Bsc Optics

Sander Konijnenberg; Aurèle J.L. Adam; H. Paul Urbach

doi:10.5074/T.2021.003

Authors

Sander Konijnenberg

Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Imaging Physics

Aurèle J.L. Adam

Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Imaging Physics

H. Paul Urbach

Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Imaging Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5074/T.2021.003

Keywords: geometrical optics, interferometry, diffraction optics, polarisation states, Jones vectors, coherence of light

Synopsis

THIS IS THE FIRST EDITION, ONLY AVAILABLE ON REQUEST. PLEASE CONTACT Educationsupport

THE 2ND EDITION IS AVAILABLE HERE

This book treats optics at the level of students in the later stage of their bachelor or the beginning of their master. It is assumed that the student is familiar with Maxwell’s equations. Although the book takes account of the fact that optics is part of electromagnetism, special emphasis is put on the usefulness of approximate models of optics, their hierarchy and limits of validity. Approximate models such as geometrical optics and paraxial geometrical optics are treated extensively and applied to image formation by the human eye, the microscope and the telescope.

Polarisation states and how to manipulate them are studied using Jones vectors and Jones matrices. In the context of interference, the coherence of light is explained thoroughly. To understand fundamental limits of resolution which cannot be explained by geometrical optics, diffraction theory is applied to imaging. The angular spectrum method and evanescent waves are used to understand the inherent loss of information about subwavelength features during the propagation of light. The book ends with a study of the working principle of the laser.

Author Biographies

Sander Konijnenberg, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Imaging Physics

Sander Konijnenberg studied Applied Physics at Delft University of Technology. At the same university, he obtained his PhD (cum laude) in the Optics Group on the topic of ptychography and phase retrieval. He currently works at ASML Research in Veldhoven (NL).

Aurèle J.L. Adam, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Imaging Physics

Aurèle J.L. Adam is an Assistant Professor at Delft University of Technology. He is an Engineer from CentraleSupelec (promo 2000) and got his PhD from the University of Paris VI. His expertise lies in the Terahertz field and he enjoys scattering problems and free form optics.

H. Paul Urbach, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Imaging Physics

H. Paul Urbach is Professor of Optics at Delft University of Technology and scientific director of the Dutch Optics Centre, a joint initiative of Delft University and the Dutch Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). Previously he has been with Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven. His research interests are optical imaging and diffraction theory.

References

Chapter 1

Software

Free software for practicing geometrical optics

https://www.geogebra.org/m/X8RuneVy

Videos

Faraday’s Law Introduction by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-flux-and-faradays-law

/magnetic-flux-faradays-law/v/faradays-law-introduction

Magnetic field created by a current carrying wire (Ampere’s Law Introduction) by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields

/magnetic-field-current-carrying-wire/v/magnetism-6-magnetic-field-due-to-current

Lecture 18: Index of Refraction, Reflection, Fresnel Equations, Brewster Angle by Walter Lewin

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_D1z6t2z168

Demonstration of reflection of polarised light and the Brewster angle by MIT OCW

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/

demonstrations-in-physical-optics/reflection-at-the-air-glass-boundary/

Playlist on elementary geometrical optics by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics

Yale Courses - 16. Ray or Geometrical Optics I - Lecture by Ramamurti Shankar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxGgcgSbQBA

Yale Courses - 17. Ray or Geometrical Optics II - Lecture by Ramamurti Shankar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm4QR_ycRhY

Figures

Fig. 1.1 is from Wikimedia Commons by NASA / CC BY-SA

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg

Fig. 1.8 is from Wikimedia Commons, original JPG due to Averse, SVG by Maschen., CC0

Wikimedia Commons

Fig. 1.13-left is from Wikimedia Commons by Keerthi / CC BY

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Demostration_of

_Total-Internal-Reflection(TIR)_in_a_wine_glass.jpg

Fig. 1.13 down-right is a courtesy of Schott

Fig. 1.6 is from Wikimedia Commons by Geek3 / CC BY-SA

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mplwp_dispersion_curves.svg

Litterature

A.A. Van Heel, New Method of transporting Optical Images without Aberrations, Nature 173, 39

(1954) https://doi.org/10.1038/173039a0

R.K. Luneburg, Mathematical Theory of Optics, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los

Angeles (1964)

M. Born & E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Cambridge University Press (2013)

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139644181

Chapter 2

Figures

Fig. 2.2 is from Wikimedia Commons in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 5 / Public Domain

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10770493

Fig. 2.24 is the EUV stepper TWINSCAN NXE:3400B by ASML

https://www.asml.com/en/news/media-library

Litterature

J. Braat, P. Török, Imaging Optics, Cambridge University Press (2019)

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552264

Chapter 3

Videos

Polarisation of light, linear and circular: Explanation of different polarisation states and their

applications by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/

polarization-of-light-linear-and-circular

Linear transformation examples: rotations by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/linear-algebra/matrix_transformations/lin_trans_examples/v

/linear-transformation-examples-rotations-in-r2

Demonstration of the quarter-wave plate to create elliptical polarisation from MIT

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/

demonstrations-in-physical-optics/quarter-wave-plate/

Demonstration of an Optical isolator from MIT

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/

demonstrations-in-physical-optics/optical-isolator/

Demonstration of double refraction by a calcite crystal due to birefringence from Sixty Symbols

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1oh3lXR5P

Demonstration of a Half WavePlate from Andrew Berger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HriBBJ-6gd8

Demonstration of a Quarter WavePlate by Andrew Berger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhkcKlksV1g

Figures

Fig. 3.1 is from Wikimedia Commons in Fizyka z (1910) / Public Domain

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camera_obscura_1.jpg

Fig. 3.2 is from Wikimedia Commons by Jean François Witz / CC BY-SA 3.0

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reflex_camera_numeric.svg

Fig. 3.4 is by A.J.L. Adam (author) / CC BY-SA 4.0

Fig. 3.5 is from Wikimedia Commons by Holly Fischer / CC BY

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.png

Fig. 3.6 left is adapted from Wikimedia Commons by Erin Silversmith / CC BY-SA 2.5 Generic

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Focus_in_an_eye.svg

Fig. 3.6 right is adapted from Sjaastad O.V., Sand O. and Hove K., Physiology of domestic

animals, 2nd edn., Oslo: Scandinavian Veterinary Press (2010)

Fig. 3.7 is adapted from Wikimedia Commons by Gumenyuk I.S. / CC BY-SA 4.0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myopia_and_lens_correction.svg

Fig. 3.8 is a picture taken by A.J.L. Adam (author) / CC BY-SA 4.0

Fig. 3.10 is from Wikimedia Commons by Tamas-flex / CC BY-SA 3.0

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exitpupil.png

Links

Collections of pictures taken using a camera obscura in Pinterest

https://www.pinterest.com/bonfoton/camera-obscura-photographs/

Chapter 4

Videos

Yale Courses - Wave Theory of Light

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tKPLfZ9JVQ

Demonstration of an interference pattern obtained with sunlight by Veritasium

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iuv6hY6zsd0

Demonstration of laser light in a Michelson interferometer for collimated beams by MIT OCW

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/

demonstrations-in-physical-optics/two-beam-interference-2014-collimated-beams/

Demonstration of beam interference by MIT OCW

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/demonstrationsin-

physical-optics/two-beam-interference-2014-diverging-beams/

Demonstration of how fringe contrast varies with propagation distance by MIT OCW

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/

demonstrations-in-physical-optics/fringe-contrast-2014-path-difference/

Demonstration of how the coherence length depends on the spectrum of the laser light by MIT

OCW

http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-006-video-demonstrations-in-lasers-and-optics-spring-2008/

demonstrations-in-physical-optics/coherence-length-and-source-spectrum/

Lecture Series on Physics - I: Oscillations and Waves - Lecture 19 Coherence by Prof. S. Bharadwaj,

Department of Physics and Meteorology, IIT Kharagpur.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwRFaZnr2WU

Lecture Series on Physics - I: Oscillations and Waves - Lecture 19 Coherence by Prof. S. Bharadwaj,

Department of Physics and Meteorology, IIT Kharagpur.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnQFMdMSRAE

Interference of light waves by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/interference-of-light-waves/v/wave-interference

Young’s Double Slit by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/interference-of-light-waves/v

/youngs-double-split-part-1

Playlist on wave interference at secondary school level by KhanAcademy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/interference-of-light-waves/v/

wave-interference

Chapter 5

Videos

Basic explanation of Fourier transforms from Every picture is made of waves (3:33 to 7:15) by

Sixty Symbols

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEN7DTdHbAU

Basic explanation of the uncertainty principle (though in the context of quantum physics from

Heisenberg’s Microscope (0:20 to 2:38) by Sixty Symbols

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgoA_jmGIcA

Litterature

E. Hecht, Optics, Pearson (2016)

J.W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, Macmillan (2017)

Chapter 6

Figures

Fig. 6.20 is from A. Poddubny, I. Iorsh, P. Belov, & Y. Kivshar, Hyperbolic metamaterials. Nat.

Photon., 7(12), 948-957 (2013)

https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.243

Fig. 6.21 is from P.F. Rodriguez and al., Building a fast scanning stimulated emission depletion

microscope, Materials Science (2012)

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Building-a-fast-scanning-stimulated-emission-a-step-

Rodriguez-Wu/46d8c4148e93f30cf11e1ae4356620bd5fcd0475

Chapter 7

Figure

Fig. 7.17 is from Wikimedia Commons by DrBob / CC BY-SA 3.0

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hene-1.png

Bsc Optics

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Synopsis

Author Biographies

References

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