the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Spatial-temporal patterns of anthropogenic and biomass burning contributions on air pollution and mortality burden changes in India from 1995 to 2014
Abstract. Anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions are the major sources of ambient air pollution. India has experienced a dramatic deterioration in air quality over the past few decades, but no systematic assessment has been made to investigate the individual contributions of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. In this study, we conducted a pioneering comprehensive analysis of the long-term trends of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) in India and their mortality burden changes from 1995 to 2014, using a state-of-the-art high-resolution global chemical transport model (CAM-chem). Our simulations revealed a substantial nationwide increase in annual mean PM2.5 (6.71 μg m-3 decade-1) and O3 (7.08 ppbv decade-1), with the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and eastern central India as hotspots for PM2.5 and O3 trend changes individually. Noteworthy substantial O3 decreases were observed in the northern IGP which were potentially linked to NO titration due to a surge in NOx emissions. Sensitivity analyses highlighted anthropogenic emissions as primary contributors to rising PM2.5 and O3, while biomass burning played a prominent role in winter and spring. In years with high biomass burning activity, the contributions from BB on both PM2.5 and O3 changes were comparable with or even exceeding anthropogenic emissions in specific areas. The elevated air pollutants were associated with increased premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 and O3, leading to 97.83 K and 73.91 K per decade. Despite a per capita decrease in the IGP region, the increased population offset its effectiveness.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-974', Anonymous Referee #1, 30 May 2024
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The authors have studied the contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic emission change between 1995-2014 to PM2.5 and O3 concentration in India. I have the following comments:
- The maps of the Indian subcontinent don’t seem to be right. If a region is disputed the authors can use dotted lines to represent it.
- In equation 1 of Theil-Sen estimator, the authors should clarify that xi and xj represent points from either PM2.5 or O3 or premature mortality. The sentence used now creates confusion that i and j might represent concentrations/premature mortality from different parameters.
- The authors indicate that they use integrated exposure response function to estimate risk due to PM2.5 exposure, however they don’t mention the contrafactual concentration used to estimate the risk. Does the contrafactual concentration used change over the years? Since the PM2.5 and O3 concentration change over the years in India, the contrafactual concentration used to estimate the risk should also change over the years else the risk estimated might be over or underestimated.
- In line 200, how can ANTHRO contribute to above 100% increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentration?
- As per figure 3, while the annual biomass burning contribution to total PM2.5 and O3 concentration remain lower I have 2 observations:
a) PM2.5 concentration due to burning should at least increase during the burning season i.e. March-May and Sep-Nov, the plot 3b doesn’t capture it.
b) O3 concentration due to burning in plot 3e have large increases in some years whereas the increase doesn’t seem much on other years. What’s the reason for this yearly variability?
- What does the dots in figure 4 in the O3 plot indicate?
- How are the seasonal differences in PM2.5 and O3 concentration in Figure 4 &5 estimated? Are they estimated as the average of the difference over the years from 1995-2014 with respect to base year 1995? Were there any years with notable increase in anthropogenic or biogenic emissions?
- The authors need to check for grammatical errors throughout the manuscript.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-974-RC1
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