
The research strategy for this is study is qualitative in nature. Qualitative data was collected in the form of photos, maps, open-ended interviews, observations, documents, and so forth. We can Wahab, Khan & Ullah simplify such data into two major categories; field research (including ethnography, participant observation, depth interviewing) and historical-comparative research. In qualitative research strategy, in-depth understanding of the phenomena takes place. In this study, the causes and consequences of illegal emigration were studied through semi-structured interviews with respondents (Neuman, 2004).

Research Design
The research design for this study is descriptive in nature. Descriptive research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting, or a relationship. Much of the social research found in scholarly journals or used for making policy decisions is descriptive. A descriptive research study starts with a well-defined issue or question. In this study, the research design is descriptive which defined the issue in detail. Research in which the primary purpose is to "paint a picture" using words or numbers and to present a profile, a classification of types, or an outline of steps to answer questions such as who, when, where, and how. The primary focus of the descriptive study is to describe patterns rather than address the why question or to test an existing theory (Neuman, 2004).

Methods of Data Collection
The method of data collection for this study is a semi-structured interview. A semi-structured interview is designed for Unit of Data Collection 1 (successful illegal emigrants), Unit of Data Collection 2 (failed illegal emigrants), and Unit of Data Collection 3 (family of illegal emigrants). Data is collected from these UDCs through semi-structured interviews. A semi-structured interview is a qualitative research method that combines a pre-determined set of open questions (questions that prompt discussion) with an opportunity for the interviewer to explore particular themes or responses further (Neuman, 2004). The flexible structure of the interview allows the researcher to prompt or encourage the interviewee if the interviewers are looking for more information or find what they are saying interesting. This method gives the researcher the freedom to investigate the interviewee to elaborate or to follow a new line of inquiry introduced by what the interviewee is saying. Semistructured interviews also allow informants the freedom to express their views on their terms (Neuman, 2004). For Unit of Data Collection 4 (the graduate students) in the focus group discussion, different questions were asked from students regarding illegal emigration, focus Group Discussion is employed. A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to gather people from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest (Kumar, 2011). In this study, the researcher arranged a focus group discussion with the under graduated students in district Swat. The under graduated students are from different classes in college and university. In FGD, different questions were asked from the graduated students in different colleges and universities of district Swat regarding illegal migration and also about their causes and consequences. A total number of 35 respondents were interviewed in this study. In each unit of data, 7 numbers of respondents were interviewed, while two FGDs were also conducted and the numbers of participants in each FGD were seven.

Sampling
To conduct the study for the population is difficult due to limited time and resources. To limit the correspondence, take part from the population is called sample. There are two main types of sampling; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. The purpose of sampling in research is to find a representative sample to avoid biasedness.

Convenient Sampling
For UDC1, convenient sampling is used. Convenient sampling is a type of non-probability sampling where respondents are selected based on their accessibility, here all those successful illegal emigrants will be selected based on the accessibility. It was very difficult to collect data from all illegal emigrants, so data is collected based on the respondents' accessibility.

Purposive Sampling
For UDC2 and UDC3, purposive sampling is used. Purposive sampling (also known as judgmental sampling) is a valuable sampling. It is used in exploratory research or field research. It uses the judgment of an expert in selecting cases, or it selects cases with a specific purpose in mind. It is

Causes and Consequences of Illegal Emigration
inappropriate if the goal is to have a representative sample or to pick the "average" or the "typical" case. In purposive sampling, cases represent the entire population. Purposive sampling is appropriate to select unique cases that are especially informative. This sampling is used for data collection of the family of illegal emigrants and also failed illegal emigrants. Through this sampling, the researcher collected data from two UDCs. These UDCs have relevant knowledge about the study problem. For the UDC4, one of the educational institutions is selected purposively and conducted the FGDs. The FGDs were conducted with graduated and undergraduate students. The students were from different departments in the college included in the FGDs and asked different questions relevant to the topic. The interested and available students become part of FGDs.

Locale
The locale for this study is district Swat. Swat is a valley and an administrative district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Swat is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty. Until 1969, Swat was part of the Yousafzai State; a self-governing princely state. Swat was a major centre of early Buddhist thought as part of the Gandhara Dynasty. Swat was home to the last isolated pockets of Gandhara Buddhism, which lasted until the 11th century, after most of the area had converted to Islam. The majority of the people are working in foreign countries like Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, etc. In the majority of families, one person worked abroad, and the remaining members do nothing. The people which have their lands are working or farming over there. Some of the people run their businesses in cities market like Mingora, Matta, and Khwazakhela, etc. The region was seized by the Pakistani Taliban in late 2007, and the tourist industry decimated until Pakistani control over Swat was re-established in the mid-2009 (Carige, 2015).

Destination Countries of Illegal Emigrants
The destination countries of illegal emigrants are the USA, Germany, Italy, France, and Austria.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The present study is an attempt to know about the cause and consequences of illegal emigration in district Swat. The researcher interviewed seven respondents for each unit of data collection. UDC1 successful illegal emigrants, UDC2 failed illegal emigrants, and UDC3 family of illegal migrants, while conducted three FGDs with the college students and the number of respondents in each FGD were seven. Different themes and sub-themes were identified to analyse this study. The interviews of the respondents were transcribed and coded in Altis. ti software. The coding in transcribed interviews added to different themes in the findings and discussion chapter.
This section is divided into four main themes, causes of illegal emigration are further divided into sub-themes (Unemployment, insecurity, family reunification, future security). Consequences of illegal emigration which is divided into sub-themes (Problems faced during migration, family crises (emotional, economic/financial), problems in the destination country (job/working, asylum). Perception of people about illegal migration (illegal migration, process of illegal migration, willingness to migrate illegally, decision of illegal migration) and suggestion to aspirants or people who are willing to migrate illegally.

Causes of Illegal Emigration
There are different causes of illegal emigration which encourage people to migrate illegally. The wage rate in the developed countries is high which encourages people of less developed countries to migrate. In less developed countries, there is a lack of access to loan facilities which also encourage people to migrate illegally. The inflation rate in the developing countries is high and the income level is low, which cannot cover their expense so these people send some of their family members to developed countries to earn more income which can cover their expenses. Most of the illegal migrants in the United States of America are came to join their families. Their family member provides them accommodation as well as job in the United States of America (Hills & Jhonson, 2003). The following themes were identified from transcribed interviews.

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In developing countries, there is a lack of job opportunities and the majority of the people are unemployed. This unemployment encourages majority of people to migrate illegally to developed countries to secure a job. One of the respondents said.
"I was unemployed and borrowed money from people in Pakistan, I was unable to pay such a big amount which compelled me to choose this way. I had no money to apply through legal way." Lack of job opportunities in Pakistan leads to unemployment. The people borrow money from their friends and family members. This respondent borrowed high amount of money for their daily activities which were difficult to repay. This problem encouraged the respondents to migrate illegally. The wage rate in Pakistan is low as compared to other developed countries. There is a shortage of labour in the developed economies and the wage rate is high in these developed countries. The majority of the illegal migrants chose developed economy countries due to the high wage rate. The unemployed labour in the developing countries encourages them to migrate illegally across the border to developed countries (Jones, 2003).

Family Reunification
The family members settled abroad and the remaining family member wants to join their family. Sometimes they apply through the legal process but it is very difficult to get a visa from that particular country. Some of the respondents say that they applied through legal way but mostly faced rejection. This decision forced them to choose an illegal way of migration. One of the respondents said.
"My cousins and other family members are in the foreign country and they told my elder brother that we are earning a lot of money over here, my brother decided to send me through illegal way" Family in different foreign countries are settled and they can earn more money as compared to people in Pakistan. The respondent applied for a legal visa but it was difficult to get a visa. Then my brother decided to send me through illegal way. When the family member is living or settled abroad, the remaining family members wanted to reunite with them. Mostly, these families are going illegally to reunite with their family members (Johnson & Hill, 2003).

Wage Differences
In the developing countries, labour force is in surplus and the wage rate is low, while in the developed countries or developed economies, the labourers are in shortage and the wage rate is high. These wage differences among countries encourage labours to migrate illegally. The developing countries' labours go through illegal routes, which is the cheapest but highly risky. The majority of the people are encouraged by these wage differences (Hass, 2005). One of the respondents said., "There were different issues in my home and I wished to secure my future which is only possible by earning more The wage difference is the main reason which attracts the labour force in developing countries. This wage difference compels the majority of the labour on illegal migration. The population growth is high in developing countries and the labour force is in surplus. This surplus labour force has low demand and low wage rates in developing countries. When an individual working for the same hours in the developed countries, the wage becomes double or triple as compared to the developing countries (Rojas, 2017).

Insecurity
Insecurity is an issue that compels people to migrate from one place to another. Most of the people migrate due to insecurity in the origin country. Insecurity emanates both from a natural disaster as well manmade disaster. The people in swat were affected by the manmade disaster, that was in the form of insurgency. The movement of people who leave their country of origin or the country of habitual residence to establish themselves either permanently or temporarily in another country" (International Organization for Migration, 2005). One of the respondents said.

"I was abducted by Taliban in swat when I was in my car traveling to the city. I spent forty days in the custody of Taliban Pakistan, Swat. I was a member of Awami National Party (ANP), this party was on the hit list of TTP".
The majority of the people have left their homes due to insecurity in the swat. This district was under the control of the TTP swat. All those people who are liberal-minded and educated were on the hit list of TTP because these people were talking against the atrocities of militants in swat. The respondent stated that the ANP was the only party who resisted TTP in swat. The majority of the members of this party were killed in target killing while some of the people left their homes and settled in a different part of the country like Islamabad, Karachi, etc. Some of the people were compelled to leave their home country. The respondent was one of them who compel on illegal emigration. The respondent stated that I applied to the US through the legal way but got rejected by the US embassy in Pakistan. Then I choose the illegal way for emigration.

Standard of Life
The people in developed countries spend quality life as compared to developing countries. The lifestyle is different from the developing country's people due to different facilities from the state and high-income rate. The facilities and standard of life are associated with high income. Most of the people are inspired by developed countries people lifestyles. Those people who are inspired by the lifestyle of developed countries are decided to become part of the particular country. These people want to go to the destination country, they apply through legal way but if they are failed to get success, then they chose an illegal way to migrate. One of the respondents said; "My father is in France running his own business, I like the lifestyle of France and I wished to become part of that country to spend quality life like them. In France, the people are free to do what they want". The cultural differences also encourage people to migrate. The respondent stated that I was inspired by the culture of France because his father is working in France. The culture is associated with the standard of life and such things attract people from developing countries to migrate through illegal means (Rojas, 2017). In the above statement, the respondent stated that he applied through the legal way but the response from the embassy was negative, then he decided to went through the illegal way.

Consequences of Illegal Emigration
There are different consequences of illegal emigration which are divided into the problems faced during illegal migration, such as family crises, which is further divided into sub-themes (emotional crises and financial crises). Problems faced in the destination country are related to job and asylum. The respondents shared their experiences and problems faced during illegal emigration. These problems are divided into themes and sub-themes from the experiences of illegal emigrants. Some of the problems faced by respondents during emigration especially in crossing the border of different countries and some of the problems were faced in the destination country.

Problems Faced during Illegal Emigration
When the people start illegal emigration, majority of the people faced different problems, mostly the problems while crossing the border of different countries. Different problems were faced such as food and water problem, transportation problem, etc. The routes that are used for illegal emigration from one country to another country are covered by feet and these routes are full of hurdles that are very hard to cover with feet. One of the respondents said; "The most difficult is to cross the Turkey border. The majority of the illegal emigrants chose deserts for traveling and there are no facilities available like foods and water. We were eating biscuits during traveling and also have a bottle of water in hand. It was the toughest task." A lot of problems are faced by illegal emigrants while crossing the borders of different countries. Respondent stated in the above statement that illegal emigrants follow the deserts route chosen by the agents who had identified these routes which are passing through deserts. In deserts, there is no availability of facilities like water and food. The most difficult is the unavailability of water as there is no water facility available, the emigrants hold a bottle in hand during traveling. There is also no food facility available in deserts. Biscuits are used as a foodstuff in deserts during travelling. A very little amount of water and biscuits are used just for survival during travelling. Another respondent said;

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"One needs to pass through different routes by feet. It was the hardest way I ever faced in my life. During migration, I felt regret that why I select this way. Only for an hour, we had travelled in the car and different busses." The routes which are used for illegal emigration are based on deserts and hilly areas. There is no proper track available through which people can pass easily. The respondent stated that maximum for an hour or sometimes 20 or 30 minutes, we travelled by car or buses and the remaining of the routes were covered by our feet. During covering long distances by feet, sometimes the migrants become lazy due to a lack of energy in body because there is no proper food and water available. Sometimes the emigrants lost their lives due to the unavailability of water. The respondent also stated that most of the migrants felt regret that why they choose this route. Most of the migrants decided to go back to their home country when experienced such difficulties. Another respondent shared his story; " The respondent stated in the above statement the life during illegal migration is full of risks and one will face different problems during his travel to the destination country. The most difficult is to cross the border of a country especially Iran. When illegal migrants are crossing the Iranian border, the security forces opened fire and some migrants are shot dead by these security forces and very few escaped. One of the respondents stated; "I came to Peru by flight and then by feet, the journey was of forests and deserts which was covered through feet, by buses, cars, and boats in the water. From Peru to Mexico, it took The respondent shared his story in the above statement of different problems faced during the journey to the United States. He suggested that the selection of this route is not good and it is full of hurdles and difficulties. When a person reaches the destination there is the problem of employment as well.

Family Crises
The families of illegal emigrants suffered from different crises. The family crises are divided into sub-themes (financial crises and emotional crises). The emigrants went through illegal routes to different countries, and their family members suffered from different crises.

Financial Crisis
The families of illegal emigrants suffered from financial crises. Mostly those families suffered from financial crises which are dependent on the person who is emigrating, and also those families to whom the emigrants contributed some of the financial services. Married people have problems because they have families in their home countries that need financial support. The emigrant who supports their families went through illegal routes and the person himself needs financial support for traveling or illegal emigration so their family suffered from the financial crisis. One of the respondents said; "The family my uncle suffered from financial crises we supported them financially but it was not like as their father supported. There was also a need to support my uncle financially he was also needed some financial support during illegal emigration." The families of illegal emigrants in the home country suffered from financial crises. The person who is supporting their family financially is going illegal and the family becomes dependent on other family members. The other family members cannot support as their father supported. The respondent stated that his uncle went through an illegal way to America. They were supporting the family of his uncle but it was not like their father supported them. The respondent stated that we tried our best to support but it was not like as my uncle supported. Sometimes the family becomes helpless and no one is ready to support in this case it is very hard and difficult to face such difficulties.

Emotional Crisis
The family of illegal migrants also suffered from emotional crises especially when the emigrants are stuck during the migration or sometimes in the destination country. Illegal emigrants are not allowed to move freely and they are unable to come back to their home without legal status in the residing country. When illegal emigrants apply for nationality or legal status, it took 5 to 10 years. In these 5 to 10 years, the illegal emigrants cannot contact their family members. Those emigrants who have families especially children in the origin country suffer from emotional crises. One of the respondents said; "My brother has two daughters and they both has very close attachment to their father. They are missing their father on every special occasion". The married illegal emigrants suffered from emotional crises because they have kids in the origin country. The kids are missing their fathers on every special occasion like Eid and the father is also missing their family every time but especially on special occasions. The respondent stated that both sides suffered from the emotional crisis, but especially the young children.

Problems in the Destination Country
Different problems are faced by illegal emigrants in the destination country. Illegal emigrants have no legal status in their residing country. Mostly the employer exploits these illegal migrants because due to illegal status, they cannot challenge their employer for their rights. Illegal emigrants are compelled to work for their survival. They also faced problems like lack of health facilities due to illegal status in the residing country (Rystad, 1992). The problems in the destination country are divided into two sub-themes; job problems and asylum.

Job Problem
When emigrants enter a country without legal status, it is difficult for them to find a good job. No one is ready or willing to provide job opportunities to illegal emigrants. Sometimes the employer or industrialist hires the illegal emigrants at a low wage rate because the illegal emigrants cannot claim the legal wage rate. The employer increases their production and earns more because they pay less to the illegal labour (Cornelius & Díez-Canedo, 1976). One of the respondents said; "When I reached South Africa, I had no legal documents. I applied for a job in a different organization, no one was ready to provide me the job opportunity even no one was ready to accommodate me due to my illegal status". Illegal emigrants have no value in the residing country because everyone knows that the status of this person is illegal. These illegal emigrants are exploited by different employers and industrialists by low wage rates because the status of these emigrants is not legal. These emigrants are compelled because they are needy. The respondent stated that no one was allowing him for working in shops or any other sector. After which, he was compelled to start working on low wages in a private shop. For illegal emigrants, it is very difficult to get a good job with a high salary or wage.

Asylum Problems
When illegal emigrants entered any country, first they apply for asylum. Getting asylum is one of the difficult jobs for illegal emigrants. According to the estimated data of IOM (2017), India stood first in accommodating 17 million international migrants followed by Mexico which lodged almost 13 million migrants. Other countries with the largest migrants' population includes the Russian federation (13 million), China 10 million, Bangladesh 7 million, Syrian Arab 7 million, and Pakistan 6 million (International Migration Report, 2017). The asylum seeker faced different problems. One of the respondents said.
"When I entered to America, first I applied for the asylum, without asylum no one can work. I paid about 10 lac rupees as a fee for the advocate in America. I worked and earned money and paid it to the lawyer". The majority of the emigrants faced asylum problems while reaching to the destination country. None of the illegal emigrants could work without a permit which is not possible without asylum. As the respondent stated that without asylum, work is not possible and you have to pay a huge amount of money to the lawyer for proceeding with your case. The respondent continued his case for 10 years, while some of the people continued their cases for more than ten years.

The Inclination of People towards Illegal Emigration
This perception of people is divided into sub-themes; illegal migration, process of illegal migration, willingness to migrate illegally, and decision for illegal migration.

Illegal Emigration
Migration is a demographic response to the condition of poverty and stress that may be environmental (International Organization of Migration, 2018). The respondent stated about illegal emigration; "Yes, people go through the border of different countries to their destination countries. Mostly the borders included Iran, Turkey, and other countries. While crossing borders of the mentioned counties, people go to European countries". Illegal emigration is the movement of people from one country to another country through illegal ways. The respondent stated in the above statement that the people go from one country to another country through the crossing of the borders without legal documents. These illegal emigrants crossed different countries' borders to reach European countries for settlement.

Process of Illegal Emigration
Illegal emigration takes place through different agents from one country to another country through different routes. In 2015, approximately 880,000 illegal migrants were found on the eastern Mediterranean route who were seeking migration illicitly. In 2016, 370,000 migrants were smuggled through sea routes straight towards European Union (Loescher, 2014). Different networks are involved in the process of illegal emigration of the people. One of the respondents stated.
"There are different agents in Pakistan and they have a network in different countries like Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, etc. These agents have contact with each other and they send people from one country to another country. If you pay more money to an agent, you will have to face fewer problems while traveling, the agent will provide a lot of facilities during emigration". A network of agents is involved in the process of illegal emigration. This network of agents has a representative in different countries as the respondent mentioned in the above statement like Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, etc. When a person pays more money to an agent, the agent will facilitate the emigrants during migration and provide transport facilities as well.

CONCLUSION
The majority of the people are migrating illegally from Pakistan to different parts of the world. These people chose different illegal routes. This study is conducted to know about the causes and consequences of illegal emigration from those individuals who got success in illegal emigration and also from failed emigrants. The findings of the study suggested that different causes compel individuals on illegal emigration such as unemployment, people are unemployed and poor due to lack of job opportunities in the origin country. Family reunification is another cause; people go illegally for reunification with their family because the majority of the family members settled in the destination country. These family members encourage the migrants during illegal emigration. Insecurity is also a cause of illegal emigration. Some of the people migrated illegally because they have threats in their origin country that compel them on illegal migration. These people applied through legal status but they did not get permission through legal way.
Future security is also the cause of illegal migration the individual went through legal way to different countries for their future security according to respondents which are only possible in the destination country. The consequences of illegal migration suggested in the findings are problems faced during illegal migration, such as food and water and transportation problems. During migration, people faced such difficulties as mentioned. A family crisis is also one of the problems faced during illegal emigration, all those families who faced financial problems were dependent on the person who migrated illegally, while some of the families faced an emotional crisis when their family members were stuck in different countries. The problems faced by the migrants in the destination country is job problem, illegal migrants are not allowed to move freely in the destination country and they are not allowed to work in the destination country. To get legal status in the destination country is also difficult for illegal emigrants. They paid more money as a fee to lawyers to get legal status which is difficult for emigrants to arrange.
The inclination of people towards illegal migration is also identified in this study. The respondents were aware of illegal emigration that crossing the border of a country through illegal means or undocumented. The process of illegal emigration is done by agents from one country to another country through different routes. The respondents shared that they are not willing to go through illegal routes but situations compel them to choose an illegal way of migration. So there is a need for awareness among the youth about illegal emigration and the government also needs to provide short-term and long-term skills. Through which youth will be able to compete in the market to earn something for the fulfilment of their needs.