Assessment of the Quality of Sewage Effluent of Nira River Around Satara and Pune District of Maharashtra - India

: Due to industrialization, adverse man made activity and agriculture practices the water of the Nira River around Satara and Pune district (M.S) India is being highly polluted with various contaminants. Water is essential to all kinds of life. Human being cannot survive without it and that is why study of water from different aspects becomes important. It is necessary to know details about different physico-chemical and biological parameters such as Temperature, P H , Conductance, TDS, Total hardness, chloride, sulphates, phosphates, DO, COD, BOD, acidity, alkalinity used for assessment of the quality of sewage effluent. In the present work water samples were collected from five different sampling stations of Nira River around Satara and Pune district of different seasons and water quality assessment was carried out.


I. INTRODUCTION
Hydrosphere is one of the most important segments of the environment. Hydrosphere includes all type of water i.e. surface water, ground water, Ocean, Rivers, Lakes etc. Water is essential to all kinds of life.
Water anyone turns on the faucet, Water is expected to flow from it night or day, summer or winter, whether one fills a glass to drink or attempts to water the lawn. It is supposed to be clean, odour free and safe human consumption. Water truly an amazing substance and yet it so mundane that we seldom are really aware its presence, it has a vital role in life process and the importance of its characteristics. The very presence of water on earth is unique phenomenon and it appears to be a rare substance in our overall planetary system. It is water vapors that potentiate life on the earth. The earth and its atmosphere are composed of variety of natural solids and gaseous substances but there are very few natural liquids such as water.
Pollution of natural water by industrial waste is objectionable and damaging by many varied reasons. Primary importance is the possible hazard of public health by a contamination of stream to with disease producing bacteria. Another effect is of heavy metals, acids, radioactive metals and flammable liquid cause a serious problem. Industrial waste also destroys the recreational use of water.
The indiscriminate disposal of water after use in form of wastewater causes water pollution. The water after it is used ones for industrial purpose cannot be reused for same purpose without treatment. Such water which emerges outs after use from industries is called as the industrial effluent. Such effluents have no definite composition, as anything, which is not required, is carelessly dumped in to its stream. Such unwanted chemical firms, food and beverage industry, textile and apparel industries, electronics and electrical material industries or thermal power plants contribute disposable material. The quality of such water is characterized by the study of its various physical, chemical and biological properties.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In the study area of Nira River area five sampling sites were selected i.e. named as SS1,SS2,SS3,SS4,SS5 (S=Sample, S=Station ).These sampling points are selected on the basis of location of industry, location of common effluent plant(CETP).
Samples were collected using manual sampling method. Samples were collected using day time and hence sampling method was most appropriate. Water sample were taken from 6 inches below the surface of waste water by keeping and opening the mouth of container against the flow of water.
Water samples were taken from 6 inches below the surface of wastewater by keeping and opening the mouth of container against the flow of water.The water samples were collected by holding the glass stopper, sterile bottle near its base in the hand and plugging it and transport to the laboratory in an icebox to avoid unpredictable changes in physical characteristics. Physico -chemical analysis for water were done following the standard methods by APHA (1987) , Trivedi and Goal (1984) , conductance, PH,DO measured at room temperature both by electrically and Iodometrically. EDTA method was used for hardness and Argentometric method was used for chloride content. Samples for BOD were seeded and incubated for 5-days at 25 0 C. Photographs III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pollution is the greatest crime of mankind against himself, with the rapid pace of industrialization. Effluent has posed a serious threat to the vast and varied resources of the country. Water quality of major river system is getting rapidly degraded due to massive discharges of municipal waste and industrial waste of diverse origin.
In the light of above effective management and control of water pollution and becoming increasingly important for sustainable development and human welfare ,because industrial effluent discharged in to water bodies are responsible for number of mortalities and incapacitation in the world. The characterization studies of waste water includes, Temperature, P H , Conductance, TDS, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Acidity, Hardness, Chlorides, DO, COD, BOD, Ca, Mg, Phosphates and Sulphates. The results obtained from the observation made during 2007 to 2008, on the various physico-chemical parameters included in this study shown in following Table 1  100.00  Temperature: The minimum value of temperature among all the sampling points was recorded 18 0 C to 20 0 C , during winter season ,while maximum value was found 34 0 C to 42 0 C, during summer season.  P H : Desirable PH for lotic water is 7 to 12, deviation of this range may indicate the entry of acidic and basic medium.  Conductance: Conductance of water sample range from 4050 mhos/cm 2 to 8990 mhos/cm 2 .  Where minimum conductance was observed during summer season at SS-V.  TDS: More than 5000mg/L of total dissolve solids are not suitable for drinking purpose.  TDS of water samples ranged to 873.5 mg/L, all season up till, all the samples from sampling station I to V were within the desirable limit of 500 mg/L in winter season.  Turbidity: Turbidity was observed minimum for all station in all seasons.  Total Alkalinity: The value of alkalinity provides an idea of natural salt present in water. The minimum value of alkalinity among the sampling points was recorded 40 mg/L for sampling station I to V.  Acidity: Acidity was observed minimum for sampling station I to V all season i.e.0.6 mg/L. IV. SUMMARY Maharashtra is the third largest state in India both in area ( 307.6090sq.km.) and population. There are total 35 districts and 7 Industrial Regions. The state of Maharashtra has major Rivers such as the Krishna, Bhima, Godavari, Tapi-Purna and Wardha-Wainganga river. Water pollution is the outcome of the interaction of environmental parameters by themselves due to human interference. During last 80 years, the problems of environment have increased and some problems have posed a great threat and have become persistent. Therefore, the increasing need to study and understand an aquatic environment and potability of water has become important and essential part for managing the environment, so that it can be preserved and protected. Human being cannot survive without it and that is why study of water from different aspect become important.
1. Lotic water and Ground water has been used for drinking for a long time and its purity has made it well source that is known source of potable water. 2. All problems of safe drinking water supply in rural as well as urban areas is a global issue and the anthroprogenic activities are main factors responsible for the same. 3. The water quality has degraded due to the transport of various organic and inorganic pollutants to the ground water. 4. In view of these facts, the main objectives of the present investigation was to assess the socioeconomic important of lotic water by collecting the base line data on physio-chemical characteristics of lotic water in available literature on the subject. 5. During the study physico-chemical analysis of water was carried out in order to assessment of Lotic water quality of Satara district ten sampling stations were selected and referred as SS1,SS2,SS3,SS4,SS45 respectively. 6. These stations were under the influence of polluted Nira river basin around Satara and Pune district and situated completly between the different industries and Agricultural purposes. 7. The physical parameters such as Temperature, P H , Conductance, TDS, Total hardness, chloride, sulphates, phosphates, DO,COD,BOD, acidity, alkalinity etc. were analyzed. 8. Temperature, P H, DO etc. were measured at the station during sampling and other parameters were measured within 24 hours in the laboratory. 9. All results compare with WHO and ISI standards.