AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP AN ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM OF ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EVALUATING FUNCTIONS OF ECOSYSTEM-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ( ECO-DRR )

“Ecological Infrastructure (EI)” are defined as naturally functioning ecosystems that deliver valuable services to people, such as healthy mountain catchments, rivers, wetlands, coastal dunes, and nodes and corridors of natural habitat, which together form a network of interconnected structural elements in the landscape. On the other hand, natural disaster occur at the locations where habitat was reduced due to the changes of land use, in which the land was converted to the settlements and agricultural cropland. Hence, habitat loss and natural disaster are linked closely. Ecological infrastructure is the nature-based equivalent of built or hard infrastructure, and is as important for providing services and underpinning socio-economic development. Hence, ecological infrastructure is expected to contribute to functioning as ecological disaster reduction, which is termed Ecosystem-based Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR). Although ecological infrastructure already exists in the landscape, it might be degraded, needs to be maintained and managed, and in some cases restored. Maintenance and restoration of ecological infrastructure is important for security of human lives. Therefore, analytical tool and effective visualization tool in spatially explicit way for the past natural disaster and future prediction of natural disaster in relation to ecological infrastructure is considered helpful. Hence, Web-GIS based Ecological Infrastructure Environmental Information System (EI-EIS) has been developed. This paper aims to describe the procedure of development and future application of EI-EIS. The purpose of the EI-EIS is to evaluate functions of Eco-DRR. In order to analyse disaster data, collection of past disaster information, and disaster-prone area is effective. First, a number of digital maps and analogue maps in Japan and Europe were collected. In total, 18,572 maps over 100 years were collected. The Japanese data includes Future-Pop Data Series (1,736 maps), JMC dataset 50m grid (elevation) (13,071 maps), Old Edition Maps: Topographic Map (325 maps), Digital Base Map at a scale of 2500 for reconstruction planning (808 maps), Detailed Digital Land Use Information for Metropolitan Area (10 m land use) (2,436 maps), and Digital Information by GSI (national large scale map) (71 maps). Old Edition Maps: Topographic Map were analogue maps, and were scanned and georeferenced. These geographical area covered 1) Tohoku area, 2) Five Lakes of Mikata area (Fukui), 3) Ooshima Island (Tokyo), 4) Hiroshima area (Hiroshima), 5) Okushiri Island (Hokkaido), and 6) Toyooka City area (Hyogo). The European data includes topographic map in Germany (8 maps), old topographic map in Germany (31 maps), ancient map in Germany (23 maps), topographic map in Austria (9 maps), old topographic map in Austria (17 maps), and ancient map in Austria (37 maps). Second, focusing on Five Lakes of Mikata area as an example, these maps were integrated into the ArcGIS Online (ESRI). These data can be overlaid, and time-series data can be visualized by a time slider function of ArcGIS Online. * Corresponding author


INTRODUCTION
"Ecological Infrastructure (EI)" are defined as naturally functioning ecosystems that deliver valuable services to people, such as healthy mountain catchments, rivers, wetlands, coastal dunes, and nodes and corridors of natural habitat, which together form a network of interconnected structural elements in the landscape.On the other hand, natural disaster occur at the locations where habitat was reduced due to the changes of land use, in which the land was converted to the settlements and agricultural cropland.Hence, habitat loss and natural disaster are linked closely.Ecological infrastructure is the nature-based equivalent of built or hard infrastructure, and is as important for providing services and underpinning socio-economic development.
Hence, ecological infrastructure is expected to contribute to functioning as ecological disaster reduction, which is termed Ecosystem-based Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR).Eco-DRR is the sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to reduce disaster risk, with the aim of achieving sustainable and resilient development (Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux, & Estrella, 2013).After decades of neglect, the importance of protecting and improving ecosystems for reducing disaster risk started to receive attention in the recent years (Gupta & Nair, 2012).
Although ecological infrastructure already exists in the landscape, it might be degraded, needs to be maintained and managed, and in some cases restored.Maintenance and restoration of ecological infrastructure is important for security of human lives.Therefore, analytical tool and effective visualization tool in spatially explicit way for the past natural disaster and future prediction of natural disaster in relation to ecological infrastructure is considered helpful.Web-GIS based Ecological Infrastructure Environmental Information System (EI-EIS) has been developed.This paper aims to describe the procedure of development and future application of EI-EIS.

METHODS
The purpose of the EI-EIS is to evaluate functions of Eco-DRR.In order to analyse disaster data, collection of past disaster information, and disaster-prone area is effective.
First, a number of digital maps and analogue maps in Japan and Europe were collected.Old Edition Maps: Topographic Map were analogue maps, and were scanned and georeferenced.These geographical area covered 1) Tohoku area, 2) Five Lakes of Mikata area (Fukui), 3) Ooshima Island (Tokyo), 4) Hiroshima area (Hiroshima), 5) Okushiri Island (Hokkaido), and 6) Toyooka City area (Hyogo).The European data includes topographic map, old topographic map, and ancient map, in Germany and in Austria, respectively.Most of these maps are analogue maps too, and were scanned and georeferenced.
Second, focusing on Five Lakes of Mikata area in Fukui Prefecture of Japan and several areas of Austria and Germany as demonstration, these maps were integrated into the ArcGIS Online ® (ESRI).These data were able to be overlaid, and timeseries data were able to be visualized by a time slider function of ArcGIS Online.

Dataset
The geographic data which covers Japan contained 1) Future-Pop Data Series (1,736 maps), 2) JMC dataset 50m grid (elevation) (13,071 maps), 3) Old Edition Maps: Topographic Map (325 maps), 4) Digital Base Map at a scale of 2500 for reconstruction planning (808 maps), 5) Detailed Digital Land Use Information for Metropolitan Area (10 m land use) (2,436 maps), and 6) Digital Information by GSI (national large scale map) (71 maps).The total number of maps covering Japan was 18,447.
On the other hand, the geographic data which covers Europe contained topographic map in Germany (8 maps), old topographic map in Germany (31 maps), ancient map in Germany (23 maps), topographic map in Austria (9 maps), old topographic map in Austria (17 maps), and ancient map in Austria (37 maps).The total number of maps covering Europe was 125.
In total, 18,572 maps covering geographic area of Japan and Europe were collected (Table 1).First, standard area mesh (secondary mesh) was divided into 200 equal parts in the longitude direction and the latitude direction respectively.
Seondly, a central altitude of each obtained division (on 1/20 subdivision mesh, about 2 mm x about 2 mm on Topographical Map of 1:25,000) was recorded.The interval of obtained division was at 1.5 seconds for the latitude (north-south) direction, and at 2.25 seconds for longitude direction, which was about 50 m x 50 m for actual distance.The data format were in both MEM format and GeoTiff format (Fig. 2 for example).A total of 13,071 maps were collected in this study.In Geospatial Information Authority of Japan of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, any map which is not the latest map published is defined as "Old Edition Map".Old Edition Maps are available as photocopies in hardcopies.Thus, these hardcopies were scanned and georeferenced.A total of 325 maps were collected in this study.

Old topographic map (Germany):
"Old topographic map" is defined as out-of-print maps, which were published in past (Fig. 8 as an example).The Land Hessen has started to consolidate topographic maps at the scale of 1:25,000 since the beginning of the twenty century.Since then, the Land Hessen modify and update these maps.These hardcopies were scanned and georeferenced.A total of 31 maps were collected in this study.

Ancient map (Germany):
The Ancient map means the past maps except topographic maps (Hessische Verwaltung für Bodenmanagement und Geoinformation (HVBG), 2016a).The Land Hessen handles maps in the eighteenth century and nineteenth century (Fig. 9 as an example).These hardcopies were scanned and georeferenced.A total of 23 maps were collected in this study.3.2.10Topographic map (Austria): Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: BEV publishes four types of topographic maps, which are scaled at 1: 25,000, 1:50,000, 1:250,000, and 1:500,000.The collected maps were topographic maps at 1:50,000 (Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: BEV, 2016b).One scene covers approximately 560 km 2 by topographic maps at 1:50,000.In Austria, there were 191 topographic maps at 1:50,000 (Fig. 10 as an example).These hardcopies were scanned and georeferenced.A total of 9 maps were collected in this study.
Figure 10.Topographic map, Vienna, Austria (1:50,000) 3.2.11Old topographic map (Austria): "Old topographic map" is defined as out-of-print maps, which were published in past (Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: BEV, 2016a).The part of Austria consolidated topographic maps at the scale of 1:25,000 between 1923 and 1959.After that, Austria unified the scale to 1:50,000 and promoted consolidation at national basis (Fig. 11 as an example).These hardcopies were scanned and georeferenced.A total of 17 maps were collected in this study.

Ancient map (Austria):
The Ancient map means the past maps except topographic maps.In this study, maps from the third national wide survey (1869-1887) and maps at the scale of 1:75,000  were collected (Fig. 12 as an example) (Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: BEV, 2016a).These hardcopies were scanned and georeferenced.A total of 37 maps were collected in this study.

Development of ArcGIS Online
Focusing on Five Lakes of Mikata area as an example, these maps were integrated into the ArcGIS Online ® (ESRI).These data can be overlaid, and time-series data can be visualized by a time slider function of ArcGIS Online (Fig. 13 to Fig. 22).First, a number of digital maps and analogue maps in Japan and Europe were collected.In total, 18,572 maps over 100 years were collected.The Japanese data includes Future-Pop Data Series (1,736 maps), JMC dataset 50m grid (elevation) (13,071 maps), Old Edition Maps: Topographic Map (325 maps), Digital Base Map at a scale of 2500 for reconstruction planning (808 maps), Detailed Digital Land Use Information for Metropolitan Area (10 m land use) (2,436 maps), and Digital Information by GSI (national large scale map) (71 maps).Old Edition Maps: Topographic Map were analogue maps, and were scanned and georeferenced.These geographical area covered 1) Tohoku area, 2) Five Lakes of Mikata area (Fukui), 3) Ooshima Island (Tokyo), 4) Hiroshima area (Hiroshima), 5) Okushiri Island (Hokkaido), and 6) Toyooka City area (Hyogo).The European data includes topographic map in Germany (8 maps), old topographic map in Germany (31 maps), ancient map in Germany (23 maps), topographic map in Austria (9 maps), old topographic map in Austria (17 maps), and ancient map in Austria (37 maps).
Second, focusing on Five Lakes of Mikata area in Fukui Prefecture of Japan and several areas of Austria and Germany as demonstration, these maps were integrated into the ArcGIS Online ® (ESRI).These data can be overlaid, and time-series data can be visualized by a time slider function of ArcGIS Online.
-Pop Data Series (Japan): The Future-Pop Data series(Microbase Co. Ltd., 2016)  provides population census prediction for 500 m mesh of whole Japan.The coverage of period is 2010 to 2040.The example data was given in Fig.1.A total of 1,736 maps were collected in this study.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Future-Pop Data of Fukui Prefecture in 2039

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. JMC 50m mesh DEM data 3.2.3Old Edition Map: Topographic Map (Japan): Old Edition Map was published by Geospatial Information Authority of Japan of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.Topographic Map is one of series of Old Edition Map (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, 2016) (Fig. 3 as an example).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Old Edition Map: Topographic Map (Nishizu, 1:50,000, 1909) 3.2.4Digital Base Map at a scale of 2500 for reconstruction planning (Japan): "Digital Base Map at a scale of 2500 for reconstruction planning (DM data online)"(Japan Map Center Foundation, 2016b) is the large-scale numerical topographic map product which aims to promote reconstruction planning and to implement reconstruction procedures efficiently after Eastern Japan Great Disaster.This data includes administrative boundaries, transportation facilities, buildings, land use, and topography (Fig.4as an example).A total of 808 maps were collected in this study.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Digital Base Map at a scale of 2500 for reconstruction planning

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Detailed Digital Land Use Information for Metropolitan Area (10 m land use)(Chubu Area, 1977)

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Digital Information by GSI (national large scale map)

Table 1 .
Summary of dataset