The Mediterranean basin is exposed to a growing risk of forest fires due to recent climate changes, which are increasing their frequency and intensity. Forest fires can profoundly alter the ecological functions of Mediterranean forests, affecting hydrological regulation, resource supply, soil stability and biodiversity conservation. They also cause physiological dysfunction and tree mortality, significantly reducing the ability of forests to absorb CO₂ and mitigate climate change. The study of fire effects is therefore essential for planning effective post-fire management practices and strategies for future fire regimes. Current technological advances allow the integration of ground surveys with satellite analysis, providing a comprehensive approach to fire studies and accurate assessments of ecological effects and post-fire dynamics.

In this context, our research focused on analysing the impacts of a forest fire that occurred in July 2017 in a Pinus nigra Arnold forest on Mt. Cairo in central Italy. We integrated satellite analysis to identify fire-affected areas with forest surveys and tree-ring analysis to assess impacts on tree growth, water use efficiency and post-fire CO₂ uptake.

Our results highlight the importance of using remote sensing to accurately identify fire-affected areas and accurately plan ground-based activities. While remote sensing is key to providing an overview of fire size and distribution, it is equally important to integrate this data with detailed field surveys. In particular, the use of dendrochronology and stable isotopes in tree rings allowed us to assess post-fire tree growth and changes in water use. Our analyses showed that defoliated trees experienced a significant reduction in growth and change in water use due to severe canopy damage. We also found a significant reduction in the ability of damaged trees to absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere, highlighting serious implications for the ecosystem service of carbon sequestration.

In conclusion, our study shows that the combination of satellite and ground analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the effects of forest fires, which can significantly contribute to the recovery and restoration goals of fire-affected areas.