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The Effectiveness of Yoga in Anxiety, Depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.883347

Öz

This review article was created by conducting a literature review to investigate the effectiveness of yoga-based practices in individuals who have experienced mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The studies included in this review article are limited to research articles which are published in peer-reviewed and indexed journals. In this context; The aim of the study is to review research evidence on the effectiveness of yoga for these indications. While investigating the relationship of yoga, which is considered as complementary therapy, with its healing elements, the topics of mood, anxiety / anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder were emphasized. Yoga-based practices can be an attractive option for remission of these disorders. Studies provide data that yoga-based practices have a significant relationship with the remission process of mood, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. However, together with the effectiveness studies of the applications, the insufficient efficacy studies draw attention as a deficiency in the literature and there is a need for more up-to-date, evidence-based, high-quality and long-term scientific research and studies, investigating the effectiveness and effectiveness of yoga-based practices in the remission process of these disorders. Consequently, in studies where it was used as an adjunct, it was concluded that yoga practice, together with medication or therapy treatments, may have served as a catalyst in reducing depression and anxiety.

Kaynakça

  • Ando, M., Morita, T., Akechi, T., Ito, S., Tanaka, M., Ifuku, Y. & Nakayama, T. (2009). The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Meditation Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Spirituality in Japanese Patients with Cancer. Journal of palliative medicine. 12. 1091-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0143
  • Benavides, S., & Caballero, J. (2009). Ashtanga yoga for children and adolescents for weight management and psychological well being: An uncontrolled open pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2008.12.004
  • Bock, B.C., Fava, J.L., Gaskins R., et al. (2012). Yoga as a complementary treatment for smoking cessation in women. J Womens Health 21(2):240-248. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2011.2963
  • Bridges, L., & Sharma, M. (2017). The Efficacy of Yoga as a Form of Treatment for Depression. Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine, 22(4), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587217715927
  • Butler, L. D., Waelde, L. C., Hastings, T. A., Chen, X. H., Symons, B., Marshall, J., & Kaufman, A. (2008). Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 806-820. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20496
  • Cabral, P., Meyer, H. B., & Ames, D. (2011). Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complementary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 13(4), PCC.10r01068. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.10r01068
  • Chan, A.S., Cheung, M.C. & Tsui, W.J. (2011). Dejian mind-body intervention of depressive mood of community dwelling adults: a randomized controlled trial., Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep043
  • Chen, K. M, Chen, M. H., Chao, H. C., Hung, H. M., Lin, H. S., & Li, C. H. (2009). Sleep quality, depression state, and health status of older adults after silver yoga exercises: Cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.09.005
  • Cushing, R. E., Braun, K. L., Alden C-Iayt, S. W., & Katz, A. R. (2018). Military-Tailored Yoga for Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Military medicine, 183(5-6), e223–e231. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx071
  • Danhauer, S. C., Mihalko, S. L., Russell, G. B., Campbell, C. R., Felder, L., Daley, K., & Levine, E. A. (2009). Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: findings from a randomized pilot study. Psychooncology, 18, 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1503
  • Danhauer, S. C., Tooze, J. A., Farmer, D. F., Campbell, C. R., McQuellon, R.P., Barrett, R., & Miller, B. E. (2008). Restorative yoga for women with ovarian or breast cancer: findings from a pilot study. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, 6, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.2310/7200.2008.0008
  • Davis, L. W., Schmid, A. A., Daggy, J. K., Yang, Z., O'Connor, C. E., Schalk, N., Do, A.-N. L., Maric, D., Lazarick, D., & Knock, H. (2020). Symptoms improve after a yoga program designed for PTSD in a randomized controlled trial with veterans and civilians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(8), 904–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000564
  • Deckro, G.R., Ballinger, K.M., Hoyt, M., Wilcher, M., Dusek, J., Myers, P., ve ark. (2002). The evaluation of a mind/body intervention toreduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students. Journal of American College Health, 50(6), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480209603446
  • Dwivedi, U., Kumari, S., Akhilesh, K. & Nagendra, H. (2015). Well-being at workplace through mindfulness: Influence of yoga practice on positive affect and aggression. Int Q J Res Ayurveda. 36:375–379. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.190693
  • Franzblau, S. H., Echevarria, S., Smith, M., & Van Cantfort, T. E. (2008). A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Giving Testimony and Learning Yogic Breathing Techniques on Battered Women’s Feelings of Depression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(12), 1800–1808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508314329
  • Gallegos, A. M., Crean, H. F., Pigeon, W. R., & Heffner, K. L. (2017). Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.004
  • Iyengar, B. (1995). Light on Yoga. Schocken, New York.
  • Javnbakht, M., Hejazi Kenari, R., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15, 102-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.003
  • Jeter, P.E., Slutsky, J., Singh, N. & Khalsa, S.B. (2015). Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies from 1967 to 2013. J Altern Complement Med. 21(10):586–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0057.
  • Jindani, F., Turner, N. & Khalsa, S.B. (2015). A Yoga Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress: A Preliminary Randomized Control Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/351746
  • Joshi, A. & Desousa, A. (2012). Yoga in the management of anxiety disorders. Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry. 3. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v3i1.4452.
  • Kale, D. & Kumari S. (2017). Effect of 1-month yoga practice on positive-negative affect and attitude towards violence in schoolchildren: A randomized control study. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 3:180–185. https://doi.org/10.4103/jepr.jepr_69_16
  • Katzman, M.A., Vermani, M., Gerbarg, P.L., et al. (2012). A multicomponent yoga-based, breath intervention program as an adjunctive treatment in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbidities. International journal of yoga. 5(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.91716
  • Khalsa, M.K., Greiner-Ferris, J.M., Hofmann, S.G. & Khalsa, S.B. (2014). Yoga-Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Y-CBT) for Anxiety Management: A Pilot Study. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1902
  • Knight, M., Pultinas, D., Collins, S., Sellig, C., Freeman, D.C., Strimaitis, C. & Silver, R.R. (2014), “Teaching mindfulness on an inpatient psychiatric unit”, Mindfulness, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0175-5
  • Kozasa, E.H., Santos, R.F., Rueda, A.D., Benedito-Silva, A.A., De Ornellas, F.L. & Leite, J.R. (2008). Evaluation of Siddha Samadhi Yoga for anxiety and depression symptoms: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep. 103(1):271-274. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.271-274
  • Krishnamurthy, M. N., & Telles, S. (2007). Assessing depression following two ancient Indian interventions: Effects of yoga and Ayurveda on older adults in a residential home. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 33, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20070201-05
  • Mehta, P., & Sharma, M. (2010). Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for Clinical Depression. Complementary Health Practice Review, 15(3), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210110387405
  • Mitchell, K. S., Dick, A. M., DiMartino, D. M., Smith, B. N., Niles, B., Koenen, K. C., & Street, A. (2014). A Pilot Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Yoga as an Intervention for PTSD Symptoms in Women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21903
  • Nakao, M., Fricchione, G., Myers, P., Zuttermeister, P. C., Barsky, A. J., & Benson, H. (2001). Depression and Education as Predicting Factors for Completion of a Behavioral Medicine Intervention in a Mind/Body Medicine Clinic. Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280109595765
  • Nayak, N. N., & Shankar, K. (2004). Yoga: a therapeutic approach. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 15(4), 783–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2004.04.004
  • Neukirch, N., Reid, S., & Shires, A. (2018). Yoga for PTSD and the role of interoceptive awareness: A preliminary mixed-methods case series study. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.10.003
  • Office for National Statistics. (2000). Psychiatric morbidity among adults living inprivate households. London: The Stationery Office
  • Rani, S., Maharana, S., Metri, K.G., Bhargav, H. & Nagaratra, R. (2021). Effect of yoga on depression in hypothyroidism: A pilot study, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.01.001
  • Shapiro, D., Cook, I. A., Davydov, D. M., Ottaviani, C., Leuchter, A. F., & Abrams, M. (2007). Yoga as a complementary treatment of depression: Effects of traits and moods on treatment outcome. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(4), 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel114
  • Sharma, V. K., Das, S., Mondal, S., Goswami, U., & Gandhi, A. (2005). Effect of Sahaj Yoga on depressive disorders. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 49, 462-468. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17402267/
  • Sharma, V. K., Das, S., Mondal, S., Goswami, U., & Gandhi, A. (2006). Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 50, 375-383. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17402267/
  • Simpkins, A. M., & Simpkins, C. A. (2012). Meditation and yoga in psychotherapy: Techniques for clinical practice. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118269992
  • Van der Kolk, B., Stone, L., West, J., Rhodes, A., Emerson, D., Suvak, M. & Spinazzola, J. (2014). Yoga as an Adjunctive Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 75. e559-e565. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08561
  • Vedamurthachar, A., Janakiramaiah, N., Hegde, J. M., Shetty, T. K., Subbakrishna, D. K., Sureshbabu, S. V., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2006). Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 94, 249-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.025
  • Woodard, C. (2011). Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga. 4(2):49-54. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.85485
  • World Health Organization. (2016). Depression., Retrieved From: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/
  • Zope, S. A., & Zope, R. A. (2013). Sudarshan kriya yoga: Breathing for health. International journal of yoga, 6(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.105935

Kaygı, Depresyon ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunda Yoganın Etkililiği: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.883347

Öz

Bu derleme makale; duygudurum bozukluğu, anksiyete bozukluğu ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu deneyimlemiş bireylerde yoga tabanlı uygulamalarının etkililiğini araştırmak üzere, literatür araştırması yapılarak oluşturulmuştur. Derleme makaleye dahil edilen çalışmalar, hakemli ve indeksli dergilerde yayınlanmış olan araştırma makaleleri ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda; çalışmanın amacı, söz konusu endikasyonlar için yoganın etkililiği konusundaki araştırma kanıtlarını gözden geçirmektir. Tamamlayıcı terapi olarak ele alınan yoganın, iyileştirici unsurları ile ilişkisi araştırılırken, duygudurum, anksiyete/kaygı ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu konularının üzerinde durulmuştur. Yoga tabanlı uygulamalar, söz konusu bozuklukların remisyonu için çekici bir seçenek olabilmektedir. Araştırmalar, yoga tabanlı uygulamaların, duygudurum, anksiyete ve travma sonrası stres bozukluklarının remisyon süreci ile anlamlı bir ilişkinin bulunduğuna dair veriler sunmaktadır. Ancak, uygulamaların etkililik çalışmalarının olmasıyla birlikte, etkinlik çalışmalarının çok yetersiz olması, literatürdeki bir eksiklik olarak dikkat çekmekte ve yoga tabanlı uygulamaların söz konusu bozuklukların remisyon sürecindeki etkinliğini ve etkililiğini araştıran daha fazla güncel, kanıta dayalı, yüksek kaliteli ve uzun vadeli bilimsel araştırma ve çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, yardımcı olarak kullanıldığı çalışmalarda yoga uygulamasının, ilaç veya terapi tedavileri ile birlikte, depresyon ve anksiyeteyi azaltmada bir katalizör görevi görmüş olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ando, M., Morita, T., Akechi, T., Ito, S., Tanaka, M., Ifuku, Y. & Nakayama, T. (2009). The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Meditation Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Spirituality in Japanese Patients with Cancer. Journal of palliative medicine. 12. 1091-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0143
  • Benavides, S., & Caballero, J. (2009). Ashtanga yoga for children and adolescents for weight management and psychological well being: An uncontrolled open pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2008.12.004
  • Bock, B.C., Fava, J.L., Gaskins R., et al. (2012). Yoga as a complementary treatment for smoking cessation in women. J Womens Health 21(2):240-248. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2011.2963
  • Bridges, L., & Sharma, M. (2017). The Efficacy of Yoga as a Form of Treatment for Depression. Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine, 22(4), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587217715927
  • Butler, L. D., Waelde, L. C., Hastings, T. A., Chen, X. H., Symons, B., Marshall, J., & Kaufman, A. (2008). Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 806-820. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20496
  • Cabral, P., Meyer, H. B., & Ames, D. (2011). Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complementary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 13(4), PCC.10r01068. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.10r01068
  • Chan, A.S., Cheung, M.C. & Tsui, W.J. (2011). Dejian mind-body intervention of depressive mood of community dwelling adults: a randomized controlled trial., Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep043
  • Chen, K. M, Chen, M. H., Chao, H. C., Hung, H. M., Lin, H. S., & Li, C. H. (2009). Sleep quality, depression state, and health status of older adults after silver yoga exercises: Cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.09.005
  • Cushing, R. E., Braun, K. L., Alden C-Iayt, S. W., & Katz, A. R. (2018). Military-Tailored Yoga for Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Military medicine, 183(5-6), e223–e231. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx071
  • Danhauer, S. C., Mihalko, S. L., Russell, G. B., Campbell, C. R., Felder, L., Daley, K., & Levine, E. A. (2009). Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: findings from a randomized pilot study. Psychooncology, 18, 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1503
  • Danhauer, S. C., Tooze, J. A., Farmer, D. F., Campbell, C. R., McQuellon, R.P., Barrett, R., & Miller, B. E. (2008). Restorative yoga for women with ovarian or breast cancer: findings from a pilot study. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, 6, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.2310/7200.2008.0008
  • Davis, L. W., Schmid, A. A., Daggy, J. K., Yang, Z., O'Connor, C. E., Schalk, N., Do, A.-N. L., Maric, D., Lazarick, D., & Knock, H. (2020). Symptoms improve after a yoga program designed for PTSD in a randomized controlled trial with veterans and civilians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(8), 904–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000564
  • Deckro, G.R., Ballinger, K.M., Hoyt, M., Wilcher, M., Dusek, J., Myers, P., ve ark. (2002). The evaluation of a mind/body intervention toreduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students. Journal of American College Health, 50(6), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480209603446
  • Dwivedi, U., Kumari, S., Akhilesh, K. & Nagendra, H. (2015). Well-being at workplace through mindfulness: Influence of yoga practice on positive affect and aggression. Int Q J Res Ayurveda. 36:375–379. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.190693
  • Franzblau, S. H., Echevarria, S., Smith, M., & Van Cantfort, T. E. (2008). A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Giving Testimony and Learning Yogic Breathing Techniques on Battered Women’s Feelings of Depression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(12), 1800–1808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508314329
  • Gallegos, A. M., Crean, H. F., Pigeon, W. R., & Heffner, K. L. (2017). Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.004
  • Iyengar, B. (1995). Light on Yoga. Schocken, New York.
  • Javnbakht, M., Hejazi Kenari, R., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15, 102-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.003
  • Jeter, P.E., Slutsky, J., Singh, N. & Khalsa, S.B. (2015). Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies from 1967 to 2013. J Altern Complement Med. 21(10):586–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0057.
  • Jindani, F., Turner, N. & Khalsa, S.B. (2015). A Yoga Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress: A Preliminary Randomized Control Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/351746
  • Joshi, A. & Desousa, A. (2012). Yoga in the management of anxiety disorders. Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry. 3. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v3i1.4452.
  • Kale, D. & Kumari S. (2017). Effect of 1-month yoga practice on positive-negative affect and attitude towards violence in schoolchildren: A randomized control study. Int J Educ Psychol Res. 3:180–185. https://doi.org/10.4103/jepr.jepr_69_16
  • Katzman, M.A., Vermani, M., Gerbarg, P.L., et al. (2012). A multicomponent yoga-based, breath intervention program as an adjunctive treatment in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbidities. International journal of yoga. 5(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.91716
  • Khalsa, M.K., Greiner-Ferris, J.M., Hofmann, S.G. & Khalsa, S.B. (2014). Yoga-Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Y-CBT) for Anxiety Management: A Pilot Study. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1902
  • Knight, M., Pultinas, D., Collins, S., Sellig, C., Freeman, D.C., Strimaitis, C. & Silver, R.R. (2014), “Teaching mindfulness on an inpatient psychiatric unit”, Mindfulness, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0175-5
  • Kozasa, E.H., Santos, R.F., Rueda, A.D., Benedito-Silva, A.A., De Ornellas, F.L. & Leite, J.R. (2008). Evaluation of Siddha Samadhi Yoga for anxiety and depression symptoms: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep. 103(1):271-274. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.271-274
  • Krishnamurthy, M. N., & Telles, S. (2007). Assessing depression following two ancient Indian interventions: Effects of yoga and Ayurveda on older adults in a residential home. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 33, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20070201-05
  • Mehta, P., & Sharma, M. (2010). Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for Clinical Depression. Complementary Health Practice Review, 15(3), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210110387405
  • Mitchell, K. S., Dick, A. M., DiMartino, D. M., Smith, B. N., Niles, B., Koenen, K. C., & Street, A. (2014). A Pilot Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Yoga as an Intervention for PTSD Symptoms in Women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21903
  • Nakao, M., Fricchione, G., Myers, P., Zuttermeister, P. C., Barsky, A. J., & Benson, H. (2001). Depression and Education as Predicting Factors for Completion of a Behavioral Medicine Intervention in a Mind/Body Medicine Clinic. Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280109595765
  • Nayak, N. N., & Shankar, K. (2004). Yoga: a therapeutic approach. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 15(4), 783–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2004.04.004
  • Neukirch, N., Reid, S., & Shires, A. (2018). Yoga for PTSD and the role of interoceptive awareness: A preliminary mixed-methods case series study. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.10.003
  • Office for National Statistics. (2000). Psychiatric morbidity among adults living inprivate households. London: The Stationery Office
  • Rani, S., Maharana, S., Metri, K.G., Bhargav, H. & Nagaratra, R. (2021). Effect of yoga on depression in hypothyroidism: A pilot study, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.01.001
  • Shapiro, D., Cook, I. A., Davydov, D. M., Ottaviani, C., Leuchter, A. F., & Abrams, M. (2007). Yoga as a complementary treatment of depression: Effects of traits and moods on treatment outcome. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(4), 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel114
  • Sharma, V. K., Das, S., Mondal, S., Goswami, U., & Gandhi, A. (2005). Effect of Sahaj Yoga on depressive disorders. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 49, 462-468. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17402267/
  • Sharma, V. K., Das, S., Mondal, S., Goswami, U., & Gandhi, A. (2006). Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 50, 375-383. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17402267/
  • Simpkins, A. M., & Simpkins, C. A. (2012). Meditation and yoga in psychotherapy: Techniques for clinical practice. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118269992
  • Van der Kolk, B., Stone, L., West, J., Rhodes, A., Emerson, D., Suvak, M. & Spinazzola, J. (2014). Yoga as an Adjunctive Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 75. e559-e565. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08561
  • Vedamurthachar, A., Janakiramaiah, N., Hegde, J. M., Shetty, T. K., Subbakrishna, D. K., Sureshbabu, S. V., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2006). Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 94, 249-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.025
  • Woodard, C. (2011). Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga. 4(2):49-54. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.85485
  • World Health Organization. (2016). Depression., Retrieved From: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/
  • Zope, S. A., & Zope, R. A. (2013). Sudarshan kriya yoga: Breathing for health. International journal of yoga, 6(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.105935
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fatma Efe 0000-0003-1943-1807

Ali Keyvan Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6396-7671

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Şubat 2021
Kabul Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Efe, F., & Keyvan, A. (2021). Kaygı, Depresyon ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunda Yoganın Etkililiği: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 3(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.883347