Fundamental Structures with Reflexive Pronoun in Dative in Romanian

: This paper focuses on the problem of the functioning of the reflexive pronoun in dative in addition to the verb. Based on a substantial corpus, the paper refers to the delimitation of its functions, values and nuances, as well as the various fundamental structures in which it appears. Three constructions with their afferent structures are described, from which it appears that the reflexive dative works in two hypostases: 1) the subcategorization of the verb, receiving the thematic role of recipient or beneficiary and the syntactic function of indirect complement and 2) the double subordination - to the verb and to a noun in the structure. That is, it does not occupy a position of subcategorization of the verb, but acquires a possessive meaning from this noun and fulfills the function of possessive complement, a function without a thematic role.


INTRODUCTION
According to its definition, the reflexive pronoun "evokes (= represents) in speech the participants in the act of communication and simultaneously reflects the referential identity between two actants involved in the act of predication" [1] .The reflexive pronoun is morphologically, syntactically and functionally heterogeneous.[2].Morphologically, the reflexive pronoun is characterized by a defective paradigm, having forms only for 2 cases dative and accusative: "a) The dative is used when the subject and the indirect object are one and the same person.In this case, the action of the predicate verb is carried to the benefit of the subject: Omul harnic își face iarna car și vara sanie (The industrious man makes his sledge in winter and his chariot in summer); b) The accusative is used when the subject and the direct object are one and the same person, which means that the action of the verb-predicate is reflected on the subject itself: Adesea cel care ajută pe altul se ajută pe sine (Often the one who helps another helps himself)".[3].See also: [4].[5], [6].It has two series of forms: accentuated and unaccented (clitic).It does not mark the distinction according to gender and number.It has forms only for the 3rd person.For the first and the second persons, the forms of the personal pronoun are used, acquiring a reflexive value when marking the identity of the subject with the indirect or direct object.Syntactically, the reflexive pronoun "participates in the actantial relations of the verb (...) or is associated, through the verb, with one of its complements".[7].In other words, the reflexive pronoun manifests itself, from a syntactic point of view, in relation to the verb and its complements, occupying one of the subcategorization positions of the verb.Functionally, the reflexive plays an important role in the communication process, giving the speaker the opportunity to choose from several possible marks in order to express a certain function.And, finally, it should be emphasized that "the reflexive pronoun does not have its own reference (it does not refer by itself), but gains it through anaphoric mechanisms".[8].A higher degree of precision and rigor in explaining the heterogeneity of the reflexive pronoun in Romanian is found in an extensive and well-documented paper, authored by Andra Șerbănescu.[9].
The present paper focuses on the problem of the functioning of the reflexive pronoun in the dative next to the verb, with a delimitation of its functions, values and nuances, as well as the various fundamental structures in which it appears.The late Mioara Avram mentioned that "Dative accented forms are rarely used in contemporary language" [10]., so we will pay more attention to the clitic.The primary purpose of this paper is not only to identify and describe the structures in which the reflexive pronoun appears in the dative, but especially to illustrate them with examples, excerpts from the language material selected for the project "Fundamental Structures of the Romanian Language" which the Grammar Sector of the Institute of Philology "Bogdan Petriceicu-Hașdeu" is currently working on.For reasons of space, occasionally, we will illustrate just with phrases, without the nominal subject: a construi o casă, a face temele (to build a house, to do one's homework).Unlike the reflexive pronoun in the accusative, for which the derivative, intransitive / transitive value, the participation in the actantial derivation process and the functioning as a grammatical morpheme of diathesis count [11], the reflexive pronoun in the dative develops other values.It can be: a) an argument / actant of the verbal center, being part of the list of valences of the verb; b) a means for additional rendering of the value of reciprocity; c) a means for additional rendering of the possessive value.The possessive value is actualized both next to verbs and next to nouns and adjectives.

II. REZULTS
Accordingly, the reflexive pronoun in the dative is used in fewer constructions.As already established in the specialized works, the reflexive in the dative appears in 3 types of constructions: 1) Constructions in which the reflexive in the dative marks the referential identity between the subject and the indirect object: a-și alege o profesie (to choose a profession for oneself), a-şi crea un nume (to create a name for oneself), a-și permite anumite excese (to allow oneself certain excesses), a nu-şi refuza nimic (not to refuse oneself anything) etc.In these constructions, the verb expresses an action that is performed to the benefit of the subject, and the reflexive in the dative is used with its reflexive value proper, participating in the verbal center subcategorization position, matrix position, object position.remember the past), a-și crea clientelă (to create a client base for oneself), necazuri (bringing troubles upon oneslf), o reputație bună (to build a good reputation for oneself), o situație (to create a situation for oneself), a-și imagina ceva (to imagine something), a-și interzice orice bucurie (to forbid oneself any joy), orice plăcere (any pleasure), a-și imputa ceva (to impute something to oneself), a-și însuși o descoperire (to attribute to oneself a discovery), un drept (a right), un titlu (a title), a-și dobândi cunoștințe (to acquire knowledge), o limbă străină (a foreign language); a-și însuși un principiu (to adopt a principle), părerea cuiva (an opinion), punctul de vedere al cuiva (a point of view), a-și închipui lucrurile altfel decât sunt (to imagine things differently than they are), ași cumpăra mobila (to buy oneself furniture); a-și nota ceva (to note something for oneself), a-și permite excese (to allow oneself excesses), lux (luxury), a-și permite mult (to permit oneself a lot); a nu-și permite familiarități (not to allow oneself familiarity), a-și reproșa ceva (to blame oneself for something).S + I. c. + Pr. + D. c. + Prep.c./ Circ.c.: a-și crea probleme din ceva (to create problems for oneself out of something), a-și crea motive de enervare din nimic (to create reasons for annoyance for oneself out of nothing), a-și păstra provizii pentru iarnă (to keep supplies for oneself for the winter), a-și trage cearșaful peste cap (to pull one's sheet over one's head), pălăria peste față (hat over one's face), un pulover peste cap (a sweater over one's head).S + I. c. + Pr. + Prep.c.: a-și aminti de un profesor (to remember a teacher), de un prieten (a friend), de părinți (parents), a-și aminti de trecut (to remember one's past), de anii de școală (one's school years), de tinerețe (one's youth), de o treabă urgentă (an urgent job), de o întâmplare (a situation), a-și reveni din uimire (to recover from amazement), din surprindere (from surprise), din leșin (from fainting), din moleșeală (from lethargy), din stres (from stress), din amorțeală (from numbness), din amețeală (from dizziness), din starea de somn (from sleepiness).S + I. c. + Pr. + D. obj.c.: a-și dori să plece într-o călătorie (to want to go on a journey), a-și imagina că a câștigat la loto (to imagine that one has won the lottery), a-și permite să achiziționeze ceva (to allow oneself to buy something), să folosească ceva (to use something), să bea o bere (to drink a beer), a nu-și permite sa astepte (not to allow oneself to wait), a-și reproșa că nu a luat o notă mai mare (to reproach oneself that one did not take a higher grade).Constructions in which the reflexive pronoun in the dative acquires an additional meaning of reciprocity: a-și da referințe unul altuia (to give references to each other), a-și mulțumi reciproc (to thank each other), a-și spune viața (to tell each other one's life), a-și uni destinele (to join each other's destinies), a-și uni soarta cu cineva (to join one's destiny with another's), a-și zâmbi unul altuia (to smile at each other).In [1]. it is mentioned that "Most verbs that participate in constructions with reflexive meaning can also participate in constructions in which the reflexive pronoun acquires an additional value of reciprocity.(...) The reciprocity meaning reflects a symmetrical relationship

2)
Constructions in which the reflexive pronoun in the dative acquires an additional possessive meaning: a-și apăra interesul (to defend one's interest), a-și achita taxele (to pay one's taxes), a-și antrena mintea (to train one's mind), a-și deschide o prăvălie (to open one's own store), a-și controla comportarea (to control one's own behavior), a-și exprima părerea (to express one's opinion), a-și povesti pățania (to tell one's own story).In these constructions, only the unaccented form of the reflexive pronoun is operative: își / -și, which has a double subordinationto the verb and to a determining noun from the respective structure [12].According to GALR, II, it does not occupy a position of subcategorization of the verb, being "attracted from outside the group, coming from a NG-complement directly subordinated to the center verb (interesul lui (his interest)".[7].In other words, the possessive meaning is not governed by the verb, but by a noun which has the same reference as the subject.Izabela Celmare, in a very well-argued study of Romanian clitics, mentions in this connection the following: "Clitics (...) carrying an additional value (+ poss) have a different status from their objectual correspondents; even if they are arguments, they are inserted in ArgPoss and make a ternary co-indexing chain, whose center is a Nominal" [13].We agree with this view, provided that the argument status of the possessive clitic in the dative remains open to discussion.
The additional possessive meaning can be proved through "the possibility of repeating the clitic in the dative through using a form of genitive or a possessive adjective".[

III. CONCLUSIONS
Although the reflexive pronoun in the dative has a limited scope of functioning compared to the reflexive pronoun in the accusative, it is still quite widespread in the language.As the examples in the corpus underlying this study show, the reflexive pronominal clitic in the dative is used in 10 distinct structures, fulfilling the syntactic function of indirect complement and possessive complement.In the first two constructions, the reflexive dative is involved in the verb's actance relation.Having an actantial role governed by the verb, the reflexive in the dative occupies, at a syntactic level, a position of subcategorization of the verb (that of indirect complement).In the third construction, the possessive meaning is not directed by the verb.The reflexive clitic in the dative involved in these structures has a double subordination -to the verb and to a nominal in that structure, i. e. it does not occupy a position of subcategorization of the verb, it comes from a nominal group subordinate to the center verb and has the syntactic function of direct complement.The dative reflexive acquires a possessive meaning from this nominal and fulfills the function of possessive complement, a function without a thematic role.Taking this fact into consideration facilitates the delimitation of the meanings of polysemantic words.For example, the difference between a-și impune o regulă de conduită (to impose oneself a rule of conduct) and a-și impune ideile, autoritatea, voința, pretențiile (to impose one's ideas, authority, will, claims) becomes clear, if one takes into account the aspects mentioned above.
[7]ween the actants involved in the action or state expressed by the verb: Dan și Ion își dau bună ziua.(Dan and Ion say hello to each other).Ana și Corina și-au corectat lucrările una alteia.(AnaandCorina corrected each other's papers).Ele /Fetele și-au corectat lucrările una alteia.(They/ the girls corrected each other's work)".In these bi-actantial constructions, the action is performed to the benefit of / to the disadvantage of the actants implied by the verb, which have a double role.This means that each indicates that the action of the verb extends simultaneously or alternately towards the other participant, i.e. it combines the subject and object hypostases of actions, with different directions.The condition imposed syntactically is that the subject (expressed either by a noun or by a personal pronoun) be multiple or plural.Ion și Maria (Prieteni/ Ei) își spun păsul unul altuia (Ion and Maria (Friends / They) tell each other their issues).Therefore, "Irrespective of the case form, the reciprocal reflexive clitic has a pronominal status of double substitute, simultaneously replacing two nominals in the primary structure.(...) The pronominal clitic occupies, depending on the case (accusative or dative), the position of direct or indirect complement.Like any complement, it participates in the phenomenon of doubling, the pronominal groups (each other / the other) appearing with an emphasis and disambiguating role in constructions with doubling".[7].S + I. c. + Pr. + D. c.: Ana și Maria își trimit bilețele la cursuri.(Ana and Maria send each other notes during the classes).Ana și Maria își împrumută bani.(Ana and Maria lend each other money).Soții își reproșează trădarea.(Husbands blame each other for betrayal.Prietenii își strâng mâinile (Friends shake each other's hands).