Measurement of Some Climatic Parameter in Babylon Governorate by Statistical and Mathematical Methods

Evaporation transpiration is one of the most important results in the water balance equation for any natural area or water body, and it is also a critical component of the hydrological cycle. The relationship between temperature and transpiration was obtained using the Thornthwaite method in three stations along with Babylon Governorate. The data for the three meteorological stations were taken for 10 years. The value of climate change was obtained within the study area, including temperature, evaporation, humidity, and rainfall. The value of potential evapotranspiration was calculated by the Thornthwaite method, and the highest value was obtained in July (421.9), and the lowest value in January (3.66). Also, the increase in water was calculated for a study area. It appeared that the increase in evapotranspiration and decrease was in direct relationship with the temperature intensity of the study area .


Introduction
The climate is considered one of the most important components of the natural environment and it has a great impact on the rest of the other components, such as vegetation, geomorphological features, and soil.It is also a reason for the local changes that occur within the local environment due to its association with the life activities of living organisms (Shaker, 1985).The methods usually used in measuring climate elements such as solar radiation, temperature, atmospheric pressure, etc. are using devices prepared in climate stations as well as radars, satellites, and satellites prepared for this purpose.The occurrence of an error rate in measuring devices and the different types among the countries of the world has prompted some to lay down rules for calculating some climatic phenomena to obtain the greatest accuracy (Manii, 2003).The importance of studying climatic conditions is one of the important foundations that compose the full picture of the prevailing nature in the place.The climate of the region (Babylon Governorate) is dry continental as it is the climate of the middle section of Mesopotamia, where it is characterized by a very different temperature.The temperature is very high during the day in the summer and the night temperature is very low during the winter.Al-Lhaebi et al. (2020) studies the climatic conditions, northern Iraq and mentioned that the climate is warm and arid.The study aims to evaluate the climate in Babylon by using some statistical measurements.

Materials and Methods
The materials used in this research were: • Annual and monthly temperature records for three stations along the Babylon.
• Grapher and Excel programs demonstrating graphs and contour maps Methods which are used in this paper include: • The annual and monthly air temperatures of three stations were used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration (PE) using the Thornthwaite method.• The data obtained were recorded in tables, including temperature, humidity, evaporation, and precipitation, and the evapotranspiration was calculated as well as the rain precipitation was used to find the water increase and decrease for the area.Tables 1,2 and 3 showed the values of the data obtained.

Rainfall
Three stations were chosen from north to south in the study area (Mahmudiyah, Jibla, and -Shomily).The Mahmudiyh station recorded monthly rates of rainfall ranging from 0.01-19.53mm (Fig. 2).months where the rains are limited between October and May.Its peak in December reached more than 19.53 mm.The dry period starts from June to September.The Jabla station recorded monthly rates of rainfall ranging (0.01-19.22) mm months (Fig. 3) where the rains are limited between October and May.Its peak in January reached more than 19.22 mm.The dry period starts from June to September.The shomily station recorded monthly rates of rainfall ranging (0.001-20.05) mm months (Fig. 4) where the rains are limited between October and May.Its peak in January reached more than 20.05 mm.The dry period starts from June to September.Except for some rainy years, where relatively few local rains fall in these months that the increase of rainfalls affects the groundwater and soil through the increase of organic matter as a result of plant growth as well as the processes of chelating and transfer of materials from the upper parts to the lower parts (Al-Tawel, 1983).

Temperature
The temperature reaches the highest value in July, August, and it reaches the lowest level in the month of winter, where it sometimes reaches below the seminal zero in some winter nights.The monthly rates of temperature for the years (2010-2020) for July (41.78) and (10.72) for January for the same period according to the climatic information recorded from (2010-2020) for the Mahmudiya station.In the Jibla station, the temperature reaches the highest value in July and August, and it reaches its lowest level in the month of winter, where it sometimes reaches below the percentile zero in some winter nights.The monthly rates of temperature for the years (2010-2020) for the month of July (42.49) and (11.31) for January for the same period according to the climatic information recorded from the NASA climate site (2010-2020).In the Shomily station, the temperature reaches to highest value in July, August, and it reaches its lowest level in the month of winter, where it sometimes reaches below the percentile zero in some winter nights.The monthly rates of temperature for the years (2010-2020) for the month of Show in July (43.11) and (11.82) for January for the same period according to the climatic information recorded from the (2010-2020).It was found that the direction of temperature increase is different with the trend of increasing precipitation and relative humidity (Fig. 8) and showed the increase in temperature affects chemical reactions, physical changes and the analysis of organic matters approved in Hove's law (Vant Hoffs low), where each temperature increase 10 In temperature, the speed of chemical reactions increases at a rate of 2-3 once (Al-Tawel, 1983).

Relative Humidity
The relative humidity is a term used to estimate the mass of water vapor present in a given mass of gaseous mixture or air about the mass of water vapor required to saturate the same air mass and at the same temperature.(Hussain et al., 2000), and it can be defined as a measure of the air capacity to absorb water vapor and is measured by passing air on two thermometers, one of which is a Wet Bulb Thermometer and the other one is a Dry Bulb Thermometer.And this device is called psy chrometer.Relative humidity has an inverse relationship with both evaporation and temperature, and a direct relationship with rainfall (Manii, 2003).The humidity reached the period from 2010-2020 in Mahmudya, for July 18.26% and for January, 63.70%.A decrease in relative humidity during the summer due to increase in temperature and the absence of rain, while the relative humidity increases in the winter due to the intensity of the rainfall and the decrease in temperature (Fig. 9).The humidity reached the period from 2010-2020 in Jibla.for July 16.03% and for January, 60.89%.A decrease in relative humidity during the summer month due to the increase in temperature and the absence of rain, while the relative humidity increases in the winter month due to the intensity of the rainfall and the decrease in temperature (Fig. 10).The humidity reached the period from 2010-2020 in Al-shomily.for July 13.27% and for January,53.64%.A decrease in relative humidity during the summer month due to the increase in temperature and the absence of rain, while the relative humidity increases in the winter month due to the intensity of the rainfall and the decrease in temperature (Fig. 11).

Evaporation
The process of transformation water from the liquid state to the gaseous state by escaping the water molecules containing the kinetic energy inherent in the water.As the temperature increases, the number of fleeing molecules increases, the kinetic energy of the water increases, and the surface tensile strength decreases (Hussain et al. 2000).Evaporation is affected by many factors such as solar radiation and air temperature, the evaporation surface and the decrease in saturation of air, wind speed, and air pressure, groundwater evaporation leads to the deposition of gypsum minerals, calcite and chloride salts, and therefore when water penetrates it leads to water fortification with these elements (Mazor, 1990).The evaporation in Jabla station in December is 2.05 mm and 9.82 mm July (Fig. 12).

Evapotranspiration
The process of evaporation resulting from the two states, the first process originating from the plant by the process of transpiration and the second source is the soil and the total amount of evaporation resulting from the process of transpiration in plants and evaporation from the surface of the earth is called Potential Evapotranspiration (Hussain et al. 2000).Potential evapotranspiration is influenced by plant quality, water loss capacity, and water availability in the soil.Due to the influence of the process of evaporation and transpiration by climate factors, measuring the values of these processes with devices is not easy.Therefore, several theories have been developed to calculate the values of evapotranspiration, such as Thornthwate (1948).
To calculate the evapotranspiration in the study area, a method was adopted Thornthwaite (1948), and the reason for choosing this method is the availability of climate variables that enter into this equation, and the following is an explanation of the method: Evapotranspiration by Thornthwait Method (Thornthuwait) proposed a method for calculating the evapotranspiration latent transpiration using the following equation: 1.514 (1) j = Monthly temperature coefficient tn = Monthly rate of heat And to find the annual temperature coefficient J which is equal to  = ∑   ℎ 12 ℎ 12 1 (2) The latent evapotranspiration for any month is equal to: As the pex evaporation-potential transpiration is the standard  = (6.75* 10 −7 ) 3 − (7.71 * 10 −5 ) 2 + (1.792 * 10 −2 ) + 0.492 (4) And this value (PEX) of latent transpiration evaporation depends on the assumption that the number of days of the month is (30) days and the number of hours of sunrise ( 12) hours.The corrected value of latent evaporation can be found from the following equation (Wilson, 1970). =   360 (5) PE = Latent transpiration evaporation D= The number of days of the month T= The number of possible sunrise hours (between sunrise and sunset) It seems that evaporation values were calculated by the Thornthwaite method (Table 4).the highest value was 421.95 mm in July, while its value was 2.09 in January.The low latent evaporationtranspiration period is limited (November, December, January, February, March) as the latent evaporation-transpiration value is less than 20 mm, while the transitional period is represented by April, October, Values range between 40-100 mm, while the months from June to August represent the period in which the values of evaporation-transpiration are high between 100-400 mm.

Water Surplus Period
This period is characterized by the fact that the rates of rain in it exceed the rates of evaporation type latent (Hassan and Al-Ansari, 1976) and from this relationship, the true transpiration can be calculated as follows:  =  −  … … … …  >  (6)  =  Ws= Water Surplus (mm) P= Rain (mm) PE = Evaporationlatent transpiration AE = Evaporationtrue transpiration Water surplus means that rainfall values increase the values of corrected evapotranspiration through the given months of the year (WS = P > PET) (Jirjees et al., 2020).And the months represent December, January the months of water increase, which is the wet period, and the water increase in them reached between 2.2% to 10.55% from the annual rainfall schedule (2-3) and the transitional period represents the months of March to October.(8) obtained in July (421.9),and the lowest value in January (3.66).Humidity coefficient (HD) It was found that the climate of the study area is dry to very dry "in all the months of the age except for the months (December, January, February) in which the climate is damp and the climate is dewy for March and between the dew and the elves for November.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Distribution map of meteorological stations in the study area

Fig. 2 .Fig. 3 .
Fig. 2. The annual average of rainfall for ten years for the Mahmoudiya station

Fig. 4 .Fig. 5 .
Fig. 4. The annual average rainfall for ten years for the Shomily station

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.The annual average temperature for ten years for the Mahmoudiya station

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7.The annual average temperature for ten years for the Jabla station

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8.The annual average of ten years for the AL-shomily station

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.The annual average relative Humidity for ten years for the Mahmoudiya station

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.The annual average relative Humidity for ten years for the Jabla station

Fig. 12 .
Fig. 12.The annual average of Relative Humidity for ten years for the Al-shomily station

Fig. 13 .
Fig.13.The annual average of evaporation for ten years for the jabla Station solar brightness which represents the number of possible sunrise hours between sunrise and sunset and reached to 12 hours during years of 2009 to 2019 in June, July, the lowest rate is 6 hours in January, and the number of hours of solar brightness is related to a direct relationship with both evaporation and temperature.

Fig. 14 .
Fig. 14.The annual average of solar brightness for ten years for the Jabla station * 100 = 12.92 %