THE METRIC DOCUMENTATION OF CHAM TOWERS IN VIETNAM BY SPHERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The Università Politecnica delle Marche is charged of the study, survey and documentation of the Chan towers in Vietnam. The towers are spread near the coastline from latitude 16° 30’, to latitude of 10° 56’. The Champa civilization flourished from 8 century till 17 century produced the Cham towers, places of religious worship. The ancient Cham people created a developed culture expressed in the architecture in the towers, which were Buddhist temples. Roughly there are six different architectonic styles and two different layouts in plan. One lay-out is that one main tower is surrounded by smaller service buildings, like walls, doors, gates; the other layout is a set of three aligned towers. We carried out the documentation with three different techniques, laser scanning, dense point clouds generation with SfM (Structure from Motion) algorithm, and mainly by Panoramic Spherical Photogrammetry (PSP). Laser scanning is indeed the best instrument but sometimes its availability is very limited for different practical and logistic reasons. The point cloud generation produced good results, but it has some problems and limitations of management too. On the other hand PSP is very quick technique in the taking phase, but the restitution is rather slow. PSP is suitable for a good metric documentation, making the Cham tower project the main project of documentation executed with spherical photogrammetry.


INTRODUCTION
The Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy, is carrying out a research on the Cham towers in Vietnam.The kingdom of Champa existed from the 8 th to the 17 th century A.D. in Vietnam and it was located near the coast of the southern part of the Vietnam.The ancient Cham people created a developed culture expressed in the architecture in the so-called towers, which were baddish temples.The Cham towers are classified with different styles: Antique style (from 8 th to 9 th c), Hoa Lai Style (from 10 th to 11 th c), My Son Style (from 10 th to 11 th c), Transition Style (from 11 th to 12 th c), Binh Dinh Style (from 12 th to 14 th c), Late Style (from 14 th to 17 th c) e with two different lay-out: central tower (one kalan), three aligned towers (three kalan).The distribution of the archeological locations is visible in Figure 1.From 28 th of August to 4 th of September 2012 we visited and surveyed 19 archaeological sites.Near Hué, the ancient Vietnam capital, there is the most northern tower, Phu Dien, almost at sea coast line, (latitude 16° 30' longitude 107°40') and the most southern tower is Pho Hai (latitude 10° 56' longitude 108°09').The difference in latitude is then 5° 44'.Vietnam has 54 ethnic groups, any of them having its own language and culture.For Champa group the most noticeable expression are the Champa towers, or Cham Temples.They are scattered within 1000 km all over the central and southern Vietnam.They are not as large as the Khmer temples in Cambodia, they were meant for worship only.The sanctum sanctorum has normally a Shivalinga in the centre.Thee Cham temples are normally square in plan with the main arched entrance, facing the east (the sunrise) and three blind doors on the other sides and decorated with carvings ad reliefs.The most used material for construction was brick; testifying the high standard in baking and assembling of bricks.They resisted in the rain forest for centuries.No binding material is visible between the bricks.
Figure 1.The location of the Cham Towers surveyed in Vietnam

THE PROJECT RUN WITH PSP
Panoramic Spherical Photogrammetry (PSP) is a particular photogrammetric technique set up by the laboratory of the Engineering Faculty of Università Politecnica delle Marche (Ancona).It is based on the so-called spherical panorama, which is the cartographic representation of the sphere where are projected the images taken on the same point (Fangi, 2007(Fangi, , 2010(Fangi, , 2012)).
Normally the survey is performed by making a traverse of panoramas around the monument, so that any point would be visible in at least three panoramas.In this project our equipment was only camera, tripod, spherical head and longimeter.The used cameras were a Canon Eos 1100D camera, 12 megapixels of resolution, equipped with 28, 50, 200 mm focal lenses, and a camera Canon B1X 14 megapixel with a zoom 15-55 mm.The images are stitched together and then mapped with the so-called longitude-latitude projection (Figure 2).The stitching software was PTGui 9. Normally FOV of a panorama was not 360° but it was limited to the interested area only.The produced panorama is a quasihorizontal panorama.The orientation and restitution were run with Sphera package by (Fangi, 2012).Sphera package performs the model formation, the concatenation of the adjacent models up to the closing of the traverse, and finally the bundle block adjustment.The bundle block adjustment can be performed with six unknown parameters per pano.
Only few known points are needed, (at least two, taken by a handheld Laser Distancemeter DISTO) and some extra geometrical conditions to overcome the rank deficiency of the system.From the image points the two directions of the straight line connecting the station point and the object point can be obtained, thus enabling the 3D model reconstruction, by intersection of two or more straight lines coming from different panoramas (Figure 3).The limit of the technique is essentially the lack of stereoscopy: only the well identifiable points can be plotted.In this very particular case the problem was the absence sometimes of sharp corners, the uniformity of materials, and of the colors, the erosion, not permitting in many cases the good identification of corresponding points.
In table 1 some statistics of the project are shown, as far as PSP orientations.Sigma_naught of the adjustments varies from 9 to 0.5 thousandths of radiant, this means that the accuracy ranges from 1/100 to 1/1000 of the object distance.This has not been very high, but you have to remember that the aim of the project was the archaeological site documentation only.

PSP RESTITUTION FOR CHAM TOWERS DOCUMENTATION
The orientation stage by PSP produced a set of oriented panorama useful for 3D model outputs.The first product was line plotting tridimensional wireframe model.The model was then textured and rendered making use of the original rectified image.We illustrate the results of to the most meaningful examples of Cham heritage (Nguyen Van Ku, 2008), limited to the wireframe models only.

The Bahn It site
The name of the complex comes from the shape of the tallest tower with its peak which looks like a Banh It (threecornered glutinous rice cake filled with green bean paste and meat).Each tower has been built with different design and architecture and varied shape, creating diversity in the complex.
The main tower is 22 meters high and the architecture bears the Binh Dinh sculptural style of the 12th century with small, embossed lines on the walls (Figure 4).Leaf and flowershaped motifs are only found on the edges of the roofs, and dancing girls are found on false gates.
Figure 4. Banh it tower.Its peak looks like a Banh It (threecornered glutinous rice cake filled with green bean paste and meat).

The Hoa Lai site
Hoa Lai Tower group was built from IX century.Originally, the group had 3 towers: East Tower (Figure 5, 6), Central Tower and West Tower (Figure 7).The Central Tower was uncompleted so that it is now left its foundation only.The East Tower was high and built with bricks.The West Tower was higher and also built with bricks and its brick walls were skillfully sculptured patterns but it is now in draft only.

The Po Klong Garai site
The

POINT CLOUDS BY LASER SCANNING AND SfM
In 2010 a small sample test of four towers only has been surveyed by laser scanner.The point cloud was acquired with the laser Z+F IMAGER 5006h and processed by means of Cyclone software (Figure 13).An example of this type of surveying is related to the Thu Thien tower.It is a square tower of 12 th century with three storeys, 20 m high.It has three false doors and miniatures towers at the corners.(Doneus et al., 2011).
In Figure 15 one of the three Po Dam Towers processed by means of a selection of 37 overlapped panorama images.The software has given a dense mesh and a textured 3D model.Orientation and scale can be provided.The mesh is made of more than 3,5 millions of triangles (Figure 16).
Po Dam is one of the oldest complexes; it was built in early 9 th century.It consists in 6 towers, divided in two groups: 3 small front towers and behind only one existent respect the three original.

GIS DOCUMENTATION AND CHAM HERITAGE VIRTUAL TOUR
The documentation of archaeological sites and monuments plays an essential role in promoting the understanding, conservation and preservation of the archaeological heritage.
When the architectures are diffused in a large territory and relatively accessible, in so large amount, some tools are needed to help to collect and manage in organized form the data for the experts or to introduce them to the community.The cataloguing in standard format of every available data allows deciding the priorities and the type of actions for the maintenance and the restoration of the monuments.We give an example of a dedicated GIS, collecting and organizing the information about the surveyed Towers: localization, name, date, style, material, images which can be managed in a database.But many others information can be added putting in relationships with the environmental and human elements, and with the other heritage goods close to it, offering the best and the most aware knowledge of themselves.These particular requirements are satisfied by means of GIS.Moreover starting from the data acquired during the project we realized some links in the GIS to summarize the best knowledge of the Cham Heritage by "descriptive" card (Figure 17) or by virtual tour to explore the sites (Figure 18).A "virtual tour" or a "panoramic tour" is a simulation of an existing location, usually composed of a sequence of images, sometimes adding other multimedia elements such as sound effects, music, narration, and text.The starting point necessary to create a virtual tour is fundamentally the 360 ° panorama.The first use of a virtual tour and the derivation of the name was in 1994 as a museum visitor interpretation, providing a 'walk-through' of a 3D reconstruction of Dudley Castle in England as it was in 1550.Since this date its applications increase more and more.The methods of creation is based on the image stitching by means of one of the popular ways: equirectangular stitching.This involves the rotation of a digital camera, centered directly over the tripod.
The combination of a precision rotator and a digital camera allows the photographer to take rectangular "slices" of any scene (indoors or outdoors).With a typical point and shoot digital camera, the photographer will snap 8, 10, 12 or 14 slices of a scene.Using specialized "photo stitching" software such as PTGui and Pano2VR (GardenGnome) to manage the panorama, one can create media rich virtual tours.Virtual tours are used extensively for universities and this can allow a user to view an environment whilst on-line.Over the last few years the quality, usability and accessibility of virtual tours has improved considerably, with some websites allowing the user to navigate the tours by clicking on maps.
For most business purposes, a virtual tour must be accessible from everywhere.The major solution is a web-based virtual tour.Thanks in part to the recent explosion of many Internet devices, such as Apple's iPad, iPhone and other tablet computing platforms, it can be predicted that consumption of virtual tour content, through the use of HTML5/CSS3 driven virtual tours will only increase over time.
Figure 18 Virtual tour joint in the GIS database

CONCLUSIONS
We used three different methods of survey, laser scanning, point clouds formation by SfM software, and finally PSP or Panoramic Spherical Photogrammetry.The most used was PSP, for the simplicity and economy of the instrumentation, its lightness and easiness.It is indubitable that the ideal instrument for this complex architecture is the laser scanning.But its availability in the area is very limited for practical and economical reasons.In any case PSP demonstrated its validity for the speed of acquisition, and the completeness.
We have no information on the accuracy of the survey except through the intrinsic block adjustment output.On the other end Agisoft Photoscan was used to test its validity and the possibility to integrate it inside the PSH procedure.In the restitution phase the intelligent selection of the information with PSP produces good guided restitution.PSP is characterized by speed of execution in the taking phase; at the moment it is still time consuming in the plotting phase.But if we want to build a data base of the monuments, there is no need to finish now the plotting and produce drawings.This final phase can be performed at any time, according to the needs.We do not have information about the accuracy of the survey, because we didn't perform any dedicated task, and after all this was not the task of the mission.The main problem for Spherical Photogrammetry is after all the lack of stereoscopy and the lack of any automation in the orientation and restitution phases.The Champa towers project is up to now the largest project run with the spherical photogrammetry.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Hoa Lai East tower temple of Po Klong Garai belongs to what is known as the Thap Mam Style of Cham art and architecture.It consists of three brick towers: The group is well preserved (Figures 8, 9, 10).

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Po Klong Garai complex The central tower was built in honor of the legendary king Po Klong Garai by the historic King Jaya Simhavarman III, who ruled Champa from 1285 to 1307.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Po Klong Garai tower and line restitution.The long-saddle shaper curved roof is its characteristic

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.One of the Po Nagar towers

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Thu Thien tower.One or the four towers surveyed by laser scanner The complex of three towers of Khuong My is important for its stone sculptures and for the carved figures which are a passage from the traditional Cham art to a new style called just Khuong My Style (10 th century).The walls are another

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.The Khuong My survey and graphical outputs Another technique applied to produce point clouds has been based on digital photogrammetry by means of Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm applied by Agisoft Photoscan (http://www.agisoft.ru/products/photoscan).The software is an advanced image-based 3D modeling solution based on the latest multi-view 3D reconstruction technology.It operates on arbitrary images that can be taken from any positions, with the only constrain that the object was visible on at least two photos.Both image alignment and 3D model reconstruction is fully automated(Doneus et al., 2011).In Figure15one of the three Po Dam Towers processed by means of a selection of 37 overlapped panorama images.The software has given a dense mesh and a textured 3D model.Orientation and scale can be provided.The mesh is made of more than 3,5 millions of triangles (Figure16).

Table 1 -
Statistics of the PSP project orientations